Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 28 2812455 2812214 2026-06-01T19:05:07Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Votes */ reply: {{oppose}} per above. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext#Protected edit request on 11 December 2025]] == I posted an edit request there 5 months ago, so I’ll be taking it to this page. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28640-56|&#126;2026-28640-56]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28640-56|talk]]) 23:33, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :What exactly is the problem? I don't understand what needs to change and why. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:35, 12 May 2026 (UTC) : Pinging @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] for further input. Someone is requesting a modification to [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to use {{tlx|Protected page text}}, but we might need to discuss whether to use the template. In the meantime, I'll start a sandbox version of the protected page text template. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:19, 14 May 2026 (UTC) ::Sounds good -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:13, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::+1 Jtneill. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:59, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Proposal to rehost Wikinews here == As many of you know, and mentioned here at the Colloquium, our sister project Wikinews recently closed, with all 31 active editions made read-only. [[User:BigKrow]] has asked about the prospect of writing news stories here and I suggested that since we already have [[School:Journalism]] and some resources related to the [[:Category:Journalism|broader topic of journalism]]. I would like to propose that we have continued and indefinite space for {{w|citizen journalism}} by essentially repurposing Wikinews into a sub-project here. The only special infrastructure that Wikinews required was [[:mw:Extension:DynamicPageList]], which was deactivated and caused issues due to a lack of maintenance. I will add this proposal to the site banner, but I recognize that that may be a conflict of interest, so if anyone requests that I remove it, I will. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:30, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :I would like to see this conversation go for at least 30 days to establish a consensus. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:35, 14 May 2026 (UTC) ===Votes=== *{{support}} as proposer (with BK's inspiration). I think that an ongoing experiment in citizen journalism is a fit and appropriate use of this site. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:35, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}}, hope to seeing ideas about this, and thank you @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 11:08, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} Other than perhaps inflating the total number of pages reported, I see the idea of "practicing journalism" a worthy and relevant activity within the domain of Wikiversity. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:41, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} Conditional on development of (a) community guidelines that ensure alignment with Wikiversity's purpose, and (b) clear, nested page-naming structures for projects. More detail below. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:48, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *{{contra}} This proposal doesn't seem interested in expanding educational materials in journalism, but rather in providing space and protection for Wikinews contributors. But this is contrary to the goals of Wikiversity, and I'm not sure it's a good idea, even with regard to WMF. If WMF decides to close a project and another community lets it run on its domain, that's a bit of an undermining of WMF's and the community's decisions. Given that Wikiversity has had several conflicts with other communities and WMF in its history, I'm against it.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:59, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *{{contra}} This seems like a proposal to continue the mission of WikiNews, but not a proposal specifically to improve Wikiversity. I concur with Juandev's comments. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 20:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) * {{oppose}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:05, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ===Comments and questions=== :Definitely worthy of discussion, so I have no problem with the proposal in the sitenotice. :Initial questions: :* Does this proposal include importing English Wikinews content e.g., to [[Wikinews]] subpages? :* What are "active editions"? :* How can Wikiversity navigate the concerns that lead to the closure of Wikinews? :* Are any changes to the scope of Wikinews proposed? :* How does [[Wikinews]] fit with the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]? What aligns well? Where might there be tension? :** e.g., I'm not sure that a page like [[User:BigKrow/Manchester City moves two points behind Arsenal]] in and of itself will serve as an educational resource. :-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 05:52, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :* Does this proposal include importing English Wikinews content e.g., to [[Wikinews]] subpages? ::*No, not at this time. :* What are "active editions"? ::*There were 30 other active editions of Wikinews in addition to English (e.g. [[:n:es:]]) at the time of universal closure (2026-05-04). :* How can Wikiversity navigate the concerns that lead to the closure of Wikinews? ::*One of the biggest issues was the problems with DPL, which is now irrelevant. Another was the lack of activity, which can be ameliorated by having it be part of an existing project instead of its own domain (e.g. some editions of Wikipedia host their own Wikinews already and those projects were not impacted by the closure). :* Are any changes to the scope of Wikinews proposed? ::*Not at this juncture. I would also propose as far as implemention goes that we would request a new namespace and that the material be more-or-less sequestered into its own ongoing project, like Wikijournal is or like the Cookbook and Wikijunior are at our sister [[:b:]]. :* How does [[Wikinews]] fit with the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]? What aligns well? Where might there be tension? :** e.g., I'm not sure that a page like [[Story/Manchester City moves two points behind Arsenal]] in and of itself will serve as an educational resource. ::*The process of citizen journalists practicing their craft in real-time and collaborating with others to do so is itself an education activity. We would essentially be hosting a real-time experiment in citizen journalism, online communities, and collaborative learning in addition to the prospect of spreading educational information from someone actually reading the news. I would propose that we could also make a more deliberate attempt to engage with learning <em>about</em> what does and doesn't work with collaborative news writing by experimentation (e.g. audio news, syndicating to other sites, incorporating freely-licensed news from other sources, writing hyper-local news, writing briefs versus longer-term reportage) and also seeing if the problems noted in the Task Force report that recommended closure can be overcome. Note that we have already done some local investigation about and learning about wiki-based journalism on Wikinews here at [[Journalism studies and Wikinews]]. We could continue that learning and refine the process, including incorporating journalism students from universities. As for tensions, Wikinews is the only sister project that must be done with a quick turn-around: if you take a long time to [[:s:|transcribe a book]], that's just how long it takes, but if you take a long time to write news, it ceases to be news entirely. Wikiversity has been a very slow-growing project that has definitely had some successes but has generally come together over a long period with most learning resources being individual passion projects (or sometimes, frankly, crankery) which would not work with collaborative news that requires more than just a single editor writing whatever he feels like. ::Please let me know any other questions/concerns and any other editors feel free to give your own perspective. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:13, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks, Justin — it is food for thought. :::In attempting to understand how we've arrived here, I've summarised some of the background on this page: [[Wikinews]]. :::Perhaps it could be helpful to flesh out more of the vision / ideas / possibilities / challenges on that page? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:49, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::*Having given it some thought, in principle, I support hosting [[citizen journalism]] on Wikiversity where it is clearly connected to a learning project and/or constitutes original research, both of which align strongly with [[Wikiversity:Mission|Wikiversity’s educational mission]]. :::*My chief concern is the potential for news content that is not clearly linked to the purpose of Wikiversity. To avoid this, some community-agreed guidelines would be prudent. These need not be overly restrictive; they should support boldness and experimentation while helping ensure alignment with Wikiversity's purpose. :::*Given the reported low and declining activity on Wikinews, it seems unlikely that English Wikiversity would be overwhelmed by an influx of news-related editing. My impression is that English Wikinews was the most active edition, but even so, many contributors are likely to disperse to other projects or cease editing altogether. A modest migration of interested editors to Wikiversity seems manageable. :::*At this stage, I do not think a dedicated namespace is necessary. Subpages under [[Wikinews]] or nested pages under relevant learning or research projects, or user-space draft pages should be suitable. I agree that [[Wikijournal]] offers a useful model, as do several existing course structures on Wikiversity. :::*I support [[User:Koavf]]’s suggestions about framing Wikinews activity explicitly around learning. This would create a distinctive space for experimenting with collaborative news production in ways that are pedagogically meaningful. I agree that the [[journalism studies and Wikinews]] project developed by David and Leigh Blackall through the University of Wollongong is an excellent example of the intersection between Wikiversity and Wikinews. The [[Wikinews]] page could evolve into a hub for such projects. :::*I've tidied the [[:Category:Wikinews|Wikinews category]] and merged some content into the [[Wikinews]] page. As part of a reinvigoration effort, please review these and related resources such as [[:Category:Journalism]] and [[School:Journalism]]. :::*A further argument in favour of this initiative is that Wikipedia explicitly excludes both news reporting and original research. So, there is value in maintaining spaces within the Wikimedia ecosystem where these forms of knowledge production can be openly developed and curated. Such work can, in turn, generate valuable evidence and source material that may later inform Wikipedia articles. :::*The closure of WMF-hosted Wikinews does not imply that open wiki-based news curation lacks value. Indeed, the closure documentation appears supportive of experimentation with alternative news models across Wikimedia projects, including through Wikipedia and Wikidata. In that context, Wikiversity seems a natural home for a Wikinews experiment, provided it is clearly grounded in learning and/or research. :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:39, 15 May 2026 (UTC) My understanding towards Wikinews' failure is that everything takes too long to be approved for the publish status, which means that any breaking news would have already become days-old stale news. Wikinews has a brand recognition (for right or wrong reasons) than Wikiversity and I wonder how effective Wikiversity can attract the "Wikinews refugees" to edit here. And just a quick note on the governance. Since each Wikiversity language operates independently, each language has to vote & adopt this proposal independently. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 13:47, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :Your assessment about Wikinews is partially correct. I referenced it earlier, but to be explicit, there is a [[:m:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|report by a task force on sister projects]] that outlines their concerns. There are a few, one of which was the nature of the staleness of news. Thanks also for clarifying that this proposal is only relevant to en.wv and is not binding or even proposed for other editions of Wikiversity. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:54, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *Note: I am not a regular here, and just visit Wikiversity for the WikiJournal project. Challenges of Wikinews included that it required timely reporting and fact-checking processes which differed greatly from the well-established ones in Wikipedia. Here in Wikiversity, there is the WikiJournal project, and that can take some some forms of journalism, just not breaking news reporting. I am in favor of salvaging parts of Wikinews if helpful. Could it, would it be feasible to adapt Wikijournal to accept some forms of news journalism, but just not the timed news reporting? For example, WikiJournal already is doing conference proceedings, and could likely do related event reports even months after the event ended. It could probably accept long-form investigative reporting, which is a sort of news that is not breaking news. I am not sure what the possibilities are, but I would prefer to build up systems that already work rather than import systems which had problems elsewhere. Thanks. [[User:Bluerasberry|<span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">''' Blue Rasberry '''</span>]][[User talk:Bluerasberry|<span style="cursor:help"><span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">(talk)</span></span>]] 19:17, 22 May 2026 (UTC) *:I agree that there are certain kinds of journalism that are perfectly valid and not time-bound like breaking news reporting, so that won't suffer from the issues noted before. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:15, 22 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] proposed as policy == [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] has been operating as a [[Wikiversity:Guidelines|guideline]]. It has been revised and moved to [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]], consistent with naming conventions used across sister projects such as Wikipedia, Wikibooks, and Wikiquote. The speedy deletion criteria have also been updated for consistency with [[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]. This proposal is for the page to be formally adopted as [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policy]]. Community feedback is invited, including suggestions for further improvements that may strengthen the proposed policy. === Voting === *{{support}} Seems reasonable. If there's somehow something missed here, we can just amend it later. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} I don't see any issues with the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:07, 18 May 2026 (UTC) === Comments === == May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally, Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 19:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Create an autopatrolled user group? == I would like to propose creating the user group <code>autopatrolled</code> (autopatrolled user), in which for non-curators and non-custodians, their page creations and file uploads would be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software. Custodians may grant the user group, at their discretion, to users who create good quality pages that do not need frequent patrolling. On a side note, the term {{tq|autopatroller}} would be used, but because we don't have non-curator/custodian patrollers (as we rely on curators and custodians to patrol), I suggest on using the term {{tq|autopatrolled user}}. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:31, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Support''' re: the name, I don't really understand the reasoning, so I am '''neutral''' on that. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:45, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :: Regarding the name, this is because as we don't have the patroller user group, we rely on curators and custodians to patrol new pages and file uploads. Does that make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:39, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :::Not really, but I don't think it's the most important thing. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :::: We'll decide on the name later. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:48, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Oh, please don't let me stand in the way. I'm just not very smart, so don't hold up a matter on my account. I didn't want to derail the proposal, which is a fine and sensible one. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) : '''Support''' - sounds like a good idea :* Suggest adding a draft section about this group to [[Wikiversity:Patrolling]]. There is a statement in the Introduction of the page that I'm not sure if its correct and at least could be improved: "Wikiversity also uses an autopatrol right, meaning trusted users' contributions are automatically marked as checked so patrollers can focus on reviewing newer or anonymous editors." :* Regarding autopatroller vs autropatrolled user, what terms are used on similar WMF wiki projects? : -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:28, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::# I would create a starting page about the user groups, with experienced editors expanding the page. A summarized part of that page would also be added to [[Wikiversity:Patrolling]]. ::# For a similar example, English Wikipedia uses the term {{tq|Autopatrolled}}, just that term only. :: [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:22, 30 May 2026 (UTC) 8s4j17bcel6iymdl0455s7f3hbw6e1i 2812485 2812455 2026-06-01T22:31:00Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Wikiversity:Deletion policy proposed as policy */ Closing, consensus to promote. 2812485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext#Protected edit request on 11 December 2025]] == I posted an edit request there 5 months ago, so I’ll be taking it to this page. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28640-56|&#126;2026-28640-56]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28640-56|talk]]) 23:33, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :What exactly is the problem? I don't understand what needs to change and why. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:35, 12 May 2026 (UTC) : Pinging @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] for further input. Someone is requesting a modification to [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to use {{tlx|Protected page text}}, but we might need to discuss whether to use the template. In the meantime, I'll start a sandbox version of the protected page text template. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:19, 14 May 2026 (UTC) ::Sounds good -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:13, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::+1 Jtneill. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:59, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Proposal to rehost Wikinews here == As many of you know, and mentioned here at the Colloquium, our sister project Wikinews recently closed, with all 31 active editions made read-only. [[User:BigKrow]] has asked about the prospect of writing news stories here and I suggested that since we already have [[School:Journalism]] and some resources related to the [[:Category:Journalism|broader topic of journalism]]. I would like to propose that we have continued and indefinite space for {{w|citizen journalism}} by essentially repurposing Wikinews into a sub-project here. The only special infrastructure that Wikinews required was [[:mw:Extension:DynamicPageList]], which was deactivated and caused issues due to a lack of maintenance. I will add this proposal to the site banner, but I recognize that that may be a conflict of interest, so if anyone requests that I remove it, I will. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:30, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :I would like to see this conversation go for at least 30 days to establish a consensus. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:35, 14 May 2026 (UTC) ===Votes=== *{{support}} as proposer (with BK's inspiration). I think that an ongoing experiment in citizen journalism is a fit and appropriate use of this site. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:35, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}}, hope to seeing ideas about this, and thank you @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 11:08, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} Other than perhaps inflating the total number of pages reported, I see the idea of "practicing journalism" a worthy and relevant activity within the domain of Wikiversity. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:41, 14 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} Conditional on development of (a) community guidelines that ensure alignment with Wikiversity's purpose, and (b) clear, nested page-naming structures for projects. More detail below. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:48, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *{{contra}} This proposal doesn't seem interested in expanding educational materials in journalism, but rather in providing space and protection for Wikinews contributors. But this is contrary to the goals of Wikiversity, and I'm not sure it's a good idea, even with regard to WMF. If WMF decides to close a project and another community lets it run on its domain, that's a bit of an undermining of WMF's and the community's decisions. Given that Wikiversity has had several conflicts with other communities and WMF in its history, I'm against it.--[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:59, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *{{contra}} This seems like a proposal to continue the mission of WikiNews, but not a proposal specifically to improve Wikiversity. I concur with Juandev's comments. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 20:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) * {{oppose}} per above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:05, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ===Comments and questions=== :Definitely worthy of discussion, so I have no problem with the proposal in the sitenotice. :Initial questions: :* Does this proposal include importing English Wikinews content e.g., to [[Wikinews]] subpages? :* What are "active editions"? :* How can Wikiversity navigate the concerns that lead to the closure of Wikinews? :* Are any changes to the scope of Wikinews proposed? :* How does [[Wikinews]] fit with the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]? What aligns well? Where might there be tension? :** e.g., I'm not sure that a page like [[User:BigKrow/Manchester City moves two points behind Arsenal]] in and of itself will serve as an educational resource. :-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 05:52, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :* Does this proposal include importing English Wikinews content e.g., to [[Wikinews]] subpages? ::*No, not at this time. :* What are "active editions"? ::*There were 30 other active editions of Wikinews in addition to English (e.g. [[:n:es:]]) at the time of universal closure (2026-05-04). :* How can Wikiversity navigate the concerns that lead to the closure of Wikinews? ::*One of the biggest issues was the problems with DPL, which is now irrelevant. Another was the lack of activity, which can be ameliorated by having it be part of an existing project instead of its own domain (e.g. some editions of Wikipedia host their own Wikinews already and those projects were not impacted by the closure). :* Are any changes to the scope of Wikinews proposed? ::*Not at this juncture. I would also propose as far as implemention goes that we would request a new namespace and that the material be more-or-less sequestered into its own ongoing project, like Wikijournal is or like the Cookbook and Wikijunior are at our sister [[:b:]]. :* How does [[Wikinews]] fit with the [[Wikiversity:Mission]]? What aligns well? Where might there be tension? :** e.g., I'm not sure that a page like [[Story/Manchester City moves two points behind Arsenal]] in and of itself will serve as an educational resource. ::*The process of citizen journalists practicing their craft in real-time and collaborating with others to do so is itself an education activity. We would essentially be hosting a real-time experiment in citizen journalism, online communities, and collaborative learning in addition to the prospect of spreading educational information from someone actually reading the news. I would propose that we could also make a more deliberate attempt to engage with learning <em>about</em> what does and doesn't work with collaborative news writing by experimentation (e.g. audio news, syndicating to other sites, incorporating freely-licensed news from other sources, writing hyper-local news, writing briefs versus longer-term reportage) and also seeing if the problems noted in the Task Force report that recommended closure can be overcome. Note that we have already done some local investigation about and learning about wiki-based journalism on Wikinews here at [[Journalism studies and Wikinews]]. We could continue that learning and refine the process, including incorporating journalism students from universities. As for tensions, Wikinews is the only sister project that must be done with a quick turn-around: if you take a long time to [[:s:|transcribe a book]], that's just how long it takes, but if you take a long time to write news, it ceases to be news entirely. Wikiversity has been a very slow-growing project that has definitely had some successes but has generally come together over a long period with most learning resources being individual passion projects (or sometimes, frankly, crankery) which would not work with collaborative news that requires more than just a single editor writing whatever he feels like. ::Please let me know any other questions/concerns and any other editors feel free to give your own perspective. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 06:13, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks, Justin — it is food for thought. :::In attempting to understand how we've arrived here, I've summarised some of the background on this page: [[Wikinews]]. :::Perhaps it could be helpful to flesh out more of the vision / ideas / possibilities / challenges on that page? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:49, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::*Having given it some thought, in principle, I support hosting [[citizen journalism]] on Wikiversity where it is clearly connected to a learning project and/or constitutes original research, both of which align strongly with [[Wikiversity:Mission|Wikiversity’s educational mission]]. :::*My chief concern is the potential for news content that is not clearly linked to the purpose of Wikiversity. To avoid this, some community-agreed guidelines would be prudent. These need not be overly restrictive; they should support boldness and experimentation while helping ensure alignment with Wikiversity's purpose. :::*Given the reported low and declining activity on Wikinews, it seems unlikely that English Wikiversity would be overwhelmed by an influx of news-related editing. My impression is that English Wikinews was the most active edition, but even so, many contributors are likely to disperse to other projects or cease editing altogether. A modest migration of interested editors to Wikiversity seems manageable. :::*At this stage, I do not think a dedicated namespace is necessary. Subpages under [[Wikinews]] or nested pages under relevant learning or research projects, or user-space draft pages should be suitable. I agree that [[Wikijournal]] offers a useful model, as do several existing course structures on Wikiversity. :::*I support [[User:Koavf]]’s suggestions about framing Wikinews activity explicitly around learning. This would create a distinctive space for experimenting with collaborative news production in ways that are pedagogically meaningful. I agree that the [[journalism studies and Wikinews]] project developed by David and Leigh Blackall through the University of Wollongong is an excellent example of the intersection between Wikiversity and Wikinews. The [[Wikinews]] page could evolve into a hub for such projects. :::*I've tidied the [[:Category:Wikinews|Wikinews category]] and merged some content into the [[Wikinews]] page. As part of a reinvigoration effort, please review these and related resources such as [[:Category:Journalism]] and [[School:Journalism]]. :::*A further argument in favour of this initiative is that Wikipedia explicitly excludes both news reporting and original research. So, there is value in maintaining spaces within the Wikimedia ecosystem where these forms of knowledge production can be openly developed and curated. Such work can, in turn, generate valuable evidence and source material that may later inform Wikipedia articles. :::*The closure of WMF-hosted Wikinews does not imply that open wiki-based news curation lacks value. Indeed, the closure documentation appears supportive of experimentation with alternative news models across Wikimedia projects, including through Wikipedia and Wikidata. In that context, Wikiversity seems a natural home for a Wikinews experiment, provided it is clearly grounded in learning and/or research. :::-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:39, 15 May 2026 (UTC) My understanding towards Wikinews' failure is that everything takes too long to be approved for the publish status, which means that any breaking news would have already become days-old stale news. Wikinews has a brand recognition (for right or wrong reasons) than Wikiversity and I wonder how effective Wikiversity can attract the "Wikinews refugees" to edit here. And just a quick note on the governance. Since each Wikiversity language operates independently, each language has to vote & adopt this proposal independently. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 13:47, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :Your assessment about Wikinews is partially correct. I referenced it earlier, but to be explicit, there is a [[:m:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|report by a task force on sister projects]] that outlines their concerns. There are a few, one of which was the nature of the staleness of news. Thanks also for clarifying that this proposal is only relevant to en.wv and is not binding or even proposed for other editions of Wikiversity. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 18:54, 15 May 2026 (UTC) *Note: I am not a regular here, and just visit Wikiversity for the WikiJournal project. Challenges of Wikinews included that it required timely reporting and fact-checking processes which differed greatly from the well-established ones in Wikipedia. Here in Wikiversity, there is the WikiJournal project, and that can take some some forms of journalism, just not breaking news reporting. I am in favor of salvaging parts of Wikinews if helpful. Could it, would it be feasible to adapt Wikijournal to accept some forms of news journalism, but just not the timed news reporting? For example, WikiJournal already is doing conference proceedings, and could likely do related event reports even months after the event ended. It could probably accept long-form investigative reporting, which is a sort of news that is not breaking news. I am not sure what the possibilities are, but I would prefer to build up systems that already work rather than import systems which had problems elsewhere. Thanks. [[User:Bluerasberry|<span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">''' Blue Rasberry '''</span>]][[User talk:Bluerasberry|<span style="cursor:help"><span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">(talk)</span></span>]] 19:17, 22 May 2026 (UTC) *:I agree that there are certain kinds of journalism that are perfectly valid and not time-bound like breaking news reporting, so that won't suffer from the issues noted before. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:15, 22 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] proposed as policy == {{archive top|Consensus to promote to an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:30, 1 June 2026 (UTC)}} [[Wikiversity:Deletions]] has been operating as a [[Wikiversity:Guidelines|guideline]]. It has been revised and moved to [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]], consistent with naming conventions used across sister projects such as Wikipedia, Wikibooks, and Wikiquote. The speedy deletion criteria have also been updated for consistency with [[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]. This proposal is for the page to be formally adopted as [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policy]]. Community feedback is invited, including suggestions for further improvements that may strengthen the proposed policy. === Voting === *{{support}} Seems reasonable. If there's somehow something missed here, we can just amend it later. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 05:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) *{{support}} I don't see any issues with the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:07, 18 May 2026 (UTC) === Comments === {{archive bottom}} == May 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding the Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|75px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities during the last weekend of May. Both sessions will focus on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]. Participants may attend either or both sessions. #'''Saturday, 30 May 2026 at 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780153200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''Sunday, 31 May 2026 at 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780203600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Café participants are highly encouraged to read in advance [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sohom_Datta/annual_plan_guide at least this summary of the plan]. Optionally, Café participants are encouraged to read portions of the plan that interest them and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 ask questions or provide feedback on the Annual Plan talk page]. Please see the Café page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#May_2026_meetings_with_a_focus_on_Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2026-2027 tables of timestamp conversions for both sessions], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session,_and_is_extendible_for_an_additional_30_minutes_if_needed. the agenda], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 19:46, 21 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Create an autopatrolled user group? == I would like to propose creating the user group <code>autopatrolled</code> (autopatrolled user), in which for non-curators and non-custodians, their page creations and file uploads would be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software. Custodians may grant the user group, at their discretion, to users who create good quality pages that do not need frequent patrolling. On a side note, the term {{tq|autopatroller}} would be used, but because we don't have non-curator/custodian patrollers (as we rely on curators and custodians to patrol), I suggest on using the term {{tq|autopatrolled user}}. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:31, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Support''' re: the name, I don't really understand the reasoning, so I am '''neutral''' on that. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:45, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :: Regarding the name, this is because as we don't have the patroller user group, we rely on curators and custodians to patrol new pages and file uploads. Does that make sense? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:39, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :::Not really, but I don't think it's the most important thing. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :::: We'll decide on the name later. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:48, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Oh, please don't let me stand in the way. I'm just not very smart, so don't hold up a matter on my account. I didn't want to derail the proposal, which is a fine and sensible one. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 04:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) : '''Support''' - sounds like a good idea :* Suggest adding a draft section about this group to [[Wikiversity:Patrolling]]. There is a statement in the Introduction of the page that I'm not sure if its correct and at least could be improved: "Wikiversity also uses an autopatrol right, meaning trusted users' contributions are automatically marked as checked so patrollers can focus on reviewing newer or anonymous editors." :* Regarding autopatroller vs autropatrolled user, what terms are used on similar WMF wiki projects? : -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:28, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::# I would create a starting page about the user groups, with experienced editors expanding the page. A summarized part of that page would also be added to [[Wikiversity:Patrolling]]. ::# For a similar example, English Wikipedia uses the term {{tq|Autopatrolled}}, just that term only. :: [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:22, 30 May 2026 (UTC) hoeends3ecjfuldpvdfdpj9tldov8h3 4 1786 2812445 2812316 2026-06-01T18:45:39Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians/Archive/8#Call for custodians and bureaucrats]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} == Call for custodian mentors== If you have more than 3 months experience as a custodian, please consider listing yourself as potential mentor for probationary custodians: [[Wikiversity:List of custodian mentors]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:27, 12 May 2026 (UTC) == 2FA requirement for bureaucrats == Per [[Special:ListGroupRights#bureaucrat]] and per [[phab:T423120|T423120]], you'll notice that two-factor authentication is required to use bureaucrat permissions (and will soon be enforced). Our existing bureaucrats should take a moment to verify and utilize two-factor authentication. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:31, 27 May 2026 (UTC) : Thanks for the reminder. Bureaucrats should have received emails. I switched it on recently. Relatively painless and hasn't disrupted workflow, so seems to be well implemented. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:13, 28 May 2026 (UTC) ::Yes, I turned this on. I would highly recommend that anyone with rights (custodians, curators, etc.) enable this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 19:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Redundant user rights == I recently changed the user rights for community approved custodians and bureaucrats per consensus. I just realized that I removed curator for Atcovi when adding 'crat thinking that curator was redundant. I then realized that I haven't been consistent about removing old bits. I don't have a strong opinion on this. Just asking. Should curator rights be removed when adding custodian or 'crat? I've never been a curator and don't currently have that bit set. Some accounts still have curator with other rights and others (like mine) don't. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 00:00, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :If someone steps down as bureaucrat but wants to remain a custodian/curator, then having those rights as well ensures that they won't be accidentally removed. This exact scenario just happened on another wiki where I am a bureaucrat. It can't hurt to have the redundant ones, if you ask me. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:02, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Currently]], all the 'crats have custodian; Koavf additionally has curator, which none of the other 'crat accounts have. PieWriter, MathXplore, and Koavf are the only custodians to also have curator. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&group=sysop&wpsubmit=&wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&limit=50] I propose that we should either a) add curator to all 'crats and custodians or b) remove the redundant bit from all accounts. I don't have a preference, I'm just advocating for consistency and clarity. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 00:49, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::: I lean more on removing the curator bit from all custodians and bureaucrats, as custodians themselves have most, if not all curator user rights, followed by some additional user rights. I planned to remove the curator bit from custodians and to leave a note here about my action(s) for review, until I saw this message. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:54, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::: I'm inclined to follow the [[w:Principle of least privilege]] and remove redundant bits. A custodian or 'crat doesn't need curator. Granting these bits later should be no big deal. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:13, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : Agree with principles of simplicity and consistency. Plus that agreed practice should be documented. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) {{ping|Atcovi|PieWriter|MathXplore|Koavf}} Pinging contributors who may have an interest in discussion. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:59, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :I'm okay with whatever. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:19, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : Removing the curator is OK. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:33, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Seems fine to me [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:37, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} for all three above. Atcovi already removed his own curator rights as it was redundant to custodian rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 31 May 2026 (UTC) fbevcv9rp56a3i10nm5en47hcxbstsv 2812447 2812445 2026-06-01T18:46:00Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Call for custodian mentors */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians/Archive/8#Call for custodian mentors]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} == 2FA requirement for bureaucrats == Per [[Special:ListGroupRights#bureaucrat]] and per [[phab:T423120|T423120]], you'll notice that two-factor authentication is required to use bureaucrat permissions (and will soon be enforced). Our existing bureaucrats should take a moment to verify and utilize two-factor authentication. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:31, 27 May 2026 (UTC) : Thanks for the reminder. Bureaucrats should have received emails. I switched it on recently. Relatively painless and hasn't disrupted workflow, so seems to be well implemented. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:13, 28 May 2026 (UTC) ::Yes, I turned this on. I would highly recommend that anyone with rights (custodians, curators, etc.) enable this. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 19:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Redundant user rights == I recently changed the user rights for community approved custodians and bureaucrats per consensus. I just realized that I removed curator for Atcovi when adding 'crat thinking that curator was redundant. I then realized that I haven't been consistent about removing old bits. I don't have a strong opinion on this. Just asking. Should curator rights be removed when adding custodian or 'crat? I've never been a curator and don't currently have that bit set. Some accounts still have curator with other rights and others (like mine) don't. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 00:00, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :If someone steps down as bureaucrat but wants to remain a custodian/curator, then having those rights as well ensures that they won't be accidentally removed. This exact scenario just happened on another wiki where I am a bureaucrat. It can't hurt to have the redundant ones, if you ask me. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:02, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Currently]], all the 'crats have custodian; Koavf additionally has curator, which none of the other 'crat accounts have. PieWriter, MathXplore, and Koavf are the only custodians to also have curator. [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&group=sysop&wpsubmit=&wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&limit=50] I propose that we should either a) add curator to all 'crats and custodians or b) remove the redundant bit from all accounts. I don't have a preference, I'm just advocating for consistency and clarity. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 00:49, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::: I lean more on removing the curator bit from all custodians and bureaucrats, as custodians themselves have most, if not all curator user rights, followed by some additional user rights. I planned to remove the curator bit from custodians and to leave a note here about my action(s) for review, until I saw this message. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:54, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::: I'm inclined to follow the [[w:Principle of least privilege]] and remove redundant bits. A custodian or 'crat doesn't need curator. Granting these bits later should be no big deal. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:13, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : Agree with principles of simplicity and consistency. Plus that agreed practice should be documented. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) {{ping|Atcovi|PieWriter|MathXplore|Koavf}} Pinging contributors who may have an interest in discussion. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 01:59, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :I'm okay with whatever. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:19, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : Removing the curator is OK. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:33, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Seems fine to me [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:37, 31 May 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} for all three above. Atcovi already removed his own curator rights as it was redundant to custodian rights. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:59, 31 May 2026 (UTC) 6n0oomvhjb3dcv1wf2r6vkyg48oomsc 4 1993 2812452 2775296 2026-06-01T19:02:56Z Atcovi 276019 better for the link to go to Wikiversity's research policy rather than the portal since this is a policy page; moving portal link to "See also" section 2812452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Policy|WV:VER|WV:V}} [[Wikiversity]] content should be verifiable, which means that it is: # published by a [[Wikiversity:Reliable sources|reliable source]] or # produced by scholarly [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] performed at Wikiversity. ==See also== * [[Wikiversity:Biographies of living persons]] * [[Wikiversity:Cite sources]] * [[Wikiversity:Disclosures]] * [[Portal:Research]] {{Official policies}} iy30vb09ej55jv5sb5ybncfl33ws6v7 102 4704 2812472 2811301 2026-06-01T20:46:12Z Kirby - Electrotechnics 3074947 Condensed the introduction because it was too wordy, Resized image, Added separate Composition Category, ethnomusicology subcategory. 2812472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Musical notes.svg|right|372x372px]] Music is a self-expressed art form that organizes sound and silence through rhythm, tempo, pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, texture, dynamics, and other acoustic or electronic means, including instruments, synthesis, sampling, and environmental sound. Whether a work is recognized as music often depends on cultural context and the shared understanding of performers and listeners. Music may be created individually or collectively through ensembles, orchestras, groups, and other forms of participation. While atonal music exists, many musical traditions are characterized by melody and harmony. Rhythm encompasses tempo, meter, and articulation, while dynamics describe variations in loudness. Timbre and texture refer to the distinctive qualities and combinations of sounds, sometimes described as the "color" of music. ==Music and aural theory== ===Western music=== The goal of the 'Theory and composition' department is to equip the student with the tools and skills necessary to compose, arrange and analyze music. At the completion of this course of study, students will possess the skills and knowledge of western theory, creative writing, arranging, as well as having a portfolio of original works. {{colbegin|3}} * [[Introduction to music|Introduction to music]] * [[Fundamentals of Music|Fundamentals of music]] * [[Music Theory I]] * [[Music Theory II]] * [[Chords (music)|Chords]] * [[Harmony]] * [[Form and Analysis|Form and analysis]] * [[Counterpoint]] * [[Music Appreciation|Music appreciation]] * [[Glossary of musical terms]] * [[Xenharmonic music theory]] {{colend}} === Non-western music === Some Non-European cultures have different music composition, arrangement and analysis traditions, less commonly known in western cultural spheres.{{colbegin|3}} * [[Gamelan]] * [[Carnatic music]] * [[Andalusi Classical Music]] * [[Persian Classical Music]] * [[Arabic Classical Music]] * [[Ottoman Classical Music]] * [[Hindustani Classical Music]]{{colend}} ===Genres=== Some genres of Western music have genre-specific music theory.{{colbegin|3}} * [[Basic Blues & Rock]] * [[Country music]] * [[Folk music]] * [[Jazz]]{{colend}} ===Aural theory and ear training=== Ear training is learning/training your ears to recognize what you hear and put it down onto paper. These are basic learning guides, exercises and projects to help you understand in a meaningful way the flurry of sound in music.{{colbegin|3}} * [[Ear training - Intervals and Harmony|Ear training - Intervals and Harmony (pitch oriented)]] * [[Ear training - rhythm]]{{colend}} ==Composition== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Beginning Composition|Composition : Beginning]] * [[Advanced Composition|Composition, Advanced]] * [[Lyrical Composition|Lyrical composition]] * [[Music Technology]] * [[Arranging]] * [[Orchestration]] * [[Film scoring for Musicians|Film scoring]] (in conjunction with the [[Course:Practical narrative film editing|Film editing course]]) * [[Final Theory Project]] {{colend}} ==Musicology== {{MultiCol}} ===General Musicology=== * [[Music Appreciation|Music appreciation and history]] * [[Survey of Musical Genres|Survey of musical genres]] * [[Music in Film|Music in film]] * [[The Symphony and the Opera|Symphony and opera]] {{ColBreak}} ===Historical Musicology=== * [[Brief History of Western Music]] * [[Music of the Medieval Era]] * [[Music of the Renaissance]] {{ColBreak}} * [[Music of the Baroque Era]] * [[Music of the Classical Era]] * [[Music of the Romantic Era]] * [[Music of the 20th Century]] ===Ethnomusicology=== * [[Folk Music]] * [[Indigenous Music]] * [[Comparative Ethnomusicology]] {{EndMultiCol}} ==Music instruments== {{MultiCol}} === [[String instruments]] === * [[Violin]] * [[Viola]] * [[Violoncello]] * [[Double bass]] * [[Fiddle]] * [[Harp]] * [[Guitar]] ** [[Classical guitar|Classic guitar (or ''"Acoustic"'' guitar)]] ** [[Electric Guitar|Electric guitar]] ** [[Bass guitar|Bass guitar]] * [[Ukulele]] * [[Banjo]] * [[Mandolin]] * [[Lute]] {{ColBreak}} === [[Woodwind instruments]] === * [[Flute]] * [[Oboe]] * [[Clarinet]] * [[Bassoon]] * [[Saxophone]] ** [[Soprano Saxophone|Soprano saxophone]] ** [[Alto Saxophone|Alto saxophone]] ** [[Tenor Saxophone|Tenor saxophone]] ** [[Baritone Saxophone|Baritone saxophone]] * [[Recorder]] * [[Ocarina]] ===[[Brass instruments]]=== * [[Trumpet]] * [[French horn]] * [[Trombone]] * [[Tuba]] * [[Euphonium]] {{ColBreak}} === [[Percussion instruments]] === * [[Concert Percussion|Concert percussion]] (Snare drum, crash cymbals, timpani, etc.) * [[Drum set]] * [[Mallet Instruments|Mallet instruments]] (Marimba, xylophone, vibraphone, chimes, etc.) * [[Tabla]] (an Indian pair of drums) * [[Pipe and tabor]] === [[Keyboard instruments]] === * [[Piano]] * [[Organ]] === [[Topic: Voice | Voice]] === * [[Soprano]] * [[Contralto]] * [[Countertenor]] * [[Tenor]] * [[Baritone]] * [[Bass (voice)|Bass]] {{EndMultiCol}} ==Music resources== [[wikibooks:Subject:Music|Wikibooks - Music]]{{MultiCol}} === Hands on === * [[Blues basics]] * [[Rock basics]] * [[Wikiversity the Movie/music|Wikiversity the movie : music]] * [[Jamming Online|Jamming online]] * [[Experimental music]] * [[Film scoring for Musicians|Practical lessons in film scoring]] (in conjunction with the [[Course:Practical narrative film editing|film editing course]]) * [[Digital Audio Workstation]] === Textbooks === * [[b:Music|Wikibooks Music theory]] * [[b:Western Music History|Western music history]] * [[b:Sound Recording|Sound recording]] {{ColBreak}} === Open-Source software === ;For all operating systems * [http://openmetronome.sourceforge.net/ Metronome] * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/vtone/ Vtones] (Basic Midi editor) * [http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ Audacity] (Sound editor) * [http://ardour.org/ Ardour] (Digital Audio Workstation; A great program for multi-track recording, mixing, mastering, etc.) * [http://musescore.org/ Musescore] (Music Notation software) * [https://otuner.sourceforge.net/ Tuning Software] * [https://supercollider.github.io/ SuperCollider] (Programming Language and Environment for sound synthesis and algorithmic composition) {{ColBreak}} ;For Linux * [https://github.com/calf-studio-gear/calf/ Calf Plugins] Sound Plugins including compressor, multichorus, reverb,etc. * [http://www.antcom.de/gtick/ GTick] (very nice and useful metronome for Gnome desktop) * [[:w:LMMS|Linux MultiMedia Studio (''LMMS'')]] === External links === * [http://music.wikia.com/wiki/Music_Hub Music topics on Wikia] * [[w:Wikipedia:Sound/list|Musical works available for download]] * [[w:History of music|'History of music' on Wikipedia]] {{EndMultiCol}} ==Active participants== ''If you are an active participant in this school, you can list your name below. (this can help small schools grow and the participants communicate better)'' Please leave a timestamp - if it is more than a year old, there is potential for nomination to the inactive participants list. *[[User:Kirby_-_Electrotechnics|Kirby]] (he/him), Banjo, May 2026 ==Inactive participants== *[[User:CQ|CQ]] * Since 20 February 2012‎. Reviewed [[Portal:Pentatonic Impressionism (China Wu Sheng) in the view of Neo-classical Piano Techniques-training]] for Main Page News about 8 August 2019. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 19:58, 16 January 2020 (UTC) * [[User:SelfieCity|SelfieCity]] 12 July 2021 *[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] *[[User:Thierry613|Thierry613]] *[[User:Bibeyjj|Bibeyjj]] 8onjvd0q698mz2thpf5mj60vso676k6 4 5572 2812486 2810756 2026-06-01T22:31:59Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Promoted to an official policy per [[Special:Permalink/2812485]]. 2812486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy|WV:D|WV:DEL|WV:DELETE}} {{nutshell|While deletion is sometimes permissible when a good reason is given, resources can often blossom when participants are taught good wiki practices and how to implement concrete improvements. These pathways and templates are recommended for nominating resources for deletion: * '''Speedy delete''' '''<code>{{tl|delete}}</code>''' for pages you authored, as well as for pages that clearly don't belong in [[Help:Namespaces|mainspace]] * '''Proposed deletions''' '''<code>{{tl|prod}}</code>''' for pages that perhaps should be deleted (or moved to draft or user space) unless they are improved * '''Deletion requests''' '''<code>{{tl|dr}}</code>''' for potentially controversial decisions and projects with multiple pages * '''Move to draft or user space''' '''<code>{{tl|Pagemove announcement}}</code>''' for research and student efforts Don't worry about selecting the "correct" pathway and template, as more than one approach may be appropriate. It is more important to assist by flagging resources that you think shouldn't be retained on Wikiversity.}} This policy explains when and why [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] may delete and restore resources. The [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] allows anyone to track deletions and restorations at Wikiversity. Deletion removes access while keeping resources and their development histories intact. Access can be restored through undeletion. Deletions and undeletions are discussed at [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion|Requests for Deletion]]. == Deletion pathways== There are three main pathways for deletion: * '''Speedy deletion''' (when noncontroversial) * '''Proposed deletion''' (when a resource could be improved) * '''Deletion request''' (when potentially controversial) These three options are described in more detail below. The practical steps for to nominate for deletion are described in the [[#Deletion templates|deletion templates]] section. === Speedy === Resources may be '''speedy deleted''' when a good reason is given by adding {{tlx|delete|''your good reason''}}. You may [[#Discussion|request community feedback]], or object with or without explanation by removing the speedy deletion suggestion from the resource. Resources may not be subject to speedy deletion when a reasonable objection is made or is likely because participants may be able to learn how to implement concrete improvements when taught appropriate practices. ====Criteria for speedy deletion==== {{shortcut|WV:CSD|WV:DB|WV:SD|WV:SPEEDY}} A non-exhaustive list of possible reasons [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] may speedy delete resources: ;Common reasons # '''Test page''' to practice use of the wiki software outside user space. Experiment in the [[Wikiversity:Sandbox]]. Consider [[Wikiversity:Welcome templates|Welcoming the user]]. #'''[[Wikiversity:Vandalism|Vandalism]]''' and user pages for vandalism-only accounts. #'''Solicitation''' for products, services, companies, events, people, or other things with no educational merit or which generate direct financial benefit to the contributor. #'''Spam''' consisting of bulk automated creations, cross-wiki cross-posting, or repetitive external links with no educational value #'''Repost''' with no concrete improvements to merit keeping. User should [[WV:RFD|request undeletion]] instead. #'''Author request''' by an only contributor or only substantial contributor, or arising from an expressed consensus of contributors. #'''Empty page''' which has been blanked or content not developed #'''Empty category''' with no notice suggesting the category may be occasionally empty. #'''Copyrighted work''' which does not satisfy [[Foundation:Terms of use|Wikimedia's Terms of Use]]. #'''Orphaned, broken, or unused redirect''' with no educational histories, no links, and either no appropriate targets or not likely to be searched for. #'''No [[WV:WIW|educational objectives]]''' or discussion in history. [[Wikiversity:Welcome templates|Welcome users]] and resources when likely to be expanded shortly. #'''No [[Wikiversity:Research|research objectives]]''' or discussion in history. [[Wikiversity:Welcome templates|Welcome users]] and resources when likely to be expanded shortly. ;Less common reasons # '''Abandoned resource''' # '''Per [[WV:PROD|proposed deletion]]''' # '''Per [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Discussion|request for deletion]]''' # '''Basic maintenance''' such as repairing cut-and-paste moves, and moving resources over a redirect. # '''Discussion''' about deleted resource where context is lost and becoming an independent resource is unlikely # '''Resource [[m:transwiki|moved]]''' to another project due to [[Wikiversity:Scope|scope]], or file uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] with history intact and links fixed. #'''Unused file''' lacking either a license or a source may be deleted one week after uploader is notified. #'''Ethical breach''' where a resource standing undeleted may cause harm # '''Not English'''. See https://www.wikiversity.org to find where contributions may be appreciated # '''History merge''' # '''Deletion test''' === {{anchor|Proposed deletion}}Proposed deletion (prod)=== {{shortcut|WV:PROD|WV:PRD|WV:PD}} Resources may be eligible for proposed deletion when educational objectives, learning outcomes, or research aims are scarce, and objections to deletion are unlikely. You may add {{tlxs|prod}} to the top of resources to propose deletion. Support staff may examine the resource after 90 days, and either delete the resource or remove the proposal. Anyone may object by removing the proposed deletion template from the resource, with an explanation on the resource's discussion page and/or in the edit summary. Anyone still considering that the resource should be deleted may [[#Discussion|discuss deletion]]. ===Deletion request=== Use a deletion request if you think a developed page should be deleted or if the topic is complicated in some way. Then be prepared to engage in the discussion at [[Wikiversity:Deletion requests]]. == {{anchor|Deletion discussions|Discussion}}How to discuss == You should [[WV:AGF|ask questions and discuss concerns]] with participants, make an effort to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|resolve problems yourself]], and try [[#Alternatives to deletion|alternatives]] as appropriate before suggesting deletion for resources with substantial development histories and contributions from multiple participants. You may ask for guidance and advice, explain what you have done or will do, and discuss options at [[Wikiversity:Requests for deletion]]. Resources are generally kept when a community [[Wikiversity:Consensus|decision]] is inconclusive. Add {{tl|rfd}} to the top of resources to draw attention to the discussion. As a courtesy, you may also notify any participants directly. Be concise and specific when suggesting solutions, because the preferred outcome is one participants can learn from to implement concrete improvements. On occasion, deletion might be permissible when productivity from a fresh start is likely and concerns relate to Wikiversity's [[Wikiversity:Mission|mission]], [[Wikiversity:Scope|scope]], [[Wikiversity:Process|process]], or [[Wikiversity:Policies|policy]] in some way. If you can raise concerns not addressed by a previous discussion, you may begin a new discussion at [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion|Requests for Deletion]]. Reasonable requests for resources to be restored during discussion are honored, where possible. Please only participate if you are willing to keep an open mind and make an effort to improve resources. ==Alternatives to deletion== {{shortcut|WV:ATD}} Deletion should be a last resort. Participants are encouraged to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|boldly]] consider constructive alternatives to deletion such as: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Issue ! Possible alternatives |- | valign="top" |Outside [[WV:scope|Wikiversity's scope]] | valign="top" |Move to another Wikimedia project or more appropriate external platform. Some resources, such as personal essays, may be suitable for user space. |- | valign="top" |Outside the scope of a learning project | valign="top" |Merge into another learning project or develop into a new learning project. |- | valign="top" |Content dispute | valign="top" |Seek discussion, mediation, or wider community input before considering deletion. |- | valign="top" |Foreign-language resource | valign="top" |Translate into English, move to the relevant language Wikiversity, or move to [[BetaWikiversity:|Beta Wikiversity]] if no Wikiversity exists in that language. |- | valign="top" |Duplicate resource | valign="top" |Merge content, redirect to the primary resource, or move to a subpage with a clearer focus. |- | valign="top" |Poorly organised resource | valign="top" |Reorganise sections, rename the resource, or restructure into subpages. |- | valign="top" |Oversized resource | valign="top" |Split into smaller resources or reorganise into subpages. |- | valign="top" |Undersized resource | valign="top" |Expand, merge into a broader resource, or redirect appropriately. |- | valign="top" |Isolated content | valign="top" |Integrate into a broader learning project or create supporting pages. |- | valign="top" |Low-quality content | valign="top" |Add cleanup, expansion, or context templates and encourage improvement. |- | valign="top" |Insufficient or unclear educational value | valign="top" |Request clarification, improve the resource, or move to draft or user space for further development. |- | valign="top" |Outdated resource | valign="top" |Update, archive, or mark as historical or superseded. |- | valign="top" |Inactive learning project | valign="top" |Retain, archive, or reorganise if the project continues to have educational value. |- | valign="top" |Abandoned draft | valign="top" |Move to draft or user space for future development. |- | valign="top" |Unsuitable resource title | valign="top" |Rename or move to a more descriptive title. |- | valign="top" |Unsourced or poorly sourced content | valign="top" |Tag for verification, request sources, or assist with adding references. |- | valign="top" |Missing or incomplete licence information | valign="top" |Assist the user in providing the information or supply it if possible. |- | valign="top" |Test or practice edits | valign="top" |Move to user space or sandbox space if there is constructive or educational value. |- | valign="top" |Broken redirects | valign="top" |Redirect to a more appropriate target. |- | valign="top" |Temporary concerns | valign="top" |Use maintenance, protection, discussion, or draftification templates until issues are resolved. |} ==Deletion templates== To remove resources from mainspace use the following templates: *<code>{{tl|delete}}</code> for ''speedy deletion'' *<code>{{tl|prod}}</code> for a ''proposed deletion'' *<code>{{tl|dr}}</code> for a ''deletion request'' *<code>{{tl|pagemove announcement}}</code> informs editors that the page (and any subpages) are likely to be moved to either draft space or user space. Wikiversity is a complex interaction between instructor teaching materials, student efforts, and even research. Mainspace should focus on teaching, learning, and research resources. *<code>{{tl|draftify}}</code> for ''proposed moving to the Draft: namespace'' ===Speedy deletion=== *Use <code>{{tl|delete}}</code> or <code><nowiki>{{delete|(with optional explanation)}}</nowiki></code> Use '''Speedy deletion''' for uncontroversial deletions. Placing '''<code><nowiki>{{delete|<suggested reasons go here ...>}}</nowiki></code>''' at the top of a page creates this banner: <!-- THIS TEXT WAS CREATED BY CALLING THE TEMPLATE WITH tlxs--> {{ambox |type=speedy |text=This {{lc:{{NAMESPACE}}}} page may qualify for [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy#Speedy|speedy deletion]] because: <suggested reasons go here...><br/>{{#ifeq:{{{self}}} |yes |If you disagree, please remove this notice.<br /> |If you disagree or intend to fix it, and '''you have not contributed to it before''', you may remove this notice. If you have contributed before and disagree, please explain why on {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{TALKSPACE}} |this discussion page |[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|the discussion page]] }}, after adding <span style="font-family:'Lucida Console', monospace">{{Tl|hangon}}</span> to the top of the {{lc:{{NAMESPACE}}}}. This will alert [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] to your intention, and may permit you the time to write your explanation. Try to make your explanation more eloquent and less hysterical than the example shown above. }} <span class="plainlinks">''Before [{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deleting] check the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discussion page]], [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|what links here]], [{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|action=history}} history] ([{{fullurl:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]), the [{{fullurl:Special:Log|page={{SUBJECTPAGENAMEE}}}} page log], and [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]]. ''</span> }} <!--Must delete this: [[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]--> <!-- Ends the delete demonstration--> The most common use of ''speedy deletion'' is for pages written by a single author and which include copyright violations, pseudoscientific claims, inappropriate language, advertisements, or slander or other efforts to harass living persons. Anything that potentially causes harm should be immediately deleted, and ''speedy deletion'' is the fastest way to nominate a page for removal. But a ''speedy deletion'' is also the most time-consuming to revert (if the resource actually gets deleted). A good rule of thumb is never to speedy delete a resource that might be [[wikt:salvable|salvable]] or has had active edits in the past three years. Also, hesitate before you ''speedy delete'' a project or a large number of subpages, as reverting such deletions can be extremely time-consuming. ===Proposed deletion=== *Uses <code>{{tlxs|prod}}</code> '''Proposed deletion''' (or "prod") is for pages that may or may not belong in mainspace. It allows editors to debate possible deletion on the talk page and ponder other options such as moving to the user or draft namespace. ''Prod'' draws attention and can result in an effort to improve the resource. ''Prod'' places the discussion about whether to delete on the talk page. ''Prod's'' greatest disadvantage is it causes projects to remain in mainspace until the question is resolved. A simple remedy for this is to move the project into user or draft space until an outcome has been decided. Support staff can move a resource with up to 100 subpages.<ref>Moving a resource with 300 subpages takes about three times as long as moving one with 100 subpages, with the added feature that the moved resources are now required to have 3 top pages (with 100 subpages each)</ref> To understand how ''prod'' works, suppose that on January 1, 2000 you placed '''{{tlxs|prod}}''' at the top of a page to create this banner: <!-- THIS TEXT WAS CREATED BY CALLING THE TEMPLATE WITH tlxs--> {{Ombox | type = delete | image = [[File:Orologio rosso.svg|45x45px|center|No license|link=]] | text = Please [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} help improve] the [[WV:WIW|educational quality]] of this resource to increase [[Wikiversity:Learning|engagement]] by [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participants]]. Any concrete improvements made by '''{{#time:F j, Y|January 1, 2000 +90 days}}''' may allow it to be [[WV:PROD|kept]]. <br> You may remove <nowiki>{{proposed deletion}}</nowiki> from this resource's source text to contest this proposal, with or without [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discussion]]. }} <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;{{#if: | {{{style}}};}}">[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|''Link to any subpages this page might have'']]</div> <!-- Ends the tlxs|prod demonstration--> The deadline for improving the page is 90 days after the template was inserted. This gives editors time to improve the page or defend its virtues. The proper venue for all discussions is the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]] of the article under consideration. ===Deletion request=== * Uses <code>{{tl|dr}}</code> Use '''Deletion request''' if you think a developed page should be deleted or if the topic is complicated in some way. Begin by placing '''<code>{{tl|dr}}</code>''' at the top of the page to create: {{ambox |image = [[File:User-trash.svg|50x50px|link=]] |text='''Please [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion#{{FULLPAGENAME}}|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy|keep this resource or not]]'''. Resources are likely to remain at Wikiversity when you [[Wikiversity:Be bold|boldly]] address reasonable concerns through concrete improvements. We encourage you to give resources a chance to receive fair reviews and concrete improvements by keeping nomination notices intact.}} {{center|[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|''Link to any subpages this page might have'']]}} Click the words [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion|'''share your thoughts''']] in the box. This will lead to a page called [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]. Follow the instructions for starting a discussion. Explain why you think the page should be deleted. Be prepared to engage in discussion about the page's value. At some point the discussion will be closed. Sometimes the decision may be to place the article in [[Wikiversity:Drafts|draft space]] or on a subpage of their [[Help:User page|user page]]. ===Pagemove announcement=== *Uses <code><nowiki>{{subst:Pagemove announcement}}</nowiki></code> The advantage of moving material into the user or draft namespace is that less time is spent discussing and more time cleaning up. Wikiversity has a limited staff of volunteers, and the quicker decisions are made, the more that can be done. Too many obscure pages in mainspace gives others a bad impression of Wikiversity. On the other hand, people should be encouraged to write on Wikiversity about all sorts of topics. The goal is to separate materials recommend for teachers, learners, and researchers from the discovery and exploration done by Wikiversity users. <!-- No link or evidence for this: A procedure and guidelines for moving mainspace resources into user and draft space is under construction. --> '''<code><nowiki>{{subst:Pagemove announcement}}</nowiki></code>''' is used to communicate with all the page's main authors' talk pages and looks like this: {{Robelbox|theme=8|title=Removal of a project from mainspace|width=100%}} To ''Somebody's username'': The project '''<nowiki>[[Some page]]</nowiki>''' has been moved to '''<nowiki>[[User:Somebody's username/Some page]]</nowiki>''' A tentative decision has been made to remove this project from [[Wikiversity:namespaces|mainspace]]. If this move is not under discussion at '''[[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]''', you may make a request regarding this project at '''[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]'''. Yours truly, --[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 06:07, 20 December 2022 (UTC) {{Robelbox/close}} == See also == * [[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]] - List of common deletion reasons displayed in the deletion interface * [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] - List of current resources suggested for [[#Speedy|speedy deletion]] * [[:Category:Proposed deletions]] - List of current resources [[#Proposed|proposed]] for deletion * [[:Category:Requests for Deletion]] - List of resources with active deletion [[#Discussion|discussions]] * [[w:Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_democracy|Wikipedia is not a democracy]] {{Official policies}} {{Proposed policies}} <!-- {{subpagesif}} There are currently no subpages --> [[Category:Wikiversity deletion]] hx6dtfcubqf6v5sxezc2oyez74va5gf 0 32774 2812432 2806105 2026-06-01T16:58:06Z ~2026-32718-87 3087437 /* Tibetan */ 2812432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} [[File:YouTube 2024.svg|upright=1.1|frameless|right|caption=YouTube logo]] '''[[wikipedia:YouTube|YouTube]]''' is a popular free video sharing website which lets users upload, view, and share video clips. Videos can be rated, and the average rating and the number of times a video has been watched are both published. The main purpose of this project is to find and promote ''educational'' videos, though it isn't necessary for this learning resource to be only about that. Focusing on the interface {{Q|Q1047808}} and exploring alternative interfaces might be topics to explore, among other things. Another topic that can be explored is the mechanics of the site, interacting with the site with various software. Comparing functionality between users that have logged in and visitors to the site. Exploring the legal terms to which one is bound to when registering or otherwise using the site. For further discussion and suggestions of similar sites please see the [[Talk:YouTube|talk page]]. YouTube also is one of the most popular sites on the internet to watch a different videos uploading of many citizens. It is a site that you can easily view and watch many videos. You can react to all videos as long as you have an account for this site it can allow you to comment, like, or dislike the video. Million of citizens use this site because it's a lot of purposes for us. You can upload a video for advertising, for entertaining, for expressing, for researching, for educating, and many more. So it can be the one of the best site in the internet. == Channel page == Channel pages are divided into multiple subpages including "Home" (front page), "Videos", "Playlists", "Channels" with other channels featured by the user, "Discussion" or "Community" depending on subscriber count, and "About" for channel description and information. Videos can be sorted by most recent (default), oldest, and popularity (view count). This can be done through the drop-down menu or the URL parameters <code>sort=dd</code>, <code>sort=da</code>, and <code>sort=p</code> respectively. On the desktop site, <code>flow=grid</code> and <code>flow=list</code> formerly changed the appearance of the video list, of which grid view shows a more compact layout with multiple videos per row, whereas list view shows a short snippet of each video's description text. User reports suggest that this feature has been removed in June 2020, and only grid view remained.<ref name=FlowList>Reddit post: ''[https://i.reddit.com/r/youtube/comments/h9wv6v/grid_view_to_list_view/ Grid view to list view]''; Google product forum thread: ''[https://support.google.com/youtube/thread/53796585/list-view-through-flow-list-not-working-anymore?hl=en List view through "?flow=list" not working anymore.]''</ref> == Studio == YouTube is equipped with a digital ''Studio'', with a wide range of tools to manage videos. === Subtitles === YouTube allows automatically generating and/or transcribing subtitles. These features are accessible from the video options inside the channel management (''Creator Studio''). === Analytics === ''YouTube Analytics'' is a toolbox which allows video creators to analyze their audience, in order to optimize their content. For example, users can view which parts of the video were played most, how long the audience watches a video on average, geographical data (a list and a map with views by country), and views by device type (desktop, Android, iOS, game consoles, Smart TV, etc.). === Cards === Users can add ''Info cards'' and ''end cards'' to videos, which can contain suggestions for other videos to watch or channels to open. The video can be a random or the most recent upload from one's own channel, as well as any specifically selected video. Polls with up to five were supported until 2020. This feature is a partial successor of the discontinued ''annotations'', which YouTube did not bother to adapt to their mobile application and web site front ends. == Tips == {{expand section}} * It is recommended to [[Backup#Cloud_storage|keep offline backups]] of videos, as YouTube effectively acts like cloud storage when used for video, over which the uploader lacks technical control. Depending on an online service to retain data without having a local copy is a [[Backup/Causes of data loss#Overreliance_on_online_services|frequent cause of data loss]].<ref name=3things>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDJHHjnWAoc&t=01m02s ''3 Things I Wish I Knew when I First Started on YouTube'' (at 01m02s)] by ''Video Creators TV''</ref> * When reviewing cameras, make sure to show crops of pictures and footage zoomed well beyond 100%, as not all viewers watch at the highest resolution to be able to view the full detail.<ref>Counter-example: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aI_CK0-iFI&t=0m55s ''Galaxy Note 3 vs Galaxy S4 - Camera Comparison Test'' (2013-10-19) by SuperSafTV], where only 100% crops are shown at most, not 200% or above.</ref> * Screen recordings can be made more convenient to watch on mobile devices by setting a lower resolution to make interface elements appear larger. ==Learning Project== This unit is associated with [[Topic:Internet Audio and Video]]. == How to hunt == First add major scientific field (or other) names to the built in search engine, like [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=biology&search_type=&aq=f biology], [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=chemistry&search_type=&aq=f chemistry], [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=language+learning&search_type=&aq=3&oq=language language learning], [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=tutorial&search_type=&aq=0&oq=tut tutorial], etc. Not all videos displayed are suitable to [[Making links#Make an external link|link]] into this page however, so it is up to you to select the appropriate ones (should be ''educational related''). Browse also the ''Related videos'' and ''More videos from the same user'' to find more material. '''Happy hunting!''' ==Listing== ===Art=== ====Photoshop==== * [http://www.metacafe.com/watch/403986/photoshop_tutorial/ Photoshop tutorial] === Biology === ==== Molecular biology ==== * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8NHcQesYl8&feature=related DNA wrapping and replication] - ''Description:'' Computer animation, 3 min. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y16w-CGAa0Y&feature=related DNA repair (nr1)] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CASw429qBUU&NR=1 DNA repair (nr2)] - ''Description:'' Computer animation, nr1 is with voice (approx. 1.5 min), nr2 without voice, but nicer animation (0.5 min.) ==== Genetics ==== * Genetics 101 ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8 part1] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5raJePXu0OQ&feature=related part2] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p-47P8&feature=related part3] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHWJqzlHl3w&feature=related part4]) - ''Description:'' The very basics of genetics in a short animation series (approx. 1 minutes === Languages === ====Hebrew==== * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4uGtb3jnrc Vowel points] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUwOa5aBidA Do-re-mi exercise for Hebrew vowels] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95t9Ebn_ycs&feature=related Technic for learning Hebrew] * Learning Hebrew [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsRD4mfveyY&feature=related Lesson1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkrEml5OWr0&feature=related Lesson2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5Ni2O-CzKg&feature=related Lesson3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUGGPD0dBNU&feature=related Lesson4], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZMIHzpdYic&feature=related Lesson5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHvXnKfGNnA&feature=related Lesson6], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhyLx9nNtfc&feature=related Lesson7], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwaLXfgwe1o&feature=related Lesson8], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d1CWc3ZIC0&feature=related Lesson9], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbepNi3Uj1E&feature=related Lesson10], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcfPkfEFNOo&feature=related Lesson11] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8xYBlaUOxo&feature=related Bible Hebrew Alphabet] * Biblical Hebrew [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXIYUPitlbE&feature=related Lesson1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8Gk9e94ZnM&feature=related Lesson2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Fk45ttgSVk&feature=related Lesson3] (marked as 'private' on YouTube) ====Tibetan==== www.tibetanlanguage.school === Music === *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPG-LYoW27E] video of an interesting music device *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEDia3CFdfg] another video of an interesting music device ===Physics and Astronomy=== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTY1Kje0yLg Gravity visualized] 2 meter diameter stretched membrane depicts gravity, orbits, dark matter, and the formation of the solar system. *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yZwj111f_4&list=PL968ED56DA875D222&index=13 Make an amazing magic ball] Demonstrates the concept of torque, center of mass, and potential energy: A weighted ball on a ramp will not roll because although a torque is developed, the center of mass is displaced from the center of the ball. This would cause the ball's center of mass to rise if it rolled. But this ball has an extra property that makes it seem alive. Easily explained and understood. *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8AvfXar9zs Make a cloud dissappear] (Physical science) When water vapor is supersaturated it means that the pressure and temperature are such that droplets should form. But the molecules have trouble "finding each other" unless a small particles (called aerosols) are in the air. The sudden decompression somehow plays a role...but how? *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9ueZTrRyEY Hammer torque demo]. The center of mass (gravity) is directly below the balance point. *Chaos **[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUsePzlOmxw The Strange New Science of Chaos] 56 minutes. Begins with the '''[[w:Sierpinski triangle|Sierpinski triangle]]''' and goes on to applications in fields such as biology. ** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0gDLEHbYCk Chaos Part 1] A series of 15 minute lectures. Number 7 on the '''[[w:Lorenz system|Lorenz system]]''' looked very good. ==Wikiversity== Some Wikiversity participants have posted their work on [http://www.youtube.com/ YouTube]: *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWV3kqc3hIA Wikinews Video] - Pilot intro [[Wikinews]] by [[User:DragonFire1024|DragonFire1024]] *[http://youtube.com/thewikicaster TheWikicaster] - Wikipedia article of the day read by [[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]] *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=ORf0iUCcHYE Feedforward #2] - Part of the proposed [[Consciousness studies/One-hand clapping|One-hand clapping]] by [[User:Fidocancan|Fidocancan]] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj7huccQV2c one] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-HgLmZeQvs another] by leighblackall *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM8aurTtJWo a course assignment] at Wikiversity Film School *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3S7WVR5LiT0 editing tutorial] by JWSchmidt ([[Screencasting]], [[Animation with DAZ Studio]]) ===Web 2.0 and copyleft=== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GmyD3W3Q1Q copyleft video] ===To be sorted out=== * [http://www.youtube.com/user/ucberkeley Berkeley] - 270 videos from [[w:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]], various topics, lectures, approx. 1 hour each * [http://www.youtube.com/user/nationalgeographic?ob=4 National Geographic] - 623 videos from [[w:national geographic|National Geographic]], various topics * [http://www.youtube.com/user/FAOmultimedia FAOmultimedia] - videos from [[w:FAO|FAO]], multiple languages * [http://www.youtube.com/user/PBS PBS] - 1048 videos from this broadcaster, not so specific topics and clear educational content, like in previous cases, but definitely looks interesting ** [http://www.youtube.com/user/NOVAonline NOVAonline] - 53 documentary videos from PBS ==Participants== ''Note: Participant may flag themselves with template {{tl|YouTube hunter}}'' * --[[User:Gbaor|Gbaor]] * --[[User:CQ|CQ]] ==See also== {{wikipedia}} *[[Digital information literacy]] *[[Hunter-gatherers project]] *[[Video editing]] [[Category:YouTube| ]] hijod1obcrag3hrs182skebizc0gqqf 10 35278 2812488 2809957 2026-06-01T22:34:25Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Added to the official policy list. 2812488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Official policies |title = [[Wikiversity:Policies|Official policies]] |list1 = <div> [[Wikiversity:Assume Good Faith|Assume Good Faith]] · [[Wikiversity:Be bold|Be bold]] · [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucratship]] · [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]] · [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators]] · [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Uploading files#Exemption Doctrine Policy|Exemption doctrine]] · [[Wikiversity:Reliable sources|Reliable sources]] · [[betawikiversity:Wikiversity:Research guidelines/En|Research guidelines]] · [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|Verifiability]] · [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|What is Wikiversity]] · [[Wikiversity:Community Review Policy|Community Review]] · [[Wikiversity:Bots|Bots]] · [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy|CheckUser policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodianship]] · [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|Interface administrators]] · [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]] · [[Wikiversity:Rollback|Rollback]] </div> }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikiversity policy boxes]] </noinclude> 9a14r6iheh39ntvifb5ohpregx3scvp 10 35285 2812487 2810085 2026-06-01T22:33:29Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Moving to the official policy list. 2812487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Proposed policies | title = [[Wikiversity:Policies|Proposed policies]] | list1 = <div> [[Wikiversity:Academic freedom|Academic freedom]] · [[Wikiversity:Blocking policy|Blocking policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Catalyst|Catalyst]] · [[Wikiversity:Chat##wikiversity-en|Chat channel policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Child protection policy|Child protection policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|Cite sources]] · [[Wikiversity:Course Titles and Numbers|Course Titles and Numbers]] · [[Wikiversity:Course protection policy|Course protection policy]] · [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|Disclosures]] · [[Wikiversity:External links|External links]] · [[Wikiversity:Make no assumptions|Make no assumptions]] · [[Wikiversity:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] · [[Wikiversity:Naming conventions|Naming conventions]] · [[Wikiversity:Network naming conventions|Network naming conventions]] · [[Wikiversity:Original research|Original research]] · [[Wikiversity:Page protection templates|Page protection templates]] · [[Wikiversity:Polls|Polls]] · [[Wikiversity:Respect people|Respect people]] · [[Wikiversity:Productive Forking and Tailoring is Encouraged|Productive Forking and Tailoring is Encouraged]] · [[Wikiversity:Scholarly ethics|Scholarly ethics]] · [[Wikiversity:Subpages|Subpages]] · [[Wikiversity:Username|Username]] · [[Wikiversity:User page|User page]] · [[Wikiversity:Vandalism|Vandalism]] · [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not|What Wikiversity is not]] </div> }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikiversity policy boxes]] </noinclude> 875az7ob5j7rk0dhifescj7o8vi0ajo 0 51568 2812509 2812157 2026-06-02T01:20:11Z Atcovi 276019 project box(es) 2812509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{languages}} Hindi is written in the Devanagari Script, whose alphabet is as follows: {| class="wikitable" |+'''Vowels''' !अ !आ !इ !ई !उ !ऊ !ऋ !ए !ऐ !ओ !औ |- | '''a''' | '''ā''' | '''i''' |'''ī''' | '''u''' | '''ū''' | '''ṛ''' | '''e''' | '''ai''' | '''o''' |'''au''' |} '''Dependent Forms of the Vowels''' With the consonant त (t) त ''ta'' ता ''tā'' ति ''ti'' ती ''tī'' तु ''tu'' तू ''tū'' ते ''te'' तै ''tai'' तो ''to'' तौ ''tau'' '''Nasalised Vowels''' अँ ã आँ ă इँ ĩ ईँ ĭ उँ ũ ऊँ ŭ एँ ẽ ऐँ aĩ ओँ õ औँ aũ तँ tã ताँ tă तिँ tĩ तीँ tĭ तुँ tũ तूँ tŭ तेँ tẽ तैँ taĩ तोँ tõ तौँ taũ '''Consonants''' क k क़ q ख kh ख़ <u>kh</u> ग g ग़ <u>g</u> घ gha ङ n * च c छ ch ज j ज़ z ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ड़ ṛ ढ ḍh ढ़ ṛh ण ṇ त t थ th द d ध dh न n प p फ ph फ़ f ब b भ bh म m य y र r ल l व v श śh ष ṣh स s ह h '''Conjuncts''' When two consonants are pronounced together they are often joined together in a form called a conjunct, for example स+त→स्त in the word दोस्त ''dost'' (friend). Two consecutive consonants not forming a conjunct can indicate the presence of अ ''a'', as in कम ''kam'' (little, a small amount of). However, two non-conjunctive consonants can also indicate that the consonants are pronounced separately. For example in बिलकुल ''bilkul'' (completely), the ल and क do not form a conjunct because बिल and कुल are separate syllables-बिलकुल is pronounced ''bil—kul''. It is generally not possible to tell whether two non conjoined consonants are separated by 'अ' or not. Sometimes the absence of 'अ' is marked by a stroke under the leading consonant, but this is rarely done outside of dictionaries. Hindi-English dictionaries also give the pronunciation in roman script, from which the pronunciation can be inferred. Also, there are some patterns: *Two consecutive unjoined consonants at the start of a verb are almost always separated by 'अ'. *Verbs in their regular infinitive form consist of a stem followed by ना ''nā''. In this case the ''n'' is not conjoined with a preceding consonant, e.g. बोलना ''bolnā'' (to speak) देखना ''dekhnā'' (to see). The same principle applies to the imperfective form of verbs, e.g. बोलता ''boltā'' (speaks). *When two words form a compound word, the consonants at their interface are not conjoined e.g. गपशाप=गप-शाप ''gapshap=gap-shap'' (gossip, an echo word) अजकल=अज-कल ''ajkal=aj-kal'' (these days). The latter is formed from ''aj'' (today) and ''kal'' (yesterday, tomorrow). *Many older documents still use the popular KrutiDev font. You can [https://www.rajtool.com/krutidev-converter convert KrutiDev text to modern Unicode Devanagari] (or vice versa) using online tools. [[Category:Hindi]] 9qb2p64gg65sao68gtsbqyphp030j9y 4 53432 2812489 2809958 2026-06-01T22:36:02Z Codename Noreste 2969951 + 2812489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''2026''' * '''June 1''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]]''''' [new policy] * '''May 18''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]''''' [new policy] * '''May 9''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Curators]]''''' [new policy] * '''April 18''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]''''' [new policy] * '''January 11''': '''''[[The Gambling King of Baltimore: Doc Slater 1837-1902]]''''' [new article] * '''January 2''': [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing|'''''ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing''''']] [new article] '''2025''' * '''December 16:''' '''''[[Engineering thermodynamics/Quizzes/Turbine and compressor problems|Turbine and compressor problems]]''''' [new quiz] * '''December 4:''' '''''[[Association Between Screen Time and Sleep: An Online Survey]]''''' [new article] <noinclude> [[Category:Main page templates]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Wikiversity news]] </noinclude> 40en50vbpyrzj0l6oz679hwrr7hrjsw 2 82856 2812505 2722128 2026-06-02T01:16:21Z Atcovi 276019 Atcovi moved page [[Defined infinity theory]] to [[User:Iluvalar/Defined infinity theory]] without leaving a redirect: Move to user space: poorly defined framework that is inconsistent to standard mathematics; fails Wikiversity's learning policies as it lacks verifiable sources (see [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]]). 2722128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warning''' : This theory has not, yet, been rigorously validated by peer-review. Scaling a 1m diameter circle an <math>\infty</math> folds give a circle with a diameter of <math>\Pi\infty</math> meters <u>exactly</u>. Stating that <math>\Pi\infty m=\infty m</math> is not false if you meant that <math>\Pi\infty m</math> is infinite, but it's not more accurate than to state that a 1m diameter circle as a circumference equal to <math>\real</math>. Instead of using <math>\infty</math> as a vague infinity symbol, one may choose to mean a well '''defined infinity'''. Doing so enable him to manipulate the <math>\infty</math> symbol as any other variable would act and get answer proportional to that defined infinity. == Imagine == Imagine to your left the first of an infinite line of adjacents 1m³ cubes and to your right a line of 3 more cubes starting at the same point and going in the same direction. Got it ? fine. Now sit a minute on the edge of that third cube to your right to fully contemplate the infinite line going out of sight. The question is : '''How many of these 1m³ cubes is there exactly ?''' Most of you would say : "A vague infinite number of them". Which is fairly true, but is not a precise answer either. You would miss the very cube you're just sitting on. What would be the more accurate answer possible is : "The exact infinite number my premise says plus 3". If I had used the <math>\infty</math> symbol (which I have good conventional reason to do so) to represent THAT infinity the precise answer would be "<math>\infty+3</math> cubes". Exactly. == Theory == Most of the time, infinite quantities do not sprout out of experimental measurement. If you where gone in my example to count every singles cubes to validate my premise, you would never come back alive (unless you give up) and we would never get an true experimental count of them. In fact, infinite symbol come into equation because someone felt it would be convenient to make that theoretical supposition. So it's a deliberate choice. And so, it's also a deliberate choice to see the <math>\infty</math> symbol is a vague infinite concept (which lead to vague answer) or to see it as a '''defined infinity'''; One deliberately chosen infinity out of all the vague infinites concepts. By doing so that "<math>\infty</math>" react in equation exactly as any other unknown variable. So that : *<math>\infty+3=\infty+3\neq\infty</math> *<math>2\infty=2\infty\neq\infty</math> *<math>\infty^2=\infty^2\neq\infty</math> *And so on. By doing that way, you might end up with a weird final answer "<math>3\infty^2+6\infty-4+\sqrt{3\infty+5}</math>". This realy can't be reduced further unless you really wish to get a vague answer : "~ a second order infinity" and this IS really representative in regard to ratio of your first posed infinity. Assuming you have some others operations to do you can pose <math>x=3\infty^2+6\infty-4+\sqrt{3\infty+5}</math> in your next formula and you'll keep track of you initial infinity. You might put it in <math>F(x)=x/2\infty^2</math>. The answer here being exactly <math>x=1.5+3\infty^{-1}-2/\infty^{-2}+\sqrt{3\infty+5}/2\infty^2</math> which give approximately 1.5⁺ == Convergence/divergence application == While determining if a function or a series converge or diverge the standard approach right now is to suppose <math>\lim_{x \to + \infty}</math> where <math>\infty</math> is a vague infinite number. By using this theory you can be bold and set <math>x=\infty</math>, make the substitution as <math>\infty</math> was any other variable and, if the theory is right, end up with the good answer. If the greatest order of infinity is 0 or less, the function should converge. You can approximate the result by discarding any infinities of those order (being infinitely small) the sign of the greatest order just pointing the side of the convergence. Surprisingly you'll also end up with an exact value of divergence in term of ratio with the initial infinity. === Easy examples === *<math>x=\infty; F(x)=3-2x/x^2 = 3-2\infty/\infty^2 = 3-2/\infty</math> converge to <math>\approx 3^-</math> *<math>x=\infty; F(x)=5x+3 =5\infty+3</math> diverge to exacty <math>5\infty+3</math> It's that simple. === more complex example=== *Please submit your formula that would normally require some others theorems to resolve ==Hilbert hotel counter example== <!-- Not the same image on common then on wikipedia-en ? [[File:Hallway.JPG|The hallway of the royal hotel. Yet not infinite|thumb|upright=1]] --> Let imagine an hotel with an exact infinite amount of room (instead of a vague infinite in [[:W:Hilbert hotel|Hilbert hotel]]). And lets say their is already 3 customers in the hotel. Now there is the same exact infinite number of customers that come to the hotel. If it's take 15 seconds to give a key to a customer that mean that after <math>15\infty-45</math> seconds there will be no more keys for the last 3 customers. The hotel is now full of THAT exact infinite amount of customers. If it's take 10 seconds to travel from one room to another. Then the last served customer will walk exactly <math>10\infty</math> seconds to get to is room and at the end of that hall he will REALLY see a wall of whatever the hotel is made of. If Hilbert used the decimal numbers to identify the room, the numbers of digit over that room would be exactly <math>\log_{10}{\infty}</math>. Wich is by the way a infinite value, but not any one; just exactly <math>\log_{10}{\infty}</math>. It would take some infinite amount of time to read it put not proportional to the first infinity; of course proportional to the <math>\log_{10}{\infty}</math>. If that customer read 10 digit/sec this mean exactly <math>\log_{10}{\infty}/10</math> seconds. Which is a glimpse if you compare to the time he tooks to get there, but, still, an infinite amount of time. Hilbert was not completely wrong when he said and infinite rooms hotel could hold more then and infinity of customers. In fact if I suppose my hotel as <math>\infty^2</math> rooms (which is infinite), that would mean it could hold exactly an <math>\infty</math> folds of <math>\infty</math> customers, but not one more. == The theorem in a bottle == Once properly posed, <math>\infty</math> just react as any other variable. [[Category:Original research]] [[Category:Infinity]] t133tt31b88uu8ez6vrhxx6xlmcmaml 0 121359 2812420 2812418 2026-06-01T12:09:38Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2812420 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260601.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260601.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260526.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260526.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] b5bgodf5utqpbysz1goexy7e8imu59c 2812431 2812420 2026-06-01T16:57:07Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2812431 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260601.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260601.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260601.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260601.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] qtq85jy9aqzzee4o1t1ym1rbnnkjqdh 0 139384 2812422 2812387 2026-06-01T13:14:30Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2812422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20260109.pdf|org]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260601.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260601.pdf|B]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 6225w6khvi4rxl1lo3d6lh8adgxrqki 2 145726 2812450 2811643 2026-06-01T18:56:05Z Atcovi 276019 develop [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]] 2812450 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Atcovi/to do== === Current Projects (2026) === * [[Intuitive Calculus]] * [[User:Atcovi/OGM & Suicide/The Paper]] - OGM x SI in high-risk populations according to the IMV model ''[will be moving this off-wiki]'' * [[User:Atcovi/Journey to Clinical PhD]] - figuring this out; current life goal. * [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mental health in Sri Lanka]] (and later in August: [[User:Atcovi/APA2026 Abstract]]) ====Future Endeavors==== * [[WikiJournal Preprints/Suicide amongst refugees in Sweden]] [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C47&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2025&q=Suicide+in+Sweden+refugees&btnG=] * Get [[User:Atcovi/Spring2024]] & [[User:Atcovi/Psychopathology]] into the mainspace. Develop [[Child psychology]] & [[User:Atcovi/PSYC318W]] into a complete course. Merge [[Validity]] into [[User:Atcovi/PSYC318W|PSYC318W]]. * Develop resources related to [[suicidology]] (3 stress response systems? effects of catecholamines on suicidal ideation? neurobiology of suicidal ideation? relation between autobiographical memory and suicide?), expand [[wikipedia:Suicidology#Theories_of_suicide|Suicidology#Theories_of_suicide]] either through [[WikiJournal of Science]] or WP editing. =====Wikiversity-Related Works===== * Promote [[Help:Project boxes]], something very useful and unique to Wikiversity. Focus on trying to not only create more project boxes, but to define resource types used in project boxes. **Ex, what is a [[:Category:Workshops|workshop]]? What differentiates between an [[Help:Essay|essay]] and a [[Help:Paper|paper]]? What differentiates between a [[Template:Notes|notes resource]] (that may be ''derived'' from a homework assignment) and a [[Help:Assignment|homework assignment]] [small note: this page seems to be created by accident and may need a revamp]? * [[User:Atcovi/Wikiversity:Pseudoscience]] & improvements/proposals for [[Wikiversity:Original research]] (ex, [[Template:Original research]] should be a mandatory addition to original research on WV + a notice letting readers know that the work is not established science). Develop other pages related to research ethics, including [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]]. * [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] - start heavily scrutinizing pages that don't meet this criteria. {{Archive box| {{center top}}'''[[User:Atcovi/to do|To do list]]'''{{center bottom}} ---- {{center top}}'''Archives'''{{center bottom}} *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/2023]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/January 4, 2022]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/September 2017 - January 2018]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/2015]] ---- }} [[Category:Atcovi's Work]] 0njpf7zde3gg7wgekyywbmsnhf6lqcx 2812453 2812450 2026-06-01T19:03:57Z Atcovi 276019 +[[Wikiversity:Research]] 2812453 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Atcovi/to do== === Current Projects (2026) === * [[Intuitive Calculus]] * [[User:Atcovi/OGM & Suicide/The Paper]] - OGM x SI in high-risk populations according to the IMV model ''[will be moving this off-wiki]'' * [[User:Atcovi/Journey to Clinical PhD]] - figuring this out; current life goal. * [[WikiJournal Preprints/Mental health in Sri Lanka]] (and later in August: [[User:Atcovi/APA2026 Abstract]]) ====Future Endeavors==== * [[WikiJournal Preprints/Suicide amongst refugees in Sweden]] [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C47&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2025&q=Suicide+in+Sweden+refugees&btnG=] * Get [[User:Atcovi/Spring2024]] & [[User:Atcovi/Psychopathology]] into the mainspace. Develop [[Child psychology]] & [[User:Atcovi/PSYC318W]] into a complete course. Merge [[Validity]] into [[User:Atcovi/PSYC318W|PSYC318W]]. * Develop resources related to [[suicidology]] (3 stress response systems? effects of catecholamines on suicidal ideation? neurobiology of suicidal ideation? relation between autobiographical memory and suicide?), expand [[wikipedia:Suicidology#Theories_of_suicide|Suicidology#Theories_of_suicide]] either through [[WikiJournal of Science]] or WP editing. =====Wikiversity-Related Works===== * Promote [[Help:Project boxes]], something very useful and unique to Wikiversity. Focus on trying to not only create more project boxes, but to define resource types used in project boxes. **Ex, what is a [[:Category:Workshops|workshop]]? What differentiates between an [[Help:Essay|essay]] and a [[Help:Paper|paper]]? What differentiates between a [[Template:Notes|notes resource]] (that may be ''derived'' from a homework assignment) and a [[Help:Assignment|homework assignment]] [small note: this page seems to be created by accident and may need a revamp]? * [[User:Atcovi/Wikiversity:Pseudoscience]] & improvements/proposals for [[Wikiversity:Original research]] (ex, [[Template:Original research]] should be a mandatory addition to original research on WV + a notice letting readers know that the work is not established science). Develop other pages related to research ethics, including [[Wikiversity:Research]] & [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]]. * [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] - start heavily scrutinizing pages that don't meet this criteria. {{Archive box| {{center top}}'''[[User:Atcovi/to do|To do list]]'''{{center bottom}} ---- {{center top}}'''Archives'''{{center bottom}} *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/2023]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/January 4, 2022]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/September 2017 - January 2018]] *[[User:Atcovi/to do/Current Projects/2015]] ---- }} [[Category:Atcovi's Work]] psncmguqu91rvxp4cqs4efymuxc4eh5 4 159013 2812430 2806810 2026-06-01T16:53:13Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* This Month in Education: May 2026 */ new section 2812430 wikitext text/x-wiki == Archives == * [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives]] == This Month in Education: January 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 1 | January 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> {{anchor|back}} <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | <!-- Enter the title of the articles for this issue --> [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 1|Bertsomate: using Basque oral poetry to illustrate math concepts]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 2|Wikimedia Serbia celebrated 10 years from the first article written within the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 3|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique update]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 4|The first Swedish Master's in Digital Humanities partners with Wikimedia Sverige]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 5|How we use PetScan to improve partnership with lecturers and professors]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 6|The Education Survey Report is out!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled shutdown]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:42, 1 February 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17696217 --> == This Month in Education: February 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 2 | February 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 2|WikiProject Engineering Workshop at IIUC,Chittagong]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 3|What did we learn from Wikibridges MOOC?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 4|Wikimedia Serbia launched Wiki scholar project]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 5|Wiki Club in Ohrid, Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 6|Karvachar’s WikiClub: When getting knowledge is cool]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 7|More than 30 new courses launched in the University of the Basque Country]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 8|Review meeting on Christ Wikipedia Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 9|The Multidisciplinary Choices of High School Students: The Arabic Education Program; Wikimedia Israel]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 10|The Education Extension is being deprecated (second call)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2018#Article 11|The 2017 survey report live presentation is available for viewing]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:53, 1 March 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17757914 --> == This Month in Education: March 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 3 | March 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 1|Education Programs Itinerary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 2|Animated science educational videos in Basque for secondary school student]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 3|Beirut WikiClub: Wikijourney that has enriched our experiences]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 4|Students of the Faculty of Biology in Belgrade edit Wikipedia for the first time]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 5|The role of Wikipedia in education - Examples from the Wiki Education Foundation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 6|Multilingual resource for Open education projects]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 7|Wikipedia: examples of curricular integration in Portugal]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 8|Resources and Tips to engage with Educators]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2018#Article 9|Education Session at WMCON 2018]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:33, 4 April 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17882222 --> == This Month in Education: April 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 7 | Issue 4 | April 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 1|Wikimedia at the Open Educational Resources Conference 2018]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 2|Global perspectives from Western Norway]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 3|Togh's WikiClub: Wikipedia is the 8th wonder of the world!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 4|Aboriginal Volunteers in Taiwan Shared Experience about Incubating Minority Language Wikipedia in Education Magazine]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 5|Workshops with Wiki Clubs members in the Republic of Macedonia]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 6|Celebrating Book's Day in the University of the Basque Country: is Wikipedia the largest Basque language book?]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 7|Txikipedia is born and you'll love it]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 8|Students Write Wiktionary]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2018#Article 9|Presenting the Wikipedia Education Program at the Open Education Global Conference]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:33, 4 May 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=17992472 --> == This Month in Education: May 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 5 | May 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 2|Creating and reusing OERs for a Wikiversity science journalism course from Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 3|Inauguration Ceremony of Sri Jayewardenepura University Wiki Club]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 4|Wiki Education publishes evaluation of Fellows pilot]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 5|The first students of Russia with diplomas of Wikimedia and Petrozavodsk State University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 6|Selet WikiSchool]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 8|A lofty vision for the Education Team]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2018#Article 9|UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2018, Digital Skills for Life and Work]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:44, 4 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter&oldid=18071070 --> == This Month in Education: June 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 6 | June 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 1|Academia and Wikipedia: the first Irish conference on Wikipedia in education]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 2|Ashesi Wiki Club: Charting the cause for Wikipedia Education Program in West Africa]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 3|Wikimedia Serbia has received a new accreditation for the Accredited seminars for teachers]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 4|Côte d'Ivoire: Wikipedia Classes 2018 are officially up and running]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 5|Basque secondary students have now better coverage for main topics thanks to the Education Program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 6|What lecturers think about their first experience in the Basque Education Program]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 7|Education Extension scheduled deprecation]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia calls for participation to boost content from the continent]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 9|Wikipedia in the History Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 10|Wikipedia as a Pedagogical Tool Complicating Writing in the Technical Writing Classroom]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2018#Article 11|When the World Helps Teach Your Class: Using Wikipedia to Teach Controversial Issues]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:03, 30 June 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18158878 --> == This Month in Education: July 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 7 | July 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="width:50%; color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Featured Topic|Featured Topic]] | style="width:50%; font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 1|Wikipedia+Education Conference 2019: Community Engagement Survey]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 2|Young wikipedian: At WikiClub you get knowledge on your own will]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 3|Wikipedia in schools project at the "New Technologies in Education" Conference]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 4|Basque Education Program: 2017-2018 school year report]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#In the News|In the News]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 10|UNESCO ICT in Education Prize call for nominations opens]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2018#Article 11|An educator's overview of Wikimedia (in short videos format)]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:32, 2 August 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18263925 --> == This Month in Education: August 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 8 | August 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 2|The reconnection of Wikimedia Projects in Brazil]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 3|Christ (DU) students enrolls for 3rd Wikipedia certificate course]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 4|Educational wiki-master-classes at International "Selet" forum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 5|54 students help enrich the digital Arabic content]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2018#Article 6|Mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:12, 2 September 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18288215 --> == This Month in Education: September 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 9 | September 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 1|Edu Wiki Camp 2018: New Knowledge for New Generation]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 2|Education loves Monuments: A Brazilian Tale]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 3|“I have always liked literature, now I like it even more thanks to Wikipedia”. Literature is in the air of WikiClubs․]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 4|History of Wikipedia Education programme at Christ (Deemed to be University)]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 5|Preparation for the autumn educational session of Selet WikiSchool is started]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 6|Wiki Camp Doyran 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 7|Wikicamp Czech Republic 2018]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 8|Wikipedia offline in rural areas of Colombia]] |- | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#From the Education Team|From the Education Team]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2018#Article 9|Presentation on mapping education in the Wikimedia Movement]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:14, 9 October 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18394865 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == [[File:Wikipedia Education Globe 2.pdf|frameless|left|150px|Wikipedia Education globe]] <div style="text-align:left; direction:ltr;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:60px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span></div> <div style="text-align:center; direction:ltr; margin-left;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#006699; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:900px;"> Volume 4 | Issue 10 | October 2018</span> </div> <span style="font-weight:regular; text-align:center; font-size:14px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; display:block; width:1000px;">This monthly newsletter showcases the Wikipedia Education Program. It focuses on sharing: your ideas, stories, success and challenges. You can see past editions [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. You can also volunteer to help publish the newsletter. [[outreach:Education/News/Team|Join the team!]] Finally, don't forget to [[m:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Education_Newsletter|subscribe!]]</span> <div style=text-align:center; direction:ltr;"><span style="color:white; font-size:24px; font-family:times new roman; display:block; background:#339966; width:1000px;">In This Issue</span></div> {| style="width:60%;" | style="color:#990000; font-size:20px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#From the Community|From the Community]] | style="font-size:16px; font-family:times new roman;" | [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 1|A new academic course featuring Wikidata at Tel Aviv University]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 2|How we included Wikipedia edition into a whole University department curriculum]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 3|Meet the first board of the UG Wikipedia & Education]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 4|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 5|The education program has kicked off as the new academic year starts in Albania]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 6|The first Wikimedia+Education conference will happen on April 5-7 at Donostia-Saint Sebastian]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 7|Using ORES to assign articles in Basque education program]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 8|What to write for Wikipedia about? Monuments!]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 9|Wikifridays: editing Wikipedia in the university]] [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2018#Article 10|Writing articles on Wikipedia is our way of leaving legacy to the next generations]] |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:55, 12 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18504430 --> == This Month in Education: November 2018 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em; direction:ltr;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 4 &bull; Issue 10 &bull; October 2018</span> ------ <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2018/Single page|Single page view]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ------- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG |WikiEducation - Report from Wikimedians of Albanian Language UG]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018 , Japan |Wikipedia Education Program in ICETC 2018, Japan]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life |Wikipedia has become the inseparable part of my daily life]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place |Wikipedia is a world in which anyone of us has his own place]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid |Wiki conference for teachers in Ohrid]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Our baby is 3! |Our baby is 3!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik |Highlighting work of Sailesh Patnaik]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team |Important updates from Wikimedia Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/Welcome Melissa to the Education Team |Welcome Melissa to the Education Team]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2018/What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! |What has the education team been up to? Year end review and updates! ]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:18, 30 November 2018 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18673623 --> == This Month in Education: January 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open|Registration for Wikimedia+Education Conference is open]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov|Collaboration with Yerevan State University of Languages and Social Sciences after V. Brusov]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops|Meet the first Programs & Events Dashboard sysops]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia|More than a hundred students gathered in Ecuador to edit Wikipedia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians|Selet WikiSchool continues to teach young Tatar language Wikipedians]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities |The WikiClub contributes to the development of our human qualities]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project|Third prize for Wikipedia in schools project]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/We've updated the design of Education space!|We've updated the design of Education space!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019|The WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique is back]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT|Wiki Advanced Training at VVIT]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiEducation in Albania from WoALUG|Creating our first WikiClub]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons|WikiClubs participate in edit-a-thon of cartoons]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now|Wikimedia and Education in Portugal: Where are we now]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/January 2019/Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched|Wikimedia Israel: “Wikipedia Ambassadors” program for Arabic-speaking schools is launched]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:41, 29 January 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18816770 --> == This Month in Education: February 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 2 &#x2022; February 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon|Wikimedia User Group Nigeria in Collaboration with AfroCrowd Celebrate Black Month History with a 2Day Editathon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia+Education Programme announced|Wikimedia+Education Programme announced]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay|Wikipedia in Education, Uruguay]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”|Oslo Metropolitan University hires “Wikipedia-assistants”]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Basque Education Program: 2018 in review|Basque Education Program: 2018 in review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education|Wikimedia Israel introduces Wikidata to Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia made tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Seminar on wikis in education|Seminar on wikis in education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL|Wikimedia, Tourism and Education: Launching project ISAL]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game|The Swiss Lab: Wikipedia as a game]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2019/Meet Hungary|Meet Hungary]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:52, 27 February 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18903920 --> == This Month in Education: March 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia at MLW2019|Wikimedia at UNESCO Mobile Learning Week 2019]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit|Wiki Education publishes evaluation on how to get subject matter experts to edit]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap|WikiGap brings editors to close WikiGap and open Wiki Pathshala]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Education Mapping exercise is open for public review|Education Mapping exercise is open for public review]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum|Wikimedia movement projects and activities presented at EDU RUSSIA 2019 forum]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year|“Edit-a-thons give us opportunity to distract from common interests” The club members write articles about New Year]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities|WikiClub as a non-formal educational centre in rural communities]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/March 2019/Mini-MWT at VVIT (Feb 2019)|Mini MediaWiki Training at VVIT]]</div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:31, 28 March 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18959709 --> == Bring your idea for Wikimedia in Education to life! Launch of the Wikimedia Education Greenhouse == {{center|'''Apply for Education Greenhouse'''}} [[File:Wikimedia Education Greenhouse logo button.svg|frameless|left|120px]] Are you passionate about open education? Do you have an idea to apply Wikimedia projects to an education initiative but don’t know where to start? Join the the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse! It is an immersive co-learning experience that lasts 9 months and will equip you with the skills, knowledge and support you need to bring your ideas to life. You can apply as a team or as an individual, by May 12th. Find out more <big> [[:outreach:Education/Greenhouse|Education Greenhouse]].</big> For more information reachout to mguadalupe{{@}}wikimedia.org —[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:16, 5 April 2019 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=18981257 --> == This Month in Education: April 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!|Launch of the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikipedia Student Scholar|Wikipedia Student Scholar]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions|Wikimedia Commons: a highly hostile place for multimedia students contributions]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/April 2019/Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights|Wikimedia+Education Conference highlights]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:27, 24 April 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19034809 --> == This Month in Education: May 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[Outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Education in Wales|Education in Wales]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse: Applications closed!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Meet Germany|Wiki Camp 'Meet Germany']] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Seniors also count!|Seniors also count!]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia|Mandatory internship at Wikimedia Armenia]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect|Wikimedia Experience Survey by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019|OFWA Wikipedia Education Highlights April 2019]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"|Wikimedia Education at "Wikicamp Chattogram 2019"]] *[[:Outreach:Education/News/May 2019/Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day|Edit a thon about flora and fauna to celebrate the earth day]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:16, 29 May 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19113682 --> == This Month in Education: June 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded|The introduction of the Wikipedia into the educational program has expanded]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Welcome Vasanthi|Welcome Vasanthi to the Education Team!]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference happening in India]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/"Won't somebody please think of the children?"|"Won't somebody please think of the children?"]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect|The first Annual Report of VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools|An effective collaboration of WikiClubs and schools]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration|Wikiclassroom: New way for students' inspiration]] *[[outreach:Education/News/June 2019/Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo|Wikipedia as a classroom activity kicks off in Kosovo]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:40, 6 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19174995 --> == This Month in Education: July 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico|First WikiEducation gathering in Mexico]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.|SEABA school in India has hired a Wikimedian to teach Wikimedia project in their school.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019|Selet WikiSchool: results of first half of 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL|Students Use Archival Documents in a Competition, WMIL]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian|Stepanakert WikiClub: Meeting with the Speaker of the Artsakh Parliament - Ashot Ghoulian]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Collaboration with American University of Armenia|Collaboration with American University of Armenia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation|Finalizing the Collaboration with Armenian Education Foundation]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/July 2019/Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey|Wikimedia Education SAARC Conference Journey]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:53, 30 July 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19221452 --> == This Month in Education: August 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 8 &#x2022; August 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia|Summer WikiCamp for secondary school students 2019 in Armenia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education|Together, we can create an environment that promotes Quality Education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata|International Days and pop culture motivate primary and secondary education students to write on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp|Quality learning and recruiting students at Edu Wiki camp]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2019/We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home|We spend such wonderful days in WikiCamps that noone wants to return home]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:00, 5 September 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19308048 --> == This Month in Education: September 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 9 &#x2022; September 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Learning history by expanding articles about novels|Learning history by expanding articles about novels]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein|Organizing the Education space at Wikimania 2019 - A conversation with Shani Evenstein]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia|Wiki Goes to School is back in three cities in Indonesia]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers|Wikipedia workshop at the Summer IT School for Teachers]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over|WikiChallenge Ecoles d'Afrique 2019 is over]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikipedia Education Program launched in Bangladesh|Wikipedia Education Program held at Netrokona Government College, Bangladesh]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!|Stepanakert WikiClub turns 4!]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019|Wikimedia Indonesia trained the trainers through WikiPelatih 2019]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran|Students learning Wikipedia editing by attending Wikicamp at Nabran]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:34, 1 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19418815 --> == This Month in Education: October 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 10 &#x2022; October 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers|Wikimedia Chile launched its new online course for school teachers]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects|Wikimedia Norway is developing an education program for Sámi students and universities teaching Sámi subjects]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia|Teachers Association of the Republic of Indonesia (PGRI) Keeps Improving Teachers’ Digital Literacy Through the Use of Wikipedia]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw|Lectures on Wikipedia at the the University of Warsaw]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners| Wikicamp in Armenia through the Eyes of Foreigners]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published|New Wiki Education evaluation report of Wikidata courses published courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect along with Wikipedia & Education user group|Wikimedia 2030 Strategoy Youth Salon by VVIT WikiConnect]] *[[outreach:Education/News/October 2019/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the first unit of the online courses.]] *[[outreach:Education/News/September 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:30, 25 October 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19436525 --> == This Month in Education: November 2019 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 8 &#x2022; Issue 11 &#x2022; November 2019</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/GOES for Ghana|Wikimedians aim to make a difference in the lives of students in Ghana with support from the Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"|The Third "Editatón WikiUNAM"]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau|Spreading Free Knowledge in the Land of Minangkabau]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?|What can we learn from the Open Education movement about attaining educational SDG in the digital age?]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/We are highlighting the work User:Ixocactus for his contributions in Wikimedia & Education‎| We are highlighting the work of User:Ixocactus this month‎]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia|“Olympic sports through history” on Serbian Wikipedia courses.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/Workshops with Wiki Club members|Workshops with Wiki Club members]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga|"Learning about other Culture" SEABA School, Lehragaga.]] *[[:outreach:Education/News/November 2019/What is happening at Wikimedia Space?|What is happening at Wikimedia Space?]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:15, 29 November 2019 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19589002 --> == This Month in Education: January 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &bull; Issue 1 &bull; January 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019|Contents]] &bull; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2019/Headlines|Headlines]] &bull; [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Featured education community member of January 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: User:Parvathisri]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Alva's college collaboration|Alva's college collaboration]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/EtnoWiki strikes again!|EtnoWiki strikes again in Poland!]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community|Internship program: Engaging New Volunteers to Join the Community]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub|Joint translations as language studying tool in Karvachar’s Wikiclub]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects|Selet WikiSchool introduces Wikinews and other Wikimedia projects]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time|Training of Trainers for Teachers in South Sulawesi Was Organized For the First Time]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia|Twenty video tutorials in Serbian language on editing Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon|Updates from Wikimedia Education database edit-a-thon]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Club Ohrid grows|Wiki Club Ohrid grows]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia|Wiki Masuk Sekolah (Wiki Goes to School) Involved the Students in Producing and Sharing Knowledge Through Wikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge|Wikiclassroom as a New Means of Gaining Knowledge]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Highlights from the second unit of the online course]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/January 2020/WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina|WoALUG collaboration with educational institution BONEVET in Prishtina]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:26, 3 February 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19722205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 1 &#x2022; February 2020</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Featured education community member of February 2020|Featured education community member of February 2020]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Wikipedia in Mayan Language|Wikipedia in Mayan Language]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland|Open Education Week - events with Wikimedia Poland]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia|Youngest wikimedians ever editing Txikipedia]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University|Fashion and digital citizenship at Bath Spa University]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education|WoALUG and REC Albania continue their collaboration in Wikimedia Education]] * [[:outreach:Education/News/February 2020/Respati Project|Respati Project]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:06, 3 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19845865 --> == This Month in Education: March 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 3 &#x2022; March 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program|An Update on Wikimedia Indonesia’s Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México|Education Program in CUC Sur, Jalisco, México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Featured education community member of March 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Amber Berson]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles|Enhancing Armenian Wikipedia with professional articles]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project|How collaborations and perseverance contributed to an especially impactful educational project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2020/Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement|Wikimedia Argentina carried out the first training program in education and Human Rights for the Wikimedia Movement]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:30, 30 March 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=19864438 --> == This Month in Education: April 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 4 &#x2022; April 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/ Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation|Wikipedia Reveals New Sides of Translation]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México|Education Webinars organized by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fact checking tool with library under cc-license|Fact checking tool with library under cc-license]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources|Fast help for schools: An interactive platform for Open Educational Resources]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Featured education community member of April 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron|Wiki Club Ashesi Welcomes Onboard a New Patron]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wiki-school project with Wikimedia Poland|Wiki-school. A new program for teachers in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2020/Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia|Wikimedia Serbia was organized action on improving students assignments on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 10:45, 5 May 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20024483 --> == This Month in Education: May 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 5 &#x2022; May 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México|EduWiki challenge México by Wikimedia México]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Featured education community member of May 2020|Featured education community member of May 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines|Sharing Wikimedia Education Projects in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days|Turkish professors are giving Wikipedia assignments during Covid-19 days]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade|Wikidata introduced in Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2020/Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers|Wikipedia as career counseling tool for teenagers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20130275 --> == This Month in Education: June 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 6 &#x2022; June 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report|Understanding Wikimedia Affiliates Evaluation in Education Report]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows|Understanding Wikimedia Community as Research Fellows]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia|Participants of Wiki/Ponder online workshop in Kosovo edit Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!|Wikimedia & Education Greenhouse – Celebrating the final unit of the online course!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award|Wikipedia in schools competing for innovations in teaching award]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2020/Featured education community member of June 2020|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Oleh Kushch]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:54, 24 June 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20166080 --> == This Month in Education: July 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 &#x2022; Issue 7 &#x2022; July 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020|Contents]] &#x2022; [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] &#x2022; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference|About Education at the Wikimedia Polska Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Featured education community member of July 2020|Featured education community member]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program|The importance of having an Education and Human Rights Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/The Welsh Wiki-Education project|The Welsh Wiki-Education project]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality|Wikimedia Chile faces the challenge of mandatory virtuality]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2020/WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech|WoALUG and Canadian Institute of Technology write about women in tech]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 05:27, 5 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20337242 --> == This Month in Education: August 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 8 • August 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers|Collaboration between Karvachar Armath laboratory and Karvachar’s Wikiclub as a new educational platform for the teenagers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice” organized by the Faculty of Education Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala and Wikimedia México.|Education cycle “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: an instructional strategy for the teaching practice”]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)|3rd edition of Wikipedia Education Program in Hebron, Palestine. (COVID-19 edition)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program|Introductory Wikipedia Workshop with Future Engineers: First Step of Education Program]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2020/A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons|A picture is worth a thousand words: history students research pictures on Commons]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:33, 23 August 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20345269 --> == This Month in Education: September 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 9 • September 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education|Active autumn in the Polish wiki-education]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"|Cycle "Caminos y voces de la educación con Wikipedia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Featured education community member of September 2020|Featured education community member of September 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines|The Use of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as tool for Module Development in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia|Wikimedia Indonesia Education Team Launched Their Books About Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2020/Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia is organizing the first online Edu Wiki camp]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:49, 23 September 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20463283 --> == This Month in Education: October 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 10 • October 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Collegiate Students Fight Historical Revisionism Through Online Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism|Digital skills using Wikimedia Art + Feminism]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)|Editathon “¡No se olvida!” (We don’t forget!)]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Education news bytes|Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Featured education community member of October 2020|Featured education community member of October 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2020/Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament|Teaching Wikipedia at University of Tromsø with support from the Sámi Parliament]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:59, 25 October 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20514345 --> == This Month in Education: November 2020 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 9 • Issue 11 • November 2020</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/November 2020/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada|Celebrating 10 years of student editing in the United States and Canada]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference|Cooperation in digital education – Wikimedia Polska conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Education Team 2020 Year End Review|Education Team 2020 Year End Review]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Featured education community members of 2020|Featured education community members of 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia|Fifteen years of implementation of the Wikipedia Education Program in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon|Hablon User Group and UP Internet Freedom Network Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova|Online trainings on Wikipedia with high school students of Kosova]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland|Photographics and free culture training in Cameroon and Switzerland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine|The article about Wiki-education in the science magazine]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The first Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020|Wikimedia Mexico’s Education Program celebrates Open Access Week 2020]] * [[outreach:Education/News/November 2020/Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated|Wikipedia as a Tool to Educate and to Be Educated]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 07:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20831200 --> == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:26, 23 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=20974633 --> == This Month in Education: January 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/January 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Featured education community member of January 2021|Featured education community member of January 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Open Education Global 2020 Conference|Open Education Global 2020 Conference]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert|The impact of war on young Wikimedians in Stepanakert]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines|The Possibility of Open-Access Learning Portals in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/January 2021/Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa|Training Resources about Author’s Rights published by Wiki in Africa]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:35, 24 January 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21000945 --> == This Month in Education: February 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 2 • February 2021</span> ----<span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/February 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[metawiki:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ----<span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span><div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Education news bytes|Wikimedia Education news bytes]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Featured education community member of February 2021|Featured education community member of February 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online|Karvachar Wikiclub continues its activities online]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Over 4,000 references added|Over 4,000 more references added! 1Lib1Ref campaign in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/February 2021/Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon|Philippines Climate Change Translate-a-thon]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:33, 24 February 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21035028 --> == This Month in Education: March 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 3 • March 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/March 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers|A Wikipedia Webinar for Indonesian Women Teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Educational program of GLAM Macedonia|Educational program of GLAM Macedonia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Filling Gaps - the Conference about Education in Poland|Filling the Gaps & Open Education Week]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Featured education community member of March 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Bara'a Zama'reh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/March 2021/Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines|Using Wikipedia and Bridging the Gender Gap: In-Service training for Teachers in Philippines]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:46, 26 March 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21247888 --> == This Month in Education: April 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 4 • April 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/April 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issuse</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Collaboration with Brusov State University|Collaboration with Brusov State University]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Editing contest "Meet Russia"|Editing contest "Meet Russia"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences|Educational project: Wikipedia at the University with the University Center for Economic-Administrative Sciences (Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas (CUCEA)) of the University of Guadalajara]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC|Regional Meeting of Latin American Education by the EWOC]] * [[outreach:Education/News/April 2021/Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program|Students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade have started an internship program]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:48, 25 April 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21372399 --> == This Month in Education: May 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 5 • May 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/May 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil|A Multimedia-Rich Wikiversity MOOC from Brazil]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Featured education community member of May 2021|Meet this month's featured Wikimedia & Education community member: Maria Weronika Kmoch]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania|Offline workshop with Nikola Koperniku High School in Albania]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh|Wiki Education Program Organized with the University Students for the First time in Bangladesh]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo; Workshop with telecommunication students at University of Prishtina|Wikimedia Commons workshop with high school students in Kosovo]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/Wikipedia training for the Safeguardians of the Intangible Cultular Heritage|Wikipedia training for the Bearers of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Poland]] * [[outreach:Education/News/May 2021/“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine|“Writing a Wikipedia article isn’t as difficult and unimaginable as it seems”: A case for Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 17:37, 27 May 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21425406 --> == This Month in Education: June 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 6 • June 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/June 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Children writing for an encyclopedia – is it possible?|Can children write articles for a wiki encyclopedia?]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"|Editing contest "Biosphere reserves in the world"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc|Training & workshop on Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons with students from Municipal Learning Center, Gurrakoc]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines|Wiki for Human Rights Campaign in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Wiki-School program in Poland at the end of school year|Wikipedia makes children and teachers happy!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/June 2021/Workshop with students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"|Workshop with the students of Language Faculty of Philology, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina"]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:57, 23 June 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21553405 --> == This Month in Education: July 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 7 • July 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/July 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/UHI Editathon celebrates 10 years as a university|University celebrates 10th anniversary with an Editathon]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia|A paper on Students' Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Announcing the Training of Trainers program for Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom!|Announcing the Training of Trainers program for "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom"]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre|MOOC Conocimiento Abierto y Software Libre]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia|Updates on the Leamos Wikipedia en Bolivia 2021]] * [[outreach:Education/News/July 2021/E-lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska|Virtual lessons on Wikipedia from Wikimedia Polska for schools]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:32, 3 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21829196 --> == This Month in Education: August 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 8 • August 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/August 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Workshop for the Teachers from Poland|GLAM-wiki Summer in the City: Polish Teachers met in Warsaw]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers|Wikipedia for School – our largest article contest for Ukrainian teachers]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico|The importance of Social Service: Modality of educational linkage with ITESM, Querétaro campus and Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/"Searching for the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia" at the Wikimania 2021|Wikimania 2021 and the unschooling vibes around Wikipedia by Wikimedia Polska, Education team]] * [[outreach:Education/News/August 2021/Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers|Open Foundation West Africa Introduces KIWIX Offline to the National Association of Graduate Teachers]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:37, 25 August 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=21914750 --> == This Month in Education: September 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 9 • September 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/September 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Cultural history on Wikipedia|Cultural history on Wikipedia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline|Education program in Ukraine is finally back to offline!]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Module Distribution in the Philippines]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2021: Týn nad Vltavou]] * [[outreach:Education/News/September 2021/WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia|#WikiXLaEducación: New contest to include articles about education on Wikipedia]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:42, 26 September 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22072998 --> == This Month in Education: October 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 10 • October 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021|Contents]] • [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/October 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia.|1st joint contest Wikimedia UG Georgia and the Ministry of Education of Georgia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community|Promoting more inclusive and equitable support for the Wikimedia Education community]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia|The Second Online EduWiki Camp in Serbia]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/University courses in the UK|Higher and further education courses in the UK]] * [[outreach:Education/News/October 2021/Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland|Wikipedia on Silesia Cieszyn in Poland and in Czech Republic]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:40, 26 October 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22208730 --> == This Month in Education: November 2021 == {| style="width:70%;" | valign="top" style="text-align:center; border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" |<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 10 • Issue 11 • November 2021</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021|Contents]] • [[m:Education/Newsletter/November 2021/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it|We talked about EduWiki Outreach Collaborators and how Wikimedia Serbia played a role being a part of it]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Welcome to Meta!|Welcome to Meta!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021|Wikipedia Education Program in Ukraine in 2021]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership|Wikipedia and Education Mentorship Program-Serbia and Philippines Partnership]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!|Launch of the Wikimedia Research Fund!]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Education projects in the Land of Valencia|Education projects in the Land of Valencia]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event|A Hatch-Tyap-Wikipedia In-person Training Event]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students|Celebrating Sq Wikipedia Birthday with the Vasil Kamami High School students]] * [[m:Education/News/November 2021/Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students|Celebrating Wikidata with the Nikola Koperniku High School students]] </div> |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:18, 21 November 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22360687 --> == This Month in Education: January 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span><br/> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 1 • January 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge|30-h Wikipedia Article Writing Challenge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022|Announcing Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region|Final exhibition about Cieszyn Silesia region]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Join us this February for the EduWiki Week|Join us this February for the EduWiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition|Offline Education project WikiChallenge closed its third edition]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom ToT Experience of a Filipina Wikimedian]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Welcoming new trainers of the Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew|Wikimedia Israel’s education program: Students enrich Hebrew Wiktionary with Biblical expressions still in use in modern Hebrew]] </div></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:28, 24 January 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22669905 --> == This Month in Education: February 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 2 • February 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</div> </div> <div style="column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS|Open Foundation West Africa Expands Open Movement With UHAS]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia|Celebrating the 18th anniversary of Ukrainian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico|Integrating Wikipedia in the academic curriculum in a university in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay|Results of "Reading Wikipedia" workshop in the summer school of Plan Ceibal in Uruguay]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos|WikiFundi, offline editing plateform : last release notes and how-tos]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields|Writing Wikipedia as an academic assignment in STEM fields]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2022/The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians|The Learning and Connection – 1Lib1Ref with African Librarians]] </div> </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:09, 28 February 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=22886200 --> == This Month in Education: March 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 3 • March 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment|Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week|The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey|Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education|Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America|Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings|EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week in Armenia|EduWiki Week in Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León|Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan|Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers|Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:57, 25 March 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23020683 --> == This Month in Education: April 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 4 • April 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico|Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana|Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong|Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons|HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022|Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student|The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 12:51, 24 April 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23177152 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23282386 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:54, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23351176 --> == This Month in Education: June 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 6 • June 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom|Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University|Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA|The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign|New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end|The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course|The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows|Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikiclubs in Albania|Wikiclubs in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience|Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand|Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia|А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:50, 4 July 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23406065 --> == This Month in Education: July 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 7 • July 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education|Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program|Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons|Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/EtnoWiki edit-a-thon in Poland|Polish Wikipedia is enriched with new EtnoWiki content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Career Education through Wikipedia|Career Education through Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:38, 3 August 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23607963 --> == This Month in Education: August 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 8 • August 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom|The Making of a Certified Trainer of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience|Wikimania SDGs 2022: The Kwara Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons|An adapted Module teacher’s guide in Yoruba and English about Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Nigeria is now available on Commons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Kwara, Nigeria: The Trainers Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again|Edu Wiki Camp 2022 in Serbia: Together again]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience |Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program Nigeria: The Teacher experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens|Wiki For Senior Citizens]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete|WikiLoves SDGs Nigeria Tours Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2022/Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime|Wikiteka project in Poland - summertime]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:00, 7 September 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23758285 --> == This Month in Education: September 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 9 • September 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland|OpenEdu.ch: centralising training documents, a platform for the teachers' community in Switzerland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage|Senior Citizens WikiTown 2022: Exploring Olomouc and its heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Research Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe|Wikimedia Youths Commemorate the International Youth Day 2022 in an exciting way across the globe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2022/Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information|Wikipedia, Education, and the Crisis of Information]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:55, 3 October 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23879722 --> == This Month in Education: End of the 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 10 • October–November 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/End of the 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education|2nd Latin American Regional Meeting on Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom|Adopting Wikipedia for Secondary School Students in Nigeria Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete|Celebrating 2022 Vibrance in Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school|Celebrating the Wikipedia and Wikidata Birthday in school]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project|Report on school libraries in Poland for the Wikiteka project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wiki For Senior Citizens Network|Wiki For Senior Citizens Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources|WikiEducation, Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2022/Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative|Wikimedia & Education Workshops: a Wiki Movimento Brasil initiative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/An event at the National History Museum in Tirana|An event at the National History Museum in Tirana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing|Students 24-hour competition on Wikipedia article writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wiki-Data a Giant at 10|Wiki-Data a Giant at 10]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge|WikiGraphers: Visualizing Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative|Wikimedia Israel’s Educational Innovation: “Students Write Wikipedia” as a Matriculation-Exam Alternative]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom |Wikimedia Morocco User Group Empowers Moroccan Teachers to Use Wikipedia in the Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook|Wikimedia Russia has released the "Introduction to Wikipedia" textbook]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time|“Wikipedia for School” contest was held in Ukraine for the third time]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2022/Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results|Announcing the Wikipedia & Education User Group Election Results]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:56, 19 December 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24091294 --> == This Month in Education: January 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 1 • January 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico|Educational Projects 2023-1 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led|Integration of Wikipedia in Ukrainian universities – teacher-led and student-led]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina|Transitional Justice in Kosovo edit-a-thon and Partnership with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai|Wikidata Citation Hunt Program for secondary school students, Dubai]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina|Wikipedia edit-a-thon with students from Art Faculty - University of Prishtina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2023/Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching|Тeacher from Belgrade got a reward for using Wikibooks in teaching]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:32, 6 February 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24472891 --> == This Month in Education: February 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 2 • February 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil|A Strategic Direction for a Massive Online Course for Educators in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand|Alliance Funding for Wikipedia as a school resource in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023|Call for Submissions to Wiki Workshop 2023]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January|Collaboration with Charles University on the creation of Czech Wikipedia started in January]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Open Education Week 2023 in the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2023/Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania |Wikiclubs with different schools in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 21:08, 12 March 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24706239 --> == This Month in Education: March 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 3 • March 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club|Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Exploring How Wikipedia Works|Exploring How Wikipedia Works]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit|Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Improving hearing health content in Brazil|Improving hearing health content in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries |Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikeys in the Albanian language|Wikeys in the Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia|Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Polska short report|Wikimedia Polska short report]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:45, 8 April 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24824837 --> == This Month in Education: April 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 4 • April 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update|Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers|Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program|KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/On-line Courses for Educators in Poland|On-line Courses for Educators in Poland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives|Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania |Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference|Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:27, 23 May 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24999562 --> == This Month in Education: June 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 5 • June 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates|Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia|From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view|Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State|The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/WMB goes to Serbia |WMB goes to Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/But we don't want it to end!|But we don't want it to end!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:44, 4 July 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25147408 --> == This Month in Education: July 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • July 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign|Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program|Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus|Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation|WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium|Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/US & Canada program reaches 100M words added |US & Canada program reaches 100M words added]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers|Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba|Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony|Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book|Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book. Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources in Xalala, Veracruz from the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program|62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine|“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana|OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:32, 14 August 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25457946 --> == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 08:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:02, 10 February 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:37, 20 March 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:19, 14 May 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:30, 15 June 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:21, 11 September 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:56, 12 November 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:12, 10 December 2024 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> == This Month in Education: January 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:56, 5 February 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28111205 --> == This Month in Education: February 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 09:04, 12 March 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28314249 --> == This Month in Education: March 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:04, 10 April 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28458563 --> == This Month in Education: April 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:48, 10 May 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28656387 --> == This Month in Education: May 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:57, 28 May 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28771448 --> == This Month in Education: June 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:18, 27 June 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28903832 --> == This Month in Education: July 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:00, 1 August 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29005310 --> == This Month in Education: August 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:16, 2 September 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29205629 --> == This Month in Education: September 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:09, 2 October 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29344785 --> == This Month in Education: October 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA & Amman Arab University|JDACA & Amman Arab University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:04, 2 November 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29511272 --> == This Month in Education: November 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:46, 30 November 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29716809 --> == This Month in Education: December 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29814101 --> == This Month in Education: January 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto "25x25" llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:26, 28 January 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29951116 --> == This Month in Education: February 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30155806 --> == This Month in Education: March 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 10:21, 1 April 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30317659 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == This Month in Education: May 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:53, 1 June 2026 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30604297 --> lvzygqt0zps4paoyuurlx1z75k99z2r 4 162205 2812474 2811518 2026-06-01T21:08:46Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2026-23 */ new section 2812474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> 1uxjh6hjxrb0i6467y58kfl1mvewo95 2812477 2812474 2026-06-01T21:54:08Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-04 */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News/2026#Tech News: 2026-04]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> 7b6t45x5ren7dhd0l6o59inu1qex53o 2812479 2812477 2026-06-01T21:54:22Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-05 */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News/2026#Tech News: 2026-05]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> e14fdqqidzt59a7azostn7c76nria1w 2812481 2812479 2026-06-01T21:54:33Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-06 */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News/2026#Tech News: 2026-06]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> j9xjyhqweaa3r7bhsdopyszdg1vva2e 2812483 2812481 2026-06-01T21:54:52Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-07 */ archive to [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News/2026#Tech News: 2026-07]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> jfp35w5v47zskvl9rlo3156vixa8r9m 0 171005 2812426 2812151 2026-06-01T13:35:34Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2812426 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260601.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] d7xmh0vnqtt12cag5p7oplxb3zre1gd 0 202883 2812507 1985312 2026-06-02T01:19:12Z Atcovi 276019 project box(es) 2812507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{collection}} {{font|size=medium|&#9758;}} This page serves as a '''focal node''' for a collection of related resources. ==Participants== Interested parties may add their names on [[Inquiry Live/Participants|this page]]. ==Rudiments of organization== ===Focal nodes=== * [[Inquiry Live]] * [[Logic Live]] '''Focal nodes''' serve as hubs for collections of related resources, in particular, activity sites and article contents. ===Peer nodes=== * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Inquiry_Live Inquiry Live @ InterSciWiki] * [http://ref.subwiki.org/wiki/Inquiry_Live Inquiry Live @ Subject Wikis] * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inquiry_Live Inquiry Live @ Wikiversity] * [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Inquiry_Live Inquiry Live @ Wikiversity Beta] '''Peer nodes''' are roughly parallel pages on different sites that are not necessarily identical in content &mdash; especially as they develop in time across different environments through interaction with diverse populations &mdash; but they should preserve enough information to reproduce each other, more or less, in case of damage or loss. [[Category:Inquiry]] [[Category:Logic]] [[Category:Open Educational Resource]] [[Category:Peer Educational Resource]] 0pe3km9e9cwq7g7odvmkgu684yedotu 0 202884 2812508 1985313 2026-06-02T01:19:26Z Atcovi 276019 project box(es) 2812508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{collection}} {{font|size=medium|&#9758;}} This page serves as a '''focal node''' for a collection of related resources. ==Participants== * Interested parties may add their names on [[Logic Live/Participants|this page]]. ==Syllabus== ===Focal nodes=== * [[Inquiry Live]] * [[Logic Live]] ===Peer nodes=== * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Logic_Live Logic Live @ InterSciWiki] * [http://ref.subwiki.org/wiki/Logic_Live Logic Live @ Subject Wikis] * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Logic_Live Logic Live @ Wikiversity] * [http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Logic_Live Logic Live @ Wikiversity Beta] ===Logical operators=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Exclusive disjunction]] * [[Logical conjunction]] * [[Logical disjunction]] * [[Logical equality]] {{col-break}} * [[Logical implication]] * [[Logical NAND]] * [[Logical NNOR]] * [[Logical negation|Negation]] {{col-end}} ===Related topics=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Ampheck]] * [[Boolean domain]] * [[Boolean function]] * [[Boolean-valued function]] * [[Differential logic]] {{col-break}} * [[Logical graph]] * [[Minimal negation operator]] * [[Multigrade operator]] * [[Parametric operator]] * [[Peirce's law]] {{col-break}} * [[Propositional calculus]] * [[Sole sufficient operator]] * [[Truth table]] * [[Universe of discourse]] * [[Zeroth order logic]] {{col-end}} ===Relational concepts=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Continuous predicate]] * [[Hypostatic abstraction]] * [[Logic of relatives]] * [[Logical matrix]] {{col-break}} * [[Relation (mathematics)|Relation]] * [[Relation composition]] * [[Relation construction]] * [[Relation reduction]] {{col-break}} * [[Relation theory]] * [[Relative term]] * [[Sign relation]] * [[Triadic relation]] {{col-end}} ===Information, Inquiry=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Inquiry]] * [[Dynamics of inquiry]] {{col-break}} * [[Semeiotic]] * [[Logic of information]] {{col-break}} * [[Descriptive science]] * [[Normative science]] {{col-break}} * [[Pragmatic maxim]] * [[Truth theory]] {{col-end}} ===Related articles=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Cactus_Language Cactus Language] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Futures_Of_Logical_Graphs Futures Of Logical Graphs] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Propositional_Equation_Reasoning_Systems Propositional Equation Reasoning Systems] {{col-break}} * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_:_Introduction Differential Logic : Introduction] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Propositional_Calculus Differential Propositional Calculus] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Differential_Logic_and_Dynamic_Systems_2.0 Differential Logic and Dynamic Systems] {{col-break}} * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Introduction to Inquiry Driven Systems] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Prospects_for_Inquiry_Driven_Systems Prospects for Inquiry Driven Systems] * [http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Inquiry_Driven_Systems Inquiry Driven Systems : Inquiry Into Inquiry] {{col-end}} [[Category:Inquiry]] [[Category:Logic]] [[Category:Open Educational Resource]] [[Category:Peer Educational Resource]] jzy6rqhnkx372z66jgkfry5rzdvuy7j 0 212733 2812437 2812141 2026-06-01T17:21:10Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2812437 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260601.pdf |pdf]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] g21q723jruj8w0pum2p3884z27eae41 0 220722 2812506 2782588 2026-06-02T01:18:04Z Atcovi 276019 project box(es) 2812506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{history}} {{secondary}} {{Assignment}} [[File:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|right|The Hagia Sophia]] ===== 1. Key Points in the History of the Hagia Sophia ===== *Built during the reign of [[w:Justinian_I|Justinian I]]; largest of his 25 new cathedrals. This took Justinian I five years (532 - 537) to build. *It became known as the Church of Holy Wisdom *When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, it became a mosque; today it is a museum. ===== 2. Quick Facts ===== '''Height''' = 180ft<br> '''Diameter''' = 107ft<br> Dome contains 40 stained glass windows at its circumference<br> Six colors of marble were used biulding the walls, arches and columns<br> The Hagia Sophia had a pendentive, which joined the wall w/the base of the dome (and held the dome, as well)<br> Mosaics glittered in the daytime<br> Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life<br> Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe<br> ===== 3. Important Concepts Found in Hagia Sophia's Architecture ===== *Cathedral's size, thick pillars, and enclosed space shows the Roman influence<br> *Intricate and ornate design shows the Eastern influence<br> *Greek and Roman cultural traditions were preserved and flourished in the [[Byzantine Empire]], as well as in its libraries. [[Category:Structures]] [[Category:Turkey]] [[Category:History of Greece]] [[Category:History of Italy]] [[Category:Atcovi's Work]] barmq6ug2ma733nwdpajvlf510tcko5 0 235178 2812473 2779357 2026-06-01T21:01:07Z ~2026-32610-83 3087558 I removed the space between the co and the nsists in consists. 2812473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cynarina_lacrymalis.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|''Cynarina lacrymalis'' an anthozoan member of the Phylum Cnidaria. They have a polyp body form.]] Cnidaria *Name Meaning: Stinging nettle *English Common Name: Coelenterates, cnidarians, sea anemones, jellies, hydra *Major distinguishing characteristics: Cnidocytes (stinging cells) *Approximate number of species described: about 11,000 ==Natural History== All species are aquatic, most are marine. Most are predators, even if not energetic ones. They rely primarily on currents and chance to bring food to them, though some jellies are surprisingly active on their own. Most species have an early '''planktonic''' phase, then drop to a substrate of some kind. They may attach to rocks, plants, or whatever else is on the bottom. The body-form of this phase is called a '''polyp'''. Sea anemones are cnidarian '''polyps'''. In the jellies (familiarly if incorrectly called "jellyfish"), as it grows the crown of tentacles of the '''polyp''' releases to swim freely. This body form is a medusa. It is essentially a very short, swimming polyp, with the tentacles generally oriented downward. ==Taxonomy== The Phylum Cnidaria includes one subphylum and seven classes. The Anthozoa do not have a designated subphylum. **Class Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals) *Subphylum Medusozoa (jellies and hydrozoans) **Class Cubozoa (box jellies, sea wasps) **Class Hydrozoa (hydroids, hydralike animals) **Class Polypodiozoa (parasites) **Class Scyphozoa (true jellies) **Class Staurozoa (stalked jellies) **Class Myxozoa (parasites) ==Anatomy== [[Image:Egg Yolk jellyfish adrift in Monterey Bay.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Adult Egg Yolk Jellies have a cnidarian medusa body form.]] The bulk of Cnidarian bodies consist of '''mesoglea''', a jelly-like substance, between two layers of living tissue that is usually only one cell thick. The mesoglea is non-living. There are two basic body forms: a '''medusa''' (which are free-swimming, like sea jellies) and '''polyps''' (which attached to a substrate of some kind). The unattached end of the polyp, and the "lower" end of a medusa, is a ring of tentacles with specialized cells called cnidocytes. The mouth is central to the ring. The cnidocytes capture prey either by stinging with harpoon-like "darts" or by being sticky. The darts remain attached by a tether to the tentacle, allowing the cnidarian to draw in the prey. The stinging cnidocytes are called nematocysts. Cnidarians maintain their body structure by holding in water, forming a hydrostatic skeleton. ==The Fossil Record== The earliest generally recognized fossil animal is a Cnidarian. It dates from around 580 million years ago. Being soft-bodied, cnidarians other than corals fossilize very poorly. ==Quiz== * [[/Cnidaria Quiz/]] ==References and Further Reading== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria Cnidaria] at Wikipedia *[http://eol.org/pages/1745/overview Cnidara] at the Encyclopedia of Life *[http://tolweb.org/Cnidaria Cnidaria] at the Tree of Life *[https://youtu.be/gGokmurmJic Jelly Cam] at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Live images of Sea Nettles roughly 7am to 7pm Pacific Time (UTC -8). {{Animalia}} [[Category:Animals]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Biology]] [[Category:Zoology]] sb158lst6vrff5u8gsiwsl2kzgflkx7 0 249667 2812514 2810853 2026-06-02T04:20:22Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Geometry */ 2812514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Four-dimensional analog of the dodecahedron}} {{Polyscheme|radius=an '''expanded version''' of|active=is the focus of active research}} {{Infobox 4-polytope | Name=120-cell | Image_File=Schlegel wireframe 120-cell.png | Image_Caption=[[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]<br>(vertices and edges) | Type=[[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|Convex regular 4-polytope]] | Last=[[W:Snub 24-cell|31]] | Index=32 | Next=[[W:Rectified 120-cell|33]] | Schläfli={5,3,3}| CD={{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}}| Cell_List=120 [[W:Dodecahedron|{5,3}]] [[Image:Dodecahedron.png|20px]]| Face_List=720 [[W:Pentagon|{5}]] [[File:Regular pentagon.svg|20px]]| Edge_Count=1200| Vertex_Count= 600| Petrie_Polygon=[[W:Triacontagon|30-gon]]| Coxeter_Group=H₄, [3,3,5]| Vertex_Figure=[[File:120-cell verf.svg|80px]]<br>[[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]| Dual=[[600-cell]]| Property_List=[[W:Convex set|convex]], [[W:Isogonal figure|isogonal]], [[W:Isotoxal figure|isotoxal]], [[W:Isohedral figure|isohedral]] }} {{maths}} [[File:120-cell net.png|thumb|right|[[W:Net (polyhedron)|Net]]]] In [[W:Geometry|geometry]], the '''120-cell''' is the [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]] (four-dimensional analogue of a [[W:Platonic solid|Platonic solid]]) with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {5,3,3}. It is also called a '''C₁₂₀''', '''dodecaplex''' (short for "dodecahedral complex"), '''hyperdodecahedron''', '''polydodecahedron''', '''hecatonicosachoron''', '''dodecacontachoron'''<ref>[[W:Norman Johnson (mathematician)|N.W. Johnson]]: ''Geometries and Transformations'', (2018) {{ISBN|978-1-107-10340-5}} Chapter 11: ''Finite Symmetry Groups'', 11.5 ''Spherical Coxeter groups'', p.249</ref> and '''hecatonicosahedroid'''.<ref>Matila Ghyka, ''The Geometry of Art and Life'' (1977), p.68</ref> The boundary of the 120-cell is composed of 120 dodecahedral [[W:Cell (mathematics)|cells]] with 4 meeting at each vertex. Together they form 720 [[W:Pentagon|pentagonal]] faces, 1200 edges, and 600 vertices. It is the 4-[[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogue]] of the [[W:Regular dodecahedron|regular dodecahedron]], since just as a dodecahedron has 12 pentagonal facets, with 3 around each vertex, the ''dodecaplex'' has 120 dodecahedral facets, with 3 around each edge.{{Efn|In the 120-cell, 3 dodecahedra and 3 pentagons meet at every edge. 4 dodecahedra, 6 pentagons, and 4 edges meet at every vertex. The dihedral angle (between dodecahedral hyperplanes) is 144°.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table I(ii); "120-cell"|pp=292-293}}|name=dihedral}} Its dual polytope is the [[600-cell]]. == Geometry == The 120-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions (except the polygons {7} and above).{{Efn|name=elements}} As the sixth and largest regular convex 4-polytope,{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} it contains inscribed instances of its four predecessors (recursively). It also contains 120 inscribed instances of the first in the sequence, the [[5-cell|5-cell]],{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} which is not found in any of the others.{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|p=18|loc=''Remark 5.7''|ps=, explains why not.{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}}}} The 120-cell is a four-dimensional [[W:Swiss Army knife|Swiss Army knife]]: it contains one of everything. It is daunting but instructive to study the 120-cell, because it contains examples of ''every'' relationship among ''all'' the convex regular polytopes found in the first four dimensions. Conversely, it can only be understood by first understanding each of its predecessors, and the sequence of increasingly complex symmetries they exhibit.{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|loc=Abstract|ps=; "[E]very 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of H3 → H4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan-Dieudonné theorem ... shed[ding] light on geometric aspects of the H4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries ... including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes.... This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework."}} That is why [[W:John Stillwell|Stillwell]] titled his paper on the 4-polytopes and the history of mathematics<ref>''Mathematics and Its History'', John Stillwell, 1989, 3rd edition 2010, {{isbn|0-387-95336-1}}</ref> of more than 3 dimensions ''The Story of the 120-cell''.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|loc=The Story of the 120-cell}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} ===Cartesian coordinates=== Natural Cartesian coordinates for a 4-polytope centered at the origin of 4-space occur in different frames of reference, depending on the long radius (center-to-vertex) chosen. ==== √8 radius coordinates ==== The 120-cell with long radius {{Radic|8}} = 2{{Radic|2}} ≈ 2.828 has edge length 4−2φ = 3−{{radic|5}} ≈ 0.764. In this frame of reference, its 600 vertex coordinates are the {[[W:Permutations|permutations]]} and {{bracket|[[W:Even permutation|even permutation]]s}} of the following:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§8.7 Cartesian coordinates|pp=156-157}} {| class=wikitable |- !24 | ({0, 0, ±2, ±2}) | [[24-cell#Great squares|24-cell]] | rowspan=7 | 600-point 120-cell |- !64 | ({±φ, ±φ, ±φ, ±φ⁻²}) | |- !64 | ({±1, ±1, ±1, ±{{radic|5}}<nowiki />}) | |- !64 | ({±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ²}) | |- !96 | ([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ, ±{{radic|5}}]) | [[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !96 | ([0, ±φ⁻², ±1, ±φ²]) | [[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !192 | ([±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ, ±2]) | |} where φ (also called 𝝉){{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} is the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]], {{sfrac|1 + {{radic|5}}|2}} ≈ 1.618. ==== Unit radius coordinates ==== The unit-radius 120-cell has edge length {{Sfrac|1|φ²{{Radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270. In this frame of reference the 120-cell lies vertex up in standard orientation, and its coordinates{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|p=1442|loc=Table 3}} are the {[[W:Permutations|permutations]]} and {{bracket|[[W:Even permutation|even permutation]]s}} in the left column below: {| class="wikitable" style=width:720px |- !rowspan=3|120 !8 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, 0, 0, 0}) |[[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] | rowspan="2" |[[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell]] | rowspan="3" |[[600-cell#Coordinates|600-cell]] | rowspan="10" style="white-space: nowrap;"|120-cell |- !16 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, ±1, ±1, ±1}) / 2 |[[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|Tesseract]] |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ]) / 2 |colspan=2|[[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !rowspan=7|480 !colspan=2|[[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|Diminished 120-cell]] !5-point [[5-cell#Coordinates|5-cell]] ![[24-cell#Great squares|24-cell]] ![[600-cell#Coordinates|600-cell]] |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ, ±φ, ±φ, ±φ⁻²]) / {{radic|8}} |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|(1, 0, 0, 0)<br> (−1,{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,−{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,−{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}}) / 4 |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±{{radic|1/2}}, ±{{radic|1/2}}, 0, 0}) |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, 0, 0, 0})<br> ({±1, ±1, ±1, ±1}) / 2<br> ([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ]) / 2 |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±1, ±1, ±1, ±{{radic|5}}]) / {{radic|8}} |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ²]) / {{radic|8}} |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ, ±{{radic|5}}]) / {{radic|8}} |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻², ±1, ±φ²]) / {{radic|8}} |- !192 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ, ±2]) / {{radic|8}} |- |colspan=7|The unit-radius coordinates of uniform convex 4-polytopes are related by [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] multiplication. Since the regular 4-polytopes are compounds of each other, their sets of Cartesian 4-coordinates (quaternions) are set products of each other. The unit-radius coordinates of the 600 vertices of the 120-cell (in the left column above) are all the possible [[W:Quaternion#Multiplication of basis elements|quaternion products]]{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|p=1433|loc=§4.1|ps=; A Cartesian 4-coordinate point (w,x,y,z) is a vector in 4D space from (0,0,0,0). Four-dimensional real space is a vector space: any two vectors can be added or multiplied by a scalar to give another vector. Quaternions extend the vectorial structure of 4D real space by allowing the multiplication of two 4D vectors <small><math>\left(w,x,y,z\right)_1</math></small> and <small><math>\left(w,x,y,z\right)_2</math></small> according to<br> <small><math display=block>\begin{pmatrix} w_2\\ x_2\\ y_2\\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} w_1\\ x_1\\ y_1\\ z_1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} {w_2 w_1 - x_2 x_1 - y_2 y_1 - z_2 z_1}\\ {w_2 x_1 + x_2 w_1 + y_2 z_1 - z_2 y_1}\\ {w_2 y_1 - x_2 z_1 + y_2 w_1 + z_2 x_1}\\ {w_2 z_1 + x_2 y_1 - y_2 x_1 + z_2 w_1} \end{pmatrix} </math></small>}} of the 5 vertices of the 5-cell, the 24 vertices of the 24-cell, and the 120 vertices of the 600-cell (in the other three columns above).{{Efn|To obtain all 600 coordinates by quaternion cross-multiplication of these three 4-polytopes' coordinates with less redundancy, it is sufficient to include just one vertex of the 24-cell: ({{radic|1/2}}, {{radic|1/2}}, 0, 0).{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=Table 3|p=1442}}}} |} The table gives the coordinates of at least one instance of each 4-polytope, but the 120-cell contains multiples-of-five inscribed instances of each of its precursor 4-polytopes, occupying different subsets of its vertices. The (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (120-point) 600-cells. Each (120-point) 600-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (24-point) 24-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 25 disjoint 24-cells. Each 24-cell is the convex hull of 3 disjoint (8-point) 16-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 75 disjoint 16-cells. Uniquely, the (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 120 disjoint (5-point) 5-cells.{{Efn|The 120-cell can be constructed as a compound of '''{{red|5}}''' disjoint 600-cells,{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} or '''{{red|25}}''' disjoint 24-cells, or '''{{red|75}}''' disjoint 16-cells, or '''{{red|120}}''' disjoint 5-cells. Except in the case of the 120 5-cells,{{Efn|Multiple instances of each of the regular convex 4-polytopes can be inscribed in any of their larger successor 4-polytopes, except for the smallest, the regular 5-cell, which occurs inscribed only in the largest, the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} To understand the way in which the 4-polytopes nest within each other, it is necessary to carefully distinguish ''disjoint'' multiple instances from merely ''distinct'' multiple instances of inscribed 4-polytopes. For example, the 600-point 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 75 8-point 16-cells that are completely disjoint: they share no vertices, and 75 * 8 {{=}} 600. But it is also possible to pick out 675 distinct 16-cells within the 120-cell, most pairs of which share some vertices, because two concentric equal-radius 16-cells may be rotated with respect to each other such that they share 2 vertices (an axis), or even 4 vertices (a great square plane), while their remaining vertices are not coincident.{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} In 4-space, any two congruent regular 4-polytopes may be concentric but rotated with respect to each other such that they share only a common subset of their vertices. Only in the case of the 4-simplex (the 5-point regular 5-cell) that common subset of vertices must always be empty, unless it is all 5 vertices. It is impossible to rotate two concentric 4-simplexes with respect to each other such that some, but not all, of their vertices are coincident: they may only be completely coincident, or completely disjoint. Only the 4-simplex has this property; the 16-cell, and by extension any larger regular 4-polytope, may lie rotated with respect to itself such that the pair shares some, but not all, of their vertices. Intuitively we may see how this follows from the fact that only the 4-simplex does not possess any opposing vertices (any 2-vertex central axes) which might be invariant after a rotation. The 120-cell contains 120 completely disjoint regular 5-cells, which are its only distinct inscribed regular 5-cells, but every other nesting of regular 4-polytopes features some number of disjoint inscribed 4-polytopes and a larger number of distinct inscribed 4-polytopes.|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}} these are not counts of ''all'' the distinct regular 4-polytopes which can be found inscribed in the 120-cell, only the counts of ''completely disjoint'' inscribed 4-polytopes which when compounded form the convex hull of the 120-cell. The 120-cell contains '''{{green|10}}''' distinct 600-cells, '''{{green|225}}''' distinct 24-cells, and '''{{green|675}}''' distinct 16-cells.{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}|name=inscribed counts}} ===Chords=== [[File:Great polygons of the 120-cell.png|thumb|300px|Great circle polygons of the 120-cell, which lie in the invariant central planes of its isoclinic{{Efn|Two angles are required to specify the separation between two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} If the two angles are identical, the two planes are called isoclinic (also [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]) and they intersect in a single point. In [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotations]], points rotate within invariant central planes of rotation by some angle, and the entire invariant central plane of rotation also tilts sideways (in an orthogonal invariant central plane of rotation) by some angle. Therefore each vertex traverses a ''helical'' smooth curve called an ''isocline''{{Efn|An '''isocline''' is a closed, curved, helical great circle through all four dimensions. Unlike an ordinary great circle it does not lie in a single central plane, but like any great circle, when viewed within the curved 3-dimensional space of the 4-polytope's boundary surface it is a ''straight line'', a [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]. Both ordinary great circles and isocline great circles are helical in the sense that parallel bundles of great circles are [[W:Link (knot theory)|linked]] and spiral around each other, but neither are actually twisted (they have no inherent torsion). Their curvature is not their own, but a property of the 3-sphere's natural curvature, within which curved space they are finite (closed) straight line segments.{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles. An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} To avoid confusion, we always refer to an ''isocline'' as such, and reserve the term ''[[W:Great circle|great circle]]'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.|name=isocline}} between two points in different central planes, while traversing an ordinary great circle in each of two orthogonal central planes (as the planes tilt relative to their original planes). If the two orthogonal angles are identical, the distance traveled along each great circle is the same, and the double rotation is called isoclinic (also a [[W:SO(4)#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]]). A rotation which takes isoclinic central planes to each other is an isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}}|name=isoclinic}} rotations. The 120-cell edges of length {{Color|red|𝜁}} ≈ 0.270 occur only in the {{Color|red|red}} irregular great hexagon, which also has 5-cell edges of length {{Color|red|{{radic|2.5}}}}. The 120-cell's 1200 edges do not form great circle polygons by themselves, but by alternating with {{radic|2.5}} edges of inscribed regular 5-cells{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} they form 400 irregular great hexagons.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} The 120-cell also contains an irregular great dodecagon compound of several of these great circle polygons in the same central plane, [[#Compound of five 600-cells|illustrated below]].]] {{see also|600-cell#Golden chords}} The 600-point 120-cell has all 8 of the 120-point 600-cell's distinct chord lengths, plus two additional important chords: its own shorter edges, and the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,2).svg|thumb|200px|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/12}=6{5/2}]],<br> six of the 120 disjoint regular 5-cells of edge-length {{radic|2.5}} which are inscribed in the 120-cell appear as six pentagrams, the [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Clifford polygon of the 5-cell]]. The 30 vertices comprise a Petrie polygon of the 120-cell,{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} with 30 zig-zag edges (not shown), and 3 inscribed great decagons (edges not shown) which lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane.{{Efn|Inscribed in the 3 Clifford parallel great decagons of each helical Petrie polygon of the 120-cell{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} are 6 great pentagons{{Efn|In [[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|600-cell § Decagons and pentadecagrams]], see the illustration of [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/6}=6{5}]].}} in which the 6 pentagrams (regular 5-cells) appear to be inscribed, but the pentagrams are skew (not parallel to the projection plane); each 5-cell actually has vertices in 5 different decagon-pentagon central planes in 5 completely disjoint 600-cells.|name=great pentagon}}]]Inscribed in the unit-radius 120-cell are 120 disjoint regular 5-cells,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table VI (iv): 𝐈𝐈 = {5,3,3}|p=304}} of edge-length {{radic|2.5}}. No regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell and the 120-cell contain {{radic|2.5}} chords (the #8 chord).{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}} The 120-cell contains 10 distinct inscribed 600-cells which can be taken as 5 disjoint 600-cells two different ways. Each {{radic|2.5}} chord connects two vertices in disjoint 600-cells, and hence in disjoint 24-cells, 8-cells, and 16-cells.{{Efn|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} Both the 5-cell edges and the 120-cell edges connect vertices in disjoint 600-cells. Corresponding polytopes of the same kind in disjoint 600-cells are Clifford parallel and {{radic|2.5}} apart. Each 5-cell contains one vertex from each of 5 disjoint 600-cells.{{Efn|The 120 regular 5-cells are completely disjoint. Each 5-cell contains two distinct Petrie pentagons of its #8 edges, [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|pentagonal circuits]] each binding 5 disjoint 600-cells together in a distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 5-cell. But the vertices of two ''disjoint 5-cells'' are not linked by 5-cell edges, so each distinct circuit of #8 chords is confined to a single 5-cell, and there are no other circuits of 5-cell edges (#8 chords) in the 120-cell.|name=distinct circuits of the 5-cell}}.|name=inscribed 5-cells}} These two additional chords give the 120-cell its characteristic [[W:SO(4)#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]],{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,4).svg|thumb|200px|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/8}=2{15/4}]],<br>2 disjoint [[W:Pentadecagram|pentadecagram]] isoclines are visible: a black and a white isocline (shown here as orange and faint yellow) of the 120-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|Each black or white pentadecagram isocline acts as both a right isocline in a distinct right isoclinic rotation and as a left isocline in a distinct left isoclinic rotation, but isoclines do not have inherent chirality.{{Efn|name=isocline}} No isocline is both a right and left isocline of the ''same'' discrete left-right rotation (the same fibration).}} The pentadecagram edges are #4 chords{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} joining vertices which are 8 vertices apart on the 30-vertex circumference of this projection, the zig-zag Petrie polygon.{{Efn|name=pentadecagram isoclines}}]]The characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} of the 120-cell takes place in the invariant planes of its 1200 edges{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} and [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|its inscribed regular 5-cells' opposing 1200 edges]].{{Efn|The invariant central plane of the 120-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} contains an irregular great hexagon {6} with alternating edges of two different lengths: 3 120-cell edges of length 𝜁 {{=}} {{radic|𝜀}} (#1 chords), and 3 inscribed regular 5-cell edges of length {{radic|2.5}} (#8 chords). These are, respectively, the shortest and longest edges of any regular 4-polytope. {{Efn|Each {{radic|2.5}} chord is spanned by 8 zig-zag edges of a Petrie 30-gon,{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} none of which lie in the great circle of the irregular great hexagon. Alternately the {{radic|2.5}} chord is spanned by 9 zig-zag edges, one of which (over its midpoint) does lie in the same great circle.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}}|name=spanned by 8 or 9 edges}} Each irregular great hexagon lies completely orthogonal to another irregular great hexagon.{{Efn|name=perpendicular and parallel}} The 120-cell contains 400 distinct irregular great hexagons (200 completely orthogonal pairs), which can be partitioned into 100 disjoint irregular great hexagons (a discrete fibration of the 120-cell) in four different ways. Each fibration has its distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in 50 pairs of completely orthogonal invariant central planes. Two irregular great hexagons occupy the same central plane, in alternate positions, just as two great pentagons occupy a great decagon plane. The two irregular great hexagons form an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], a compound [[#Chords|great circle polygon of the 120-cell]].|name=irregular great hexagon}} There are four distinct characteristic right (and left) isoclinic rotations, each left-right pair corresponding to a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439|ps=; in symmetry group 𝛢₄ the operation [15]𝑹_q3,q3 is the 15 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of an individual 5-cell]]; in symmetry group 𝛨₄ the operation [1200]𝑹_q3,q13 is the 1200 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of the 120-cell, the 120-cell's characteristic rotation.}} In each rotation all 600 vertices circulate on helical isoclines of 15 vertices, following a geodesic circle{{Efn|name=isocline}} with 15 chords that form a {15/4} pentadecagram.{{Efn|The characteristic isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} of the 120-cell is a skew pentadecagram of 15 #4 chords. Successive #4 chords of each pentadecagram lie in different △ central planes which are inclined isoclinically to each other at 12°, which is 1/30 of a great circle (but not the arc of a 120-cell edge, the #1 chord).{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}} This means that the two planes are separated by two equal 12° angles,{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} and they are occupied by adjacent [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great polygons (irregular great hexagons) whose corresponding vertices are joined by oblique #4 chords. Successive vertices of each pentadecagram are vertices in completely disjoint 5-cells. Each pentadecagram is a #4 chord-path{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} visiting 15 vertices belonging to three different 5-cells. The two pentadecagrams shown in the {30/8}{{=}}2{15/4} projection{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} visit the six 5-cells that appear as six disjoint pentagrams in the {30/12}{{=}}6{5/2} projection.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}|name=pentadecagram isoclines}}|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} in addition to all the rotations of the other regular 4-polytopes which it inherits.{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry group 𝛨₄|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 120-cell has 7200 distinct rotational displacements (and 7200 reflections), which can be grouped as 25 distinct ''isoclinic'' rotations.{{Efn|name=distinct rotations}}}} They also give the 120-cell a characteristic great circle polygon: an ''irregular'' great hexagon in which three 120-cell edges alternate with three 5-cell edges.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} The 120-cell's edges do not form regular great circle polygons in a single central plane the way the edges of the 600-cell, 24-cell, and 16-cell do. Like the edges of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|5-cell]] and the [[W:8-cell|8-cell tesseract]], they form zig-zag [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s instead.{{Efn|The 5-cell, 8-cell and 120-cell all have tetrahedral vertex figures. In a 4-polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure, a path along edges does not lie on an ordinary great circle in a single central plane: each successive edge lies in a different central plane than the previous edge. In the 120-cell the 30-edge circumferential path along edges follows a zig-zag skew Petrie polygon, which is not a great circle. However, there exists a 15-chord circumferential path that is a true geodesic great circle through those 15 vertices: but it is not an ordinary "flat" great circle of circumference 2𝝅𝑟, it is a helical ''isocline''{{Efn|name=isocline}} that bends in a circle in two completely orthogonal central planes at once, circling through four dimensions rather than confined to a two dimensional plane.{{Efn|name=pentadecagram isoclines}} The skew chord set of an isocline is called its ''Clifford polygon''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} The [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|120-cell's Petrie polygon]] is a [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30} zig-zag [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].{{Efn|[[File:Regular polygon 30.svg|thumb|200px|The Petrie polygon of the 120-cell is a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] regular [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30}.{{Efn|name=15 distinct chord lengths}} The 30 #1 chord edges do not all lie on the same {30} great circle polygon, but they lie in groups of 6 (equally spaced around the circumference) in 5 Clifford parallel [[#Compound of five 600-cells|{12} great circle polygons]].]] The 120-cell contains 80 distinct [[W:30-gon|30-gon]] Petrie polygons of its 1200 edges, and can be partitioned into 20 disjoint 30-gon Petrie polygons.{{Efn|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} The Petrie 30-gon twists around its 0-gon great circle axis 9 times in the course of one circular orbit, and can be seen as a compound [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/9}{{=}}3{10/3}]] of 600-cell edges (#3 chords) linking pairs of vertices that are 9 vertices apart on the Petrie polygon.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} The {30/9}-gram (with its #3 chord edges) is an alternate sequence of the same 30 vertices as the Petrie 30-gon (with its #1 chord edges).|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} Since the 120-cell has a circumference of 30 edges, it has at least 15 distinct chord lengths, ranging from its edge length to its diameter.{{Efn|The 30-edge circumference of the 120-cell follows a skew Petrie polygon, not a great circle polygon. The Petrie polygon of any 4-polytope is a zig-zag helix spiraling through the curved 3-space of the 4-polytope's surface.{{Efn|The Petrie polygon of a 3-polytope (polyhedron) with triangular faces (e.g. an icosahedron) can be seen as a linear strip of edge-bonded faces bent into a ring. Within that circular strip of edge-bonded triangles (10 in the case of the icosahedron) the [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] can be picked out as a [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]] of edges zig-zagging (not circling) through the 2-space of the polyhedron's surface: alternately bending left and right, and slaloming around a great circle axis that passes through the triangles but does not intersect any vertices. The Petrie polygon of a 4-polytope (polychoron) with tetrahedral cells (e.g. a 600-cell) can be seen as a linear helix of face-bonded cells bent into a ring: a [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix ring]]. Within that circular helix of face-bonded tetrahedra (30 in the case of the 600-cell) the skew Petrie polygon can be picked out as a helix of edges zig-zagging (not circling) through the 3-space of the polychoron's surface: alternately bending left and right, and spiraling around a great circle axis that passes through the tetrahedra but does not intersect any vertices.}} The 15 numbered [[#Chords|chords]] of the 120-cell occur as the distance between two vertices in that 30-vertex helical ring.{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} Those 15 distinct [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]]s through 4-space range from the 120-cell edge-length which links any two nearest vertices in the ring (the #1 chord), to the 120-cell axis-length (diameter) which links any two antipodal (most distant) vertices in the ring (the #15 chord).|name=15 distinct chord lengths}} Every regular convex 4-polytope is inscribed in the 120-cell, and the 15 chords enumerated in the rows of the following table are all the distinct chords that make up the regular 4-polytopes and their great circle polygons.{{Efn|The 120-cell itself contains more chords than the 15 chords numbered #1 - #15, but the additional chords occur only in the interior of 120-cell, not as edges of any of the six regular convex 4-polytopes or their characteristic great circle rings. The 15 ''[[#Chords|major chords]]'' are so numbered because the #''n'' chord is the {30/''n''} polygram chord, which connects two vertices that are ''n'' edge lengths apart on a Petrie polygon of the 120-cell. The 15 major chords lie on great circles in central planes that contain regular and irregular polygons of {4}, {10}, or {12} vertices. There are [[#Geodesic rectangles|30 distinct 4-space chordal distances]] between vertices of the 120-cell (15 pairs of 180° complements), including #15 the 180° diameter (and its complement the 0° chord). The 15 ''minor chords'' lie on rectangular {4} great circles and do not occur anywhere except inside the 120-cell. In this article, we refer to the 15 minor chords by reference to their arc-angles, e.g. 41.4~° #3⁺ with length {{radic|0.5}} falls between the #3 and #4 chords.|name=additional 120-cell chords}} The first thing to notice about this table is that it has eight columns, not six; in addition to the six regular convex 4-polytopes, two irregular 4-polytopes occur naturally in the sequence of nested 4-polytopes: the 96-point [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] and the 480-point [[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|diminished 120-cell]].{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} The second thing to notice is that each numbered row (each chord) is marked with a triangle <small>△</small>, square ☐, phi symbol 𝜙 or pentagram ✩. The 15 chords form polygons of four kinds: great squares ☐ [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]], great hexagons and great triangles △ [[24-cell#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]], great decagons and great pentagons 𝜙 [[600-cell#Hopf spherical coordinates|characteristic of the 600-cell]], and skew pentagrams ✩ [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|characteristic of the 5-cell]] which circle through a set of central planes and form face polygons but not great polygons.{{Efn|The {{radic|2}} edges and 4𝝅 characteristic rotations{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}} of the [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] lie in the great square ☐ central planes; rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|symmetry group <math>B_4</math>]]. The {{radic|1}} edges, {{radic|3}} chords and 4𝝅 characteristic rotations of the [[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell]] lie in the great triangle (great hexagon) △ central planes; rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math>]] symmetry group. The edges and 5𝝅 characteristic rotations of the [[600-cell#Hopf spherical coordinates|600-cell]] lie in the great pentagon (great decagon) 𝜙 central planes; these chords are functions of {{radic|5}}, and rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:H4 polytope|symmetry group <math>H_4</math>]]. The polygons and characteristic rotations of the regular [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|5-cell]] do not lie in a single central plane; they describe a skew pentagram ✩ or larger skew polygram and only form face polygons, not central polygons; rotations of this type are expressions of the [[W:Tetrahedral symmetry|<math>A_4</math>]] symmetry group.|name=edge rotation planes}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Major chords of the 120-cell and its inscribed 4-polytopes{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V:(v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} (edge 2φ⁻²√2 [radius 4]) beginning with a vertex|ps=; Coxeter's table lists 16 non-point sections labelled 1₀ − 16₀, polyhedra whose successively increasing "radii" on the 3-sphere (in column 2''la'') are the following chords in our notation:{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} #1, #2, #3, 41.4~°, #4, 49.1~°, 56.0~°, #5, 66.1~°, 69.8~°, #6, 75.5~°, 81.1~°, 84.5~°, #7, 95.5~°, ..., #15. The remaining distinct chords occur as the longer "radii" of the second set of 16 opposing polyhedral sections (in column ''a'' for (30−''i'')₀) which lists #15, #14, #13, #12, 138.6~°, #11, 130.1~°, 124~°, #10, 113.9~°, 110.2~°, #9, #8, 98.9~°, 95.5~°, #7, 84.5~°, ..., or at least they occur among the 180° complements of all those Coxeter-listed chords. The complete ordered set of 30 distinct chords is 0°, #1, #2, #3, 41.4~°, #4, 49.1~°, 56~°, #5, 66.1~°, 69.8~°, #6, 75.5~°, 81.1~°, 84.5~°, #7, 95.5~°, #8, #9, 110.2°, 113.9°, #10, 124°, 130.1°, #11, 138.6°, #12, #13, #14, #15. The chords also occur among the edge-lengths of the polyhedral sections (in column 2''lb'', which lists only: #2, .., #3, .., 69.8~°, .., .., #3, .., .., #5, #8, .., .., .., #7, ... because the multiple edge-lengths of irregular polyhedral sections are not given).}} |- !colspan=6|Inscribed{{Efn|"At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in completely orthogonal subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself.... In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}}|name=Coxeter on orthogonal dual pairs}} ![[5-cell|5-cell]] ![[16-cell|16-cell]] ![[W:8-cell|8-cell]] ![[24-cell|24-cell]] ![[W:Snub 24-cell|Snub]] ![[600-cell]] ![[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|Dimin]] ! style="border-right: none;"|120-cell ! style="border-left: none;"| |- !colspan=6|Vertices | style="background: seashell;"|5 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|8 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|16 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|24 | style="background: yellow;"|96 | style="background: yellow;"|120 | style="background: seashell;"|480 | style="background: seashell; border-right: none;"|600{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=6 style="background: seashell; border: none;"| |- !colspan=6|Edges | style="background: seashell;"|10{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} | style="background: paleturquoise;"|24 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|32 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|96 | style="background: yellow;"|432 | style="background: yellow;"|720 | style="background: seashell;"|1200 | style="background: seashell;"|1200{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} |- !colspan=6|Edge chord | style="background: seashell;{{text color default}};"|#8{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#7 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#5 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#5 | style="background: yellow;"|#3 | style="background: yellow;"|#3{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,3).svg|180px|thumb|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/9}{{=}}3{10/3}]] we see the 120-cell Petrie polygon (on the circumference of the 30-gon, with 120-cell edges not shown) as a compound of three Clifford parallel 600-cell great decagons (seen as three disjoint {10/3} decagrams) that spiral around each other. The 600-cell edges (#3 chords) connect vertices which are 3 600-cell edges apart (on a great circle), and 9 120-cell edges apart (on a Petrie polygon). The three disjoint {10/3} great decagons of 600-cell edges delineate a single [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix 30-tetrahedron ring]] of an inscribed 600-cell.]] The 120-cell and 600-cell both have 30-gon Petrie polygons.{{Efn|The [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|regular skew 30-gon]] is the [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] of the [[600-cell]] and its dual the 120-cell. The Petrie polygons of the 120-cell occur in the 600-cell as duals of the 30-cell [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings]] (the Petrie polygons of the 600-cell):{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-11.svg|180px|thumb|The Petrie polygon of the inscribed 600-cells can be seen in this projection to the plane of a triacontagram {30/11}, a 30-gram of #11 chords. The 600-cell Petrie is a helical ring which winds around its own axis 11 times. This projection along the axis of the ring cylinder shows the 30 vertices 12° apart around the cylinder's circular cross section, with #11 chords connecting every 11th vertex on the circle. The 600-cell edges (#3 chords) which are the Petrie polygon edges are not shown in this illustration, but they could be drawn around the circumference, connecting every 3rd vertex.]]The [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell Petrie polygon is a helical ring]] which twists around its 0-gon great circle axis 11 times in the course of one circular orbit. Projected to the plane completely orthogonal to the 0-gon plane, the 600-cell Petrie polygon can be seen to be a [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/11}]] of 30 #11 chords linking pairs of vertices that are 11 vertices apart on the circumference of the projection.{{Sfn|Sadoc|2001|pp=577-578|loc=§2.5 The 30/11 symmetry: an example of other kind of symmetries}} The {30/11}-gram (with its #11 chord edges) is an alternate sequence of the same 30 vertices as the Petrie 30-gon (with its #3 chord edges).|name={30/11}-gram}} connecting their 30 tetrahedral cell centers together produces the Petrie polygons of the dual 120-cell, as noticed by Rolfdieter Frank (circa 2001). Thus he discovered that the vertex set of the 120-cell partitions into 20 non-intersecting Petrie polygons. This set of 20 disjoint Clifford parallel skew polygons is a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of the 120-cell (just as their 20 dual 30-cell rings are a [[600-cell#Decagons|discrete fibration of the 600-cell]]).{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}}|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} They are two distinct skew 30-gon helices, composed of 30 120-cell edges (#1 chords) and 30 600-cell edges (#3 chords) respectively, but they occur in completely orthogonal pairs that spiral around the same 0-gon great circle axis. The 120-cell's Petrie helix winds closer to the axis than the [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell's Petrie helix]] does, because its 30 edges are shorter than the 600-cell's 30 edges (and they zig-zag at less acute angles). A dual pair{{Efn|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} of these Petrie helices of different radii sharing an axis do not have any vertices in common; they are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=Coxeter on orthogonal dual pairs}} The 120-cell Petrie helix (versus the 600-cell Petrie helix) twists around the 0-gon axis 9 times (versus 11 times) in the course of one circular orbit, forming a skew [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/9}{{=}}3{10/3} polygram]] (versus a skew [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/11} polygram]]).{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}}|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} | style="background: seashell;"|#1 | style="background: seashell;"|#1{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} |- !colspan=6|[[600-cell#Rotations on polygram isoclines|Isocline chord]]{{Efn|An isoclinic{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} rotation is an equi-rotation-angled [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two completely orthogonal invariant central planes of rotation at the same time. Every discrete isoclinic rotation has two characteristic arc-angles (chord lengths), its ''rotation angle'' and its ''isocline angle''.{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} In each incremental rotation step from vertex to neighboring vertex, each invariant rotation plane rotates by the rotation angle, and also tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) by an equal rotation angle.{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} Thus each vertex rotates on a great circle by one rotation angle increment, while simultaneously the whole great circle rotates with the completely orthogonal great circle by an equal rotation angle increment.{{Efn|It is easiest to visualize this ''incorrectly'', because the completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel and do not intersect (except at the central point). Neither do the invariant plane and the plane it moves to. An invariant plane tilts sideways in an orthogonal central plane which is not its ''completely'' orthogonal plane, but Clifford parallel to it. It rotates ''with'' its completely orthogonal plane, but not ''in'' it. It is Clifford parallel to its completely orthogonal plane ''and'' to the plane it is moving to, and does not intersect them; the plane that it rotates ''in'' is orthogonal to all these planes and intersects them all.{{Efn|The plane in which an entire invariant plane rotates (tilts sideways) is (incompletely) orthogonal to both completely orthogonal invariant planes, and also Clifford parallel to both of them.{{Efn|Although perpendicular and linked (like adjacent links in a taught chain), completely orthogonal great polygons are also parallel, and lie exactly opposite each other in the 4-polytope, in planes that do not intersect except at one point, the common center of the two linked circles.|name=perpendicular and parallel}}}} In the 120-cell's characteristic rotation,{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} each invariant rotation plane is Clifford parallel to its completely orthogonal plane, but not adjacent to it; it reaches some other (nearest) parallel plane first. But if the isoclinic rotation taking it through successive Clifford parallel planes is continued through 90°, the vertices will have moved 180° and the tilting rotation plane will reach its (original) completely orthogonal plane.{{Efn|The 90 degree isoclinic rotation of two completely orthogonal planes takes them to each other. In such a rotation of a rigid 4-polytope, [[16-cell#Rotations|all 6 orthogonal planes]] rotate by 90 degrees, and also tilt sideways by 90 degrees to their completely orthogonal (Clifford parallel) plane.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} The corresponding vertices of the two completely orthogonal great polygons are {{radic|4}} (180°) apart; the great polygons (Clifford parallel polytopes) are {{radic|4}} (180°) apart; but the two completely orthogonal ''planes'' are 90° apart, in the ''two'' orthogonal angles that separate them.{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} If the isoclinic rotation is continued through another 90°, each vertex completes a 360° rotation and each great polygon returns to its original plane, but in a different [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] (axes swapped): it has been turned "upside down" on the surface of the 4-polytope (which is now "inside out"). Continuing through a second 360° isoclinic rotation (through four 90° by 90° isoclinic steps, a 720° rotation) returns everything to its original place and orientation.|name=exchange of completely orthogonal planes}}|name=rotating with the completely orthogonal rotation plane}} The product of these two simultaneous and equal great circle rotation increments is an overall displacement of each vertex by the isocline angle increment (the isocline chord length). Thus the rotation angle measures the vertex displacement in the reference frame of a moving great circle, and also the sideways displacement of the moving great circle (the distance between the great circle polygon and the adjacent Clifford parallel great circle polygon the rotation takes it to) in the stationary reference frame. The isocline chord length is the total vertex displacement in the stationary reference frame, which is an oblique chord between the two great circle polygons (the distance between their corresponding vertices in the rotation).|name=isoclinic rotation}} | style="background: seashell;"|[[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|#8]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[16-cell#Helical construction|#15]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#10 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|#10]] | style="background: yellow;"|#5 | style="background: yellow;"|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|#5]] | style="background: seashell;"|#4 | style="background: seashell;"|#4{{Efn|The characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 120-cell, in the invariant planes in which its edges (#1 chords) lie, takes those edges to similar edges in Clifford parallel central planes. Since an isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} is a double rotation (in two completely orthogonal invariant central planes at once), in each incremental rotation step from vertex to neighboring vertex the vertices travel between central planes on helical great circle isoclines, not on ordinary great circles,{{Efn|name=isocline}} over an isocline chord which in this particular rotation is a #4 chord of 44.5~° arc-length.{{Efn|The isocline chord of the 120-cell's characteristic rotation{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} is the #4 chord of 44.5~° arc-angle (the larger edge of the irregular great dodecagon), because in that isoclinic rotation by two equal 12° rotation angles{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}} each vertex moves to another vertex 4 edge-lengths away on a Petrie polygon, and the circular geodesic path it rotates on (its isocline){{Efn|name=isocline}} does not intersect any nearer vertices.|name=120-cell rotation angle}}|name=#4 isocline chord}} |- !colspan=6|Clifford polygon{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} may be called the 4-polytope's ''Clifford polygon'', as it is the skew polygram shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic}}|name=Clifford polygon}} | style="background: seashell;"|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|{5/2}]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[16-cell#Helical construction|{8/3}]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|{6/2}]] | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|{15/2}]] | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"|[[W:Pentadecagram|{15/4}]]{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |- !colspan=3|Chord !Arc !colspan=2|Edge | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"| |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#1<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_polygon_30.svg|50px|{30}]] |rowspan=2|30 |{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} |colspan=2|120-cell edge <big>𝛇</big> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''1'''</big>}}<br>1200{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |15.5~° |{{radic|𝜀}}{{Efn|1=The fractional square root chord lengths are given as decimal fractions where: {{indent|7}}𝚽 ≈ 0.618 is the inverse golden ratio <small>{{sfrac|1|φ}}</small> {{indent|7}}𝚫 = 1 - 𝚽 = 𝚽² = <small>{{sfrac|1|φ²}}</small> ≈ 0.382 {{indent|7}}𝜀 = 𝚫²/2 = <small>{{sfrac|1|2φ⁴}}</small> ≈ 0.073<br> and the 120-cell edge-length is: {{indent|7}}𝛇 = {{radic|𝜀}} = {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270<br> For example: {{indent|7}}𝛇 = {{radic|𝜀}} = {{radic|0.073~}} ≈ 0.270|name=fractional square roots|group=}} |0.270~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#2<br><big>☐</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,1).svg|50px|{30/2}=2{15}]] |rowspan=2|15 | |colspan=2|face diagonal{{Efn|The #2 chord joins vertices which are 2 edge lengths apart: the vertices of the 120-cell's tetrahedral vertex figure, the second section of the 120-cell beginning with a vertex, denoted 1₀. The #2 chords are the edges of this tetrahedron, and the #1 chords are its long radii. The #2 chords are also diagonal chords of the 120-cell's pentagon faces.{{Efn|The face [[W:Pentagon#Regular pentagons|pentagon diagonal]] (the #2 chord) is in the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] φ ≈ 1.618 to the face pentagon edge (the 120-cell edge, the #1 chord).{{Efn|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}}|name=face pentagon chord}}|name=#2 chord}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>3600<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''12'''</big>}}<br>2{3,4} |- style="background: seashell;"| |25.2~° |{{radic|0.19~}} |0.437~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#3<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,1).svg|50px|{30/3}=3{10}]] |rowspan=2|10 |𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Decagons|great decagon]] <math>\phi^{-1}</math> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''10'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |36° |{{radic|0.𝚫}} |0.618~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#4<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,2).svg|50px|{30/4}=2{15/2}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|2}} | |colspan=2|cell diameter{{Efn||name=dodecahedral cell metrics}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |44.5~° |{{radic|0.57~}} |0.757~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#5<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_5(6,1).svg|50px|{30/5}=5{6}]] |rowspan=2|6 |𝝅/3 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Hexagons|great hexagon]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_5(6,1).svg|thumb|180px|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|Triacontagram {30/5}=5{6}]], the 120-cell's skew Petrie 30-gon as a compound of 5 great hexagons.]] Each great hexagon edge is the axis of a zig-zag of 5 120-cell edges. The 120-cell's Petrie polygon is a helical zig-zag of 30 120-cell edges, spiraling around a [[W:0-gon|0-gon]] great circle axis that does not intersect any vertices.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} There are 5 great hexagons inscribed in each Petrie polygon, in five different [[#Compound of five 600-cells|central planes]].|name=great hexagon}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>32 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''225'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>96 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''225'''</big>}}<br><br> |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''5'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>1200 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>2400 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''32'''</big>}}<br>4{4,3} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#6<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,1).svg|50px|{30/6}=6{5}]] |rowspan=2|5 |2𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|great pentagon]]{{Efn|name=great pentagon}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |72° |{{radic|1.𝚫}} |1.175~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#7<br><big>☐</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-7.svg|50px|{30/7}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|7}} |𝝅/2 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Squares|great square]]{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''675'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}<br>24 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''675'''</big>}}<br>48 |rowspan=2|<br>72 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1800 |rowspan=2|<br> |rowspan=2|<br>9000 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''54'''</big>}}<br>9{3,4} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #FFCCCC;"| |rowspan=2|#8<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,4).svg|50px|{30/8}=2{15/4}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|4}} | |colspan=2|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5-cell]]{{Efn|The [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Petrie polygon of the 5-cell]] is the pentagram {5/2}. The Petrie polygon of the 120-cell is the [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30}, and one of its many projections to the plane is the triacontagram {30/12}{{=}}6{5/2}.{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} Each 120-cell Petrie 6{5/2}-gram lies completely orthogonal to six 5-cell Petrie {5/2}-grams, which belong to six of the 120 disjoint regular 5-cells inscribed in the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}|name=orthogonal Petrie polygons}} |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''120'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}<br>10 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2|<br>1200{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: #FFCCCC;"| |104.5~° |{{radic|2.5}} |1.581~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#9<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,3).svg|50px|{30/9}=3{10/3}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|10|3}} |3𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[W:Golden section|golden section]] <math>\phi</math> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |108° |{{radic|2.𝚽}} |1.618~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#10<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_10(3,1).svg|50px|{30/10}=10{3}]] |rowspan=2|3 |2𝝅/3 |colspan=2|[[24-cell#Great triangles|great triangle]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>32 |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''25'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>96 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>2400 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''32'''</big>}}<br>4{4,3} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#11<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-11.svg|50px|{30/11}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|11}} | |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|{30/11}-gram]]{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |135.5~° |{{radic|3.43~}} |1.851~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#12<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,2).svg|50px|{30/12}=6{5/2}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|5|2}} |4𝝅/5 |colspan=2|great [[W:Pentagon#Regular pentagons|pent diag]]{{Efn|name=orthogonal Petrie polygons}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |144°{{Efn|name=dihedral}} |{{radic|3.𝚽}} |1.902~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#13<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-13.svg|50px|{30/13}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|13}} | |colspan=2|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/13}-gram]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>3600<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''12'''</big>}}<br>2{3,4} |- style="background: seashell;"| |154.8~° |{{radic|3.81~}} |1.952~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#14<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,7).svg|50px|{30/14}=2{15/7}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|7}} | |colspan=2|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/14}=2{15/7}]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |164.5~° |{{radic|3.93~}} |1.982~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#15<br><small>△☐𝜙</small> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_15(2,1).svg|50px|30/15}=15{2}]] |rowspan=2|2 |𝝅 |colspan=2|[[W:Diameter|diameter]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''75'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>4 |rowspan=2|<br>8 |rowspan=2|<br>12 |rowspan=2|<br>48 |rowspan=2|<br>60 |rowspan=2|<br>240 |rowspan=2|<br>300{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''1'''</big>}}<br><br> |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- !colspan=6|Squared lengths total{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} | style="background: seashell;"|25 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|64 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|256 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|576 | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"|14400 | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"|360000{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} !<big>{{blue|'''300'''}}</big> |} [[File:15 major chords.png|thumb|300px|The major{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} chords #1 - #15 join vertex pairs which are 1 - 15 edges apart on a Petrie polygon.{{Efn|Drawing the fan of chords with #1 and #11 at a different origin than all the others is an artistic choice, since all the chords are incident at every vertex. We could just as well have drawn all the chords from the same origin vertex, but this arrangement notices the parallel relationship between #8 and #11.|name=fan of 15 major chords}} The 15 minor chords (not shown) fall between two major chords, and their length is the sum of two other major chords; e.g. the 41.4° minor chord of length {30/1}+{30/2} falls between the 36° {30/3} and 44.5° {30/4} chords.]] The annotated chord table is a complete [[W:Bill of materials|bill of materials]] for constructing the 120-cell. All of the 2-polytopes, 3-polytopes and 4-polytopes in the 120-cell are made from the 15 1-polytopes in the table. The black integers in table cells are incidence counts of the row's chord in the column's 4-polytope. For example, in the '''#3''' chord row, the 600-cell's 72 great decagons contain 720 '''#3''' chords in all. The '''{{red|red}}''' integers are the number of disjoint 4-polytopes above (the column label) which compounded form a 120-cell. For example, the 120-cell is a compound of <big>{{red|'''25'''}}</big> disjoint 24-cells (25 * 24 vertices = 600 vertices). The '''{{green|green}}''' integers are the number of distinct 4-polytopes above (the column label) which can be picked out in the 120-cell. For example, the 120-cell contains <big>{{green|'''225'''}}</big> distinct 24-cells which share components. The '''{{blue|blue}}''' integers in the right column are incidence counts of the row's chord at each 120-cell vertex. For example, in the '''#3''' chord row, <big>{{blue|'''24'''}}</big> '''#3''' chords converge at each of the 120-cell's 600 vertices, forming a double icosahedral [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] 2{3,5}. In total <big>{{blue|'''300'''}}</big> major chords{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} of 15 distinct lengths meet at each vertex of the 120-cell. === Relationships among interior polytopes === The 120-cell is the compound of all five of the other regular convex 4-polytopes.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=Compounds|ps=; "It is remarkable that the vertices of {5, 3, 3} include the vertices of all the other fifteen regular polytopes in four dimensions."}} All the relationships among the regular 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-polytopes occur in the 120-cell.{{Efn|The 120-cell contains instances of all of the regular convex 1-polytopes, 2-polytopes, 3-polytopes and 4-polytopes, ''except'' for the regular polygons {7} and above, most of which do not occur. {10} is a notable exception which ''does'' occur. Various regular [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s {7} and above occur in the 120-cell, notably {11},{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}} {15}{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} and {30}.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}}|name=elements}} It is a four-dimensional [[W:Jigsaw puzzle|jigsaw puzzle]] in which all those polytopes are the parts.{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013}} Although there are many sequences in which to construct the 120-cell by putting those parts together, ultimately they only fit together one way. The 120-cell is the unique solution to the combination of all these polytopes.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001}} The regular 1-polytope occurs in only [[#Chords|15 distinct lengths]] in any of the component polytopes of the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} By [[W:Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem|Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem]], convex polyhedra with shapes distinct from each other also have distinct [[W:Metric spaces|metric spaces]] of surface distances, so each regular 4-polytope has its own unique subset of these 15 chords. Only 4 of those 15 chords occur in the 16-cell, 8-cell and 24-cell. The four {{background color|paleturquoise|[[24-cell#Hypercubic chords|hypercubic chords]]}} {{radic|1}}, {{radic|2}}, {{radic|3}} and {{radic|4}} are sufficient to build the 24-cell and all its component parts. The 24-cell is the unique solution to the combination of these 4 chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built solely from them. {{see also|W:24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|label 1=24-cell § Relationships among interior polytopes}} An additional 4 of the 15 chords are required to build the 600-cell. The four {{background color|yellow|[[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]]}} are square roots of irrational fractions that are functions of {{radic|5}}. The 600-cell is the unique solution to the combination of these 8 chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built solely from them. Notable among the new parts found in the 600-cell which do not occur in the 24-cell are pentagons, and icosahedra. {{see also|W:600-cell#Icosahedra|label 1=600-cell § Icosahedra}} All 15 major chords, and 15 other distinct chordal distances (the minor chords [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|enumerated below]]), occur in the 120-cell. Notable among the new parts found in the 120-cell which do not occur in the 600-cell are {{background color|#FFCCCC|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|regular 5-cells and {{radic|5/2}} chords]].}}{{Efn|Dodecahedra emerge as ''visible'' features in the 120-cell, but they also occur in the 600-cell as ''interior'' polytopes.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: (iii) Sections of {3,3,5} beginning with a vertex}}}} The relationships between the ''regular'' 5-cell (the [[W:Simplex|simplex]] regular 4-polytope) and the other regular 4-polytopes are manifest directly only in the 120-cell.{{Efn|There is a geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (4-simplex) and the regular 16-cell (4-orthoplex), but it is manifest only indirectly through the [[W:Tetrahedron|3-simplex]] and [[W:5-orthoplex|5-orthoplex]]. An [[W:simplex|<math>n</math>-simplex]] is bounded by <math>n+1</math> vertices and <math>n+1</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-simplex facets, and has <math>z+1</math> long diameters (its edges) of length <math>\sqrt{n+1}/\sqrt{n}</math> radii. An [[W:orthoplex|<math>n</math>-orthoplex]] is bounded by <math>2n</math> vertices and <math>2^n</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-simplex facets, and has <math>n</math> long diameters (its orthogonal axes) of length <math>2</math> radii. An [[W:hypercube|<math>n</math>-cube]] is bounded by <math>2^n</math> vertices and <math>2n</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-cube facets, and has <math>2^{n-1}</math> long diameters of length <math>\sqrt{n}</math> radii.{{Efn|The <math>n</math>-simplex's facets are larger than the <math>n</math>-orthoplex's facets. For <math>n=4</math>, the edge lengths of the 5-cell and 16-cell and 8-cell are in the ratio of <math>\sqrt{5}</math> to <math>\sqrt{4}</math> to <math>\sqrt{2}</math>.|name=root 5/root 4/root 2}} The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters of the 3-cube are shorter than the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 3-orthoplex. The [[16-cell#Coordinates|coordinates of the 4-orthoplex]] are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,\pm 1)</math>, and the 4-space coordinates of one of its 16 facets (a 3-simplex) are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,1)</math>.{{Efn|Each 3-facet of the 4-orthoplex, a tetrahedron permuting <math>(0,0,0,1)</math>, and its completely orthogonal 3-facet permuting <math>(0,0,0,-1)</math>, comprise all 8 vertices of the 4-orthoplex. Uniquely, the 4-orthoplex is also the 4-[[W:demihypercube|demicube]], half the vertices of the 4-cube. This relationship among the 4-simplex, 4-orthoplex and 4-cube is unique to <math>n=4</math>. The 4-orthoplex's completely orthogonal 3-simplex facets are a pair of 3-demicubes which occupy alternate vertices of completely orthogonal 3-cubes in the same 4-cube. Projected orthogonally into the same 3-hyperplane, the two 3-facets would be two tetrahedra inscribed in the same 3-cube. (More generally, completely orthogonal polytopes are mirror reflections of each other.)|name=4-simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} The <math>\sqrt{4}</math> long diameters of the 4-cube are the same length as the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 4-orthoplex. The [[W:5-orthoplex#Cartesian coordinates|coordinates of the 5-orthoplex]] are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,0,\pm 1)</math>, and the 5-space coordinates of one of its 32 facets (a 4-simplex) are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,0,1)</math>.{{Efn|Each 4-facet of the 5-orthoplex, a 4-simplex (5-cell) permuting <math>(0,0,0,0,1)</math>, and its completely orthogonal 4-facet permuting <math>(0,0,0,0,-1)</math>, comprise all 10 vertices of the 5-orthoplex.}} The <math>\sqrt{5}</math> long diameters of the 5-cube are longer than the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 5-orthoplex.|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} The 600-point 120-cell is a compound of 120 disjoint 5-point 5-cells, and it is also a compound of 5 disjoint 120-point 600-cells (two different ways). Each 5-cell has one vertex in each of 5 disjoint 600-cells, and therefore in each of 5 disjoint 24-cells, 5 disjoint 8-cells, and 5 disjoint 16-cells.{{Efn|No vertex pair of any of the 120 5-cells (no [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|great digon central plane of a 5-cell]]) occurs in any of the 675 16-cells (the 675 [[16-cell#Coordinates|Cartesian basis sets of 6 orthogonal central planes]]).{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}}} Each 5-cell is a ring (two different ways) joining 5 disjoint instances of each of the other regular 4-polytopes.{{Efn|name=distinct circuits of the 5-cell}} {{see also|W:5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|label 1=5-cell § Geodesics and rotations}} === Compound of five 600-cells === [[File:Great dodecagon of the 120-cell.png|thumb|300px|The 120-cell has 200 central planes that each intersect 12 vertices, forming an irregular dodecagon with alternating edges of two different lengths. Inscribed in the dodecagon are two regular great hexagons (black),{{Efn|name=great hexagon}} two irregular great hexagons ({{Color|red|red}}),{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} and four equilateral great triangles (only one is shown, in {{Color|green|green}}).]] The 120-cell contains ten 600-cells which can be partitioned into five completely disjoint 600-cells two different ways.{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} As a consequence of being a compound of five disjoint 600-cells, the 120-cell has 200 irregular great dodecagon {12} central planes, which are compounds of several of its great circle polygons that share the same central plane, as illustrated. The 200 {12} central planes originate as the compounds of the hexagonal central planes of the 25 disjoint inscribed 24-cells and the digon central planes of the 120 disjoint inscribed regular 5-cells; they contain all the 24-cell and 5-cell edges, and also the 120-cell edges. Thus the edges and characteristic rotations{{Efn|Every class of discrete isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} is characterized by its rotation and isocline angles and by which set of Clifford parallel central planes are its invariant planes of rotation. The '''characteristic isoclinic rotation of a 4-polytope''' is the class of discrete isoclinic rotation in which the set of invariant rotation planes contains the 4-polytope's edges; there is a distinct left (and right) rotation for each such set of Clifford parallel central planes (each [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of the edge planes). If the edges of the 4-polytope form regular great circles, the rotation angle of the characteristic rotation is simply the edge arc-angle (the edge chord is simply the rotation chord). But in a regular 4-polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} the edges do not form regular great circles, they form irregular great circles in combination with another chord. For example, the #1 chord edges of the 120-cell are edges of an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]] which also has #4 chord edges. In such a 4-polytope, the rotation angle is not the edge arc-angle; in fact it is not necessarily the arc of any vertex chord.{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}}|name=characteristic rotation}} of the regular 5-cell, the 8-cell hypercube, the 24-cell, and the 120-cell all lie in these same 200 rotation planes.{{Efn|name=edge rotation planes}} Each of the ten 600-cells occupies the entire set of 200 planes. The 120-cell's irregular [[#Other great circle constructs|dodecagon {12} great circle polygon]] has 6 short edges (#1 [[#Chords|chords]] marked {{Color|red|𝜁}}) alternating with 6 longer dodecahedron cell-diameters ({{Color|magenta|#4}} chords).{{Efn|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}} Inscribed in the irregular great dodecagon are two irregular great hexagons ({{color|red|red}}) in alternate positions.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} Two ''regular'' great hexagons with edges of a third size ({{radic|1}}, the #5 chord) are also inscribed in the dodecagon.{{Efn|name=great hexagon}} The 120-cell's irregular great dodecagon planes, its irregular great hexagon planes, its regular great hexagon planes, and its equilateral great triangle planes, are the same set of 200 dodecagon planes. They occur as 100 completely orthogonal pairs, and they are the ''same'' 200 central planes each containing a [[600-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] that are found in ''each'' of the 10 inscribed 600-cells. There are exactly 400 regular hexagons in the 120-cell (two in each dodecagon central plane), and each of the ten 600-cells contains its own distinct subset of 200 of them (one from each dodecagon central plane). Each 600-cell contains only one of the two opposing regular hexagons inscribed in any dodecagon central plane, just as it contains only one of two opposing tetrahedra inscribed in any dodecahedral cell. Each 600-cell is disjoint from 4 other 600-cells, and shares regular hexagons with 5 other 600-cells.{{Efn|Each regular great hexagon is shared by two 24-cells in the same 600-cell,{{Efn|1=A 24-cell contains 16 hexagons. In the 600-cell, with 25 24-cells, each 24-cell is disjoint from 8 24-cells and intersects each of the other 16 24-cells in six vertices that form a hexagon.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|p=438}} A 600-cell contains 25・16/2 = 200 such hexagons.|name=disjoint from 8 and intersects 16}} and each 24-cell is shared by two 600-cells.{{Efn|name=two 600-cells share a 24-cell}} Each regular hexagon is shared by four 600-cells.|name=hexagons 24-cells and 600-cells}} Each disjoint pair of 600-cells occupies the opposing pair of disjoint regular hexagons in every dodecagon central plane. Each non-disjoint pair of 600-cells intersects in 16 hexagons that comprise a 24-cell. The 120-cell contains 9 times as many distinct 24-cells (225) as disjoint 24-cells (25).{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} Each 24-cell occurs in 9 600-cells, is absent from just one 600-cell, and is shared by two 600-cells. ===Concentric hulls=== [[File:120-Cell showing the individual 8 concentric hulls and in combination.svg|thumb|left|640px| Orthogonal projection of the 120-cell using any 3 of these Cartesian coordinate dimensions forms an Overall Hull that is a [[W:Chamfered dodecahedron|chamfered dodecahedron]] of Norm={{radic|8}}.<br /> Hulls 1 - 8 are the 8 sections of the 120-cell beginning with a cell (Hull 1).<br /> Hulls 1, 2, & 7 are each pairs of [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 3 is a pair of [[W:Icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hulls 4 & 5 are each pairs of [[W:Truncated icosahedron|truncated icosahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 6 is a pair of semi-regular [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 8 is a single non-uniform [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron#Names|rhombicosidodecahedron]], the central section.<br /> A more detailed visualization of these 15 simplified sections, with subgroup sections where the inscribed solid has more than one permutation in its orbit, is available [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_First_533_120-Cell_Sections.svg here].]] {{Clear}} These hulls illustrate Coxeter's sections 1₃ - 8₃ of the 120-cell, the sections beginning with a cell (hull #1).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=299|loc=Table V (iv) Sections of {5,3,3} beginning with a cell (right half of table)}} A ''section'' is a flat 3-dimensional hyperplane slice through the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]: a 2-sphere (ordinary sphere). It is dimensionally analogous to a flat 2-dimensional plane slice through a 2-sphere: a 1-sphere (ordinary circle). The hulls are illustrated as if they were all the same size, but actually they increase in radius as numbered: they are concentric 2-spheres that nest inside each other. Every cell of the 120-cell is the smallest hull in its own set of 8 concentric hulls. There are 120 distinct sets of hulls. The 120-cell actually has 15 sections beginning with a cell, numbered 1 - 15 with number 8 in the center. After increasing in size from 1 to 8, the hulls get smaller again. Sections 1 and 15 are both a hull #1, the smallest hull, a dodecahedral cell of the 120-cell. Section #8 is the central section, the largest hull, with the same radius as the 120-cell. Except for the central section #8, the sections occur in parallel pairs, on either side of the central section. Hull #8 is dimensionally analogous to the equator, while hulls #1 - #7 are dimensionally analogous to lines of latitude. There are 120 of each kind of hull #1 - #7 in the 120-cell, but only 60 of the central hull #8. {{Clear}} The 120-cell also has 30 sections beginning with a vertex, illustrated below. Like the sections beginning with a cell illustrated above, the vertex-first sections are also flat 3-dimensional hyperplane slices through the 3-sphere, and polyhedra that nest inside each other as concentric 2-spheres. Section 0₀ is the vertex itself. Section 1₀ is the 120-cell's tetrahedral vertex figure. Sections 1₀ - 29₀ are described in more detail in [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|§Geodesic rectangles]], below. {{Clear}} [[File:Vertex_First_533_120-Cell_Sections.svg|thumb|left|640px| Coxeter's sections 0₀ - 30₀ of the 120-cell, the sections beginning with a vertex, showing the orbit sections and subgroup sections (when the inscribed solid has more than one permutation in its orbit), as well as the convex hull of each orbit on the right.]] {{Clear}} === Geodesic rectangles === The 30 distinct chords{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} found in the 120-cell occur as 15 pairs of 180° complements. They form 15 distinct kinds of great circle polygon that lie in central planes of several kinds: {{Background color|palegreen|△ planes that intersect {12} vertices}} in an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], {{Background color|yellow|<big>𝜙</big> planes that intersect {10} vertices}} in a regular decagon, and <big>☐</big> planes that intersect {4} vertices in several kinds of {{Background color|gainsboro|rectangle}}, including a {{Background color|seashell|square}}. Each great circle polygon is characterized by its pair of 180° complementary chords. The chord pairs form great circle polygons with parallel opposing edges, so each great polygon is either a rectangle or a compound of a rectangle, with the two chords as the rectangle's edges. Each of the 15 complementary chord pairs corresponds to a distinct pair of opposing [[#Concentric hulls|polyhedral sections]] of the 120-cell beginning with a vertex (the 0₀ section), as illustrated above. The correspondence is that each 120-cell vertex is surrounded in curved 3-space <math>S_3</math> by each polyhedral section's vertices at a uniform distance (the chord length), the way a polyhedron's vertices surround its center at the distance of its long radius in Euclidean 3-space <math>R_3</math>.{{Efn|In the curved 3-dimensional space <math>S_3</math> of the 120-cell's surface, each of the 600 vertices is surrounded by 15 pairs of polyhedral sections, each section at the "radial" distance of one of the 30 distinct chords. The vertex is not actually at the center of the polyhedron, because it is displaced in the fourth dimension out of the section's hyperplane, so that the ''apex'' vertex and its surrounding ''base'' polyhedron form a [[W:Polyhedral pyramid|polyhedral pyramid]]. The characteristic chord is radial around the apex, as the pyramid's lateral edges.}} There are 600 distinct sets of 15 hulls. The #1 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of the 1₀ section, the tetrahedral vertex figure of the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=#2 chord}} The #14 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of its congruent opposing 29₀ section. The #7 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of the central vertex-first section of the 120-cell, in which two opposing 15₀ sections are coincident. Each vertex is surrounded by two instances of each polyhedron, at the near and far radial distances of the polyhedron's 180° complementary chords, but because curved space <math>S_3</math> begins to close back up on itself after the #7 90° chord, the near and far concentric polyhedra are the same size. Each chord length is given three ways (on successive lines): for the unit-radius 120-cell as a square root, for the unit-radius 120-cell, and for the unit-edge 120-cell.{{Efn|We give chord lengths as unit-radius square roots in these articles, even when they are integers (e.g. the long diameter is {{radic|4}}). Our usual metric is unit-radius, which reveals relationships among successive 4-polytopes,{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} but Coxeter{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} and Steinbach{{Sfn|Steinbach|1997|ps=; Steinbach derived a formula relating the diagonals and edge lengths of successive regular polygons, and illustrated it with "fan of chords" diagrams.|p=23|loc=Figure 3}} use unit-edge, which reveals relationships among successive chords.|name=metrics}} To the left of this last unit-edge metric, its reciprocal^-1 is given. The reciprocal is the long radius of a regular ''n''₀-polygon with unit-radius 120-cell edges (#1 chords) as its edges; but this does not imply that the section ''n''₀ polyhedron contains any ''n''₀ polygons.{{Efn|The 120-cell contains no regular {30} central polygons, although its Petrie polygon is a skew regular {30}. Therefore the edge of the regular triacontagon {30} is not a chord of the 120-cell represented in this table. Nevertheless these metrics of the {30} are relevant:<br> :Unit-radius {30}: ::Edge <small><math>E = 2 \sin{\pi/30} \approx \sqrt{0.0437} \approx 0.209</math></small> :Unit-edge {30}: ::Radius <small><math>R_{ue} = 1/E \approx 4.783</math></small> :{30} with 120-cell edges: ::Edge <small><math>\zeta \approx 0.270~</math></small> ::<small><math>E \approx 0.774 \times \zeta</math></small> ::Radius <small><math>R_\zeta \approx 1.292</math></small> |name=triacontagon metrics}} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" ! colspan="11" |30 chords (15 180° pairs) make 15 kinds of great circle polygons and vertex-first polyhedral sections{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V:(v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} (edge 2φ⁻²√2 [radius 4]) beginning with a vertex; Coxeter's table lists 16 non-point sections labelled 1₀ − 16₀|ps=, but 14₀ and 16₀ are congruent opposing sections and 15₀ opposes itself; there are 29 non-point sections, denoted 1₀ − 29₀, in 15 opposing pairs.}} |- ! colspan="4" |Short chord ! colspan="2" |Great circle polygons !Rotation ! colspan="4" |Long chord |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#0<br><br>0₀ | |{{radic|0}} |{{radic|0}} | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" |600 vertices<br>(300 axes) | rowspan="3" | |<math>\pi</math> |{{radic|4}} |{{radic|4}} | rowspan="3" |#15<br><br>30₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0° |0 |0 |180° |2 |2 |- style="background: palegreen;" | | |0 |<small><math>0\times\zeta</math></small> |0.135~^-1 |7.405~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#1<br><br>1₀ |𝞯 |{{radic|0.𝜀}}{{Efn|name=fractional square roots}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2\phi^4}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Irregular great hexagons of the 120-cell.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |400 irregular great hexagons<br> (600 great rectangles)<br> in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{15/4}]]{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} | |{{radic|3.93~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3\phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#14<br><br>29₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |15.5~°{{Efn|In the 120-cell's isoclinic rotations the rotation arc-angle is 12° (1/30 of a circle), not the 15.5~° arc of the #1 edge chord. Regardless of which central planes are the invariant rotation planes, any 120-cell isoclinic rotation by 12° will take the great polygon in ''every'' central plane to a congruent great polygon in a Clifford parallel central plane that is 12° away. Adjacent Clifford parallel great polygons (of every kind) are completely disjoint, and their nearest vertices are connected by ''two'' 120-cell edges (#1 chords of arc-length 15.5~°). The 12° rotation angle is not the arc of any vertex-to-vertex chord in the 120-cell. It occurs only as the two equal angles between adjacent Clifford parallel central ''planes'',{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} and it is the separation between adjacent rotation planes in ''all'' the 120-cell's various isoclinic rotations (not only in its characteristic rotation).|name=12° rotation angle}} |0.270~ |<small><math>1 / \phi^2\sqrt{2}</math></small> |164.5~° |1.982~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | |1^-1 |1 |<small><math>1\times\zeta</math></small> |0.136~^-1 |7.337~ |<small><math>\phi^3\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro;" | | rowspan="3" |#2<br><br>2₀ |{{Efn|name=#2 chord}} |{{radic|0.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:25.2° × 154.8° chords great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/13}]]<br>#13 | |{{radic|3.81~}} | | rowspan="3" |#13<br><br>28₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |25.2~° |0.437~ |<small><math>1 / \phi\sqrt{2}</math></small> |154.8~° |1.952~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.618~^-1 |1.618~ |<small><math>\phi\times\zeta</math></small> |0.138~^-1 |7.226~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> {{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=footnote:|ps=<br>‡ For simplicity we omit the value of <math>a</math> whenever it is not mononomial in <math>\chi</math>, <math>\psi</math> and <math>\phi</math>.}} |- style="background: yellow;" | | rowspan="3" |#3<br><br>3₀ |<math>\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|0.𝚫}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great decagon rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |720 great decagons<br>(3600 great rectangles)<br>in 720 <big>𝜙</big> planes | rowspan="3" |5𝝅<br>[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|{15/2}]]<br>#5 |<math>4\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|3.𝚽}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#12<br><br>27₀ |- style="background: yellow;" | |36° |0.618~ |<small><math>1 / \phi</math></small> |144°{{Efn|name=dihedral}} |1.902~ |<small><math>1+1/{\phi^2}</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | |0.437~^-1 |2.288~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.142~^-1 |7.0425 |<small><math>\sqrt{2\phi^5\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro;" | | rowspan="3" |#3⁺<br><br>4₀ | |{{radic|0.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:√0.5 × √3.5 great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{7/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#12⁻<br><br>26₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |41.4~° |0.707~ |<small><math>\sqrt{2}/2</math></small> |138.6~° |1.871~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.382~^-1 |2.618~ |<small><math>\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |0.144~^-1 |6.927~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{7}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#4<br><br>5₀ | |{{radic|0.57~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3/{2\phi^2}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Irregular great dodecagon.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |200 irregular great dodecagons{{Efn|This illustration shows just one of three related irregular great dodecagons that lie in three distinct △ central planes. Two of them (not shown) lie in Clifford parallel (disjoint) dodecagon planes, and share no vertices. The {{Color|blue}} central rectangle of #4 and #11 edges lies in a third dodecagon plane, not Clifford parallel to either of the two disjoint dodecagon planes and intersecting them both; it shares two vertices (a {{radic|4}} axis of the rectangle) with each of them. Each dodecagon plane contains two irregular great hexagons in alternate positions (not shown). Thus each #4 chord of the great rectangle shown is a bridge between two Clifford parallel irregular great hexagons that lie in the two dodecagon planes which are not shown.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations take Clifford parallel planes to each other, as planes of rotation tilt sideways like coins flipping.{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} The #4 chord{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} bridge is significant in an isoclinic rotation in ''regular'' great hexagons (the [[600-cell#Hexagons|24-cell's characteristic rotation]]), in which the invariant rotation planes are a subset of the same 200 dodecagon central planes as the 120-cell's characteristic rotation (in ''irregular'' great hexagons).{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} In each 12° arc{{Efn|name=120-cell rotation angle}} of the 24-cell's characteristic rotation of the 120-cell, every ''regular'' great hexagon vertex is displaced to another vertex, in a Clifford parallel regular great hexagon that is a #4 chord away. Adjacent Clifford parallel regular great hexagons have six pairs of corresponding vertices joined by #4 chords. The six #4 chords are edges of six distinct great rectangles in six disjoint dodecagon central planes which are mutually Clifford parallel.|name=#4 isocline chord bridge}}|name=dodecagon rotation}}<br>(600 great rectangles)<br>in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord bridge}} | |{{radic|3.43~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^4/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#11<br><br>25₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |44.5~° |0.757~ |<small><math>\sqrt{3} / \phi\sqrt{2}</math></small> |135.5~° |1.851~ |<small><math>\phi^2 / \sqrt{2}</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.357~^-1 |2.803~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.146~^-1 |6.854~ |<small><math>\phi^4\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#4⁺<br><br>6₀ | |{{radic|0.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\sqrt{5}/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:49.1° × 130.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.31~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \sqrt{5}/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#11⁻<br><br>24₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |49.1~° |0.831~ | |130.9~° |1.819~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.325~^-1 |3.078~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^3\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.148~^-1 |6.735~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#5⁻<br><br>7₀ | |{{radic|0.88~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:56° × 124° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.12~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \psi/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10⁺<br><br>23₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |56° |0.939~ | |124° |1.766~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.288~^-1 |3.477~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi\phi^3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.153~^-1 |6.538~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi\phi^5}\times\zeta</math></small>{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V (v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} beginning with a vertex (see footnote ✼)|ps=:<br> {{indent|4}}<math>11/\chi = \psi</math> <br> {{indent|4}}<math>\chi=(3\sqrt{5}+1)/2 \approx 3.854~</math> {{indent|4}}<math>\psi=(3\sqrt{5}-1)/2 \approx 2.854~</math>}} |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#5<br><br>8₀ |<math>\pi / 3</math> |{{radic|1}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great hexagon.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |400 regular [[600-cell#Hexagons|great hexagons]]{{Efn|name=great hexagon}}<br> (1200 great rectangles)<br>in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[600-cell#Hexagons and hexagrams|2{10/3}]]<br>#4 |<small><math>2\pi / 3</math></small> |{{radic|3}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10<br><br>22₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |60° |1 | |120° |1.732~ | |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.270~^-1 |3.702~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.156~^-1 |6.413~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{6}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#5⁺<br><br>9₀ | |{{radic|1.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi/2\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:66.1° × 113.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.81~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \chi/2\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10⁻<br><br>21₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |66.1~° |1.091~ | |113.9~° |1.676~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.247~^-1 |4.041~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi/\phi^3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.161~^-1 |6.205~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁻<br><br>10₀ | |{{radic|1.31~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:69.8° × 110.2° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#9⁺<br><br>20₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |69.8~° |1.144~ |<small><math>\phi/\sqrt{2}</math></small> |110.2~° |1.640~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.236~^-1 |4.236~ |<small><math>\phi^3\times\zeta</math></small> |0.165~^-1 |6.074~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | | rowspan="3" |#6<br><br>11₀ |<math>2\pi/5</math> |{{radic|1.𝚫}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great pentagons rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |1440 [[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|great pentagons]]{{Efn|name=great pentagon}}<br>(3600 great rectangles)<br> in 720 <big>𝜙</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[600-cell#Squares and octagrams|{24/5}]]<br>#9 |<math>3\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|2.𝚽}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#9<br><br>19₀ |- style="background: yellow;" | |72° |1.176~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\sqrt{5}/\phi}</math></small> |108° |1.618~ |<small><math>\phi</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | |0.230~^-1 |4.353~ |<small><math>\sqrt{2\phi^3\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.167~^-1 |5.991~ |<small><math>\phi^3\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺⁻<br><br>12₀ | |{{radic|1.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great 5-cell digons rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |1200 [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|great digon 5-cell edges]]{{Efn|The [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|regular 5-cell has only digon central planes]] intersecting two vertices. The 120-cell with 120 inscribed regular 5-cells contains great rectangles whose longer edges are these digons, the edges of inscribed 5-cells of length {{radic|2.5}}. Three disjoint rectangles occur in one {12} central plane, where the six #8 {{radic|2.5}} chords belong to six disjoint 5-cells. The 12₀ sections and 18₀ sections are regular tetrahedra of edge length {{radic|2.5}}, the cells of regular 5-cells. The regular 5-cells' ten triangle faces lie in those sections; each of a face's three {{radic|2.5}} edges lies in a different {12} central plane.|name=5-cell rotation}}<br>(600 great rectangles)<br> in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[W:Pentagram|{5/2}]]<br>#8 | |{{radic|2.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{5/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#8<br><br>18₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |75.5~° |1.224~ | |104.5~° |1.581~ | |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.221~^-1 |4.535~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.171~^-1 |5.854~ |<small><math>\sqrt{5\phi^4}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺<br><br>13₀ | |{{radic|1.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}(9-\sqrt{5})}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:81.1° × 98.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.31~}} | | rowspan="3" |#8⁻<br><br>17₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |81.1~° |1.300~ |<small><math>\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |98.9~° |1.520~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.208~⁻¹ |4.815~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.178~^-1 |5.626~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi\phi^5}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺⁺<br><br>14₀ | |{{radic|0.81~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:84.5° × 95.5° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{11-\sqrt{5}}{4}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#7⁺<br><br>16₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |84.5~° |1.345~ | |95.5~° |1.480~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.201~⁻¹ |4.980~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^5\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.182~^-1 |5.480~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: seashell;" | | rowspan="3" |#7<br><br>15₀ |<math>\pi / 2</math> |{{radic|2}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great square rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |4050 [[600-cell#Squares|great squares]]{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}<br> in 4050 <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[W:30-gon#Triacontagram|{30/7}]]<br>#7 |<math>\pi / 2</math> |{{radic|2}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#7<br><br>15₀ |- style="background: seashell;" | |90° |1.414~ | |90° |1.414~ | |- style="background: seashell;" | |0.191~⁻¹ |5.236~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |0.191~^-1 |5.236~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |} Each kind of great circle polygon (each distinct pair of 180° complementary chords) plays a role in a discrete isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} of a distinct class,{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} which takes its great rectangle edges to similar edges in Clifford parallel great polygons of the same kind.{{Efn|In the 120-cell, completely orthogonal to every great circle polygon lies another great circle polygon of the same kind. The set of Clifford parallel invariant planes of a distinct isoclinic rotation is a set of such completely orthogonal pairs.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel invariant planes}}}} There is a distinct left and right rotation of this class for each fiber bundle of Clifford parallel great circle polygons in the invariant planes of the rotation.{{Efn|Each kind of rotation plane has its characteristic fibration divisor, denoting the number of fiber bundles of Clifford parallel great circle polygons (of each distinct kind) that are found in rotation planes of that kind. Each bundle covers all the vertices of the 120-cell exactly once, so the total number of vertices in the great circle polygons of one kind, divided by the number of bundles, is always 600, the number of distinct vertices. For example, "400 irregular great hexagons" / 4.}} In each class of rotation,{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] are defined by at least one pair of completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=perpendicular and parallel}} central planes of rotation which are ''invariant'', which means that all points in the plane stay in the plane as the plane moves. A distinct left (and right) isoclinic{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} rotation may have multiple pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes, and all those invariant planes are mutually [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]. A distinct class of discrete isoclinic rotation has a characteristic kind of great polygon in its invariant planes.{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} It has multiple distinct left (and right) rotation instances called ''fibrations'', which have disjoint sets of invariant rotation planes. The fibrations are disjoint bundles of Clifford parallel circular ''fibers'', the great circle polygons in their invariant planes.|name=Clifford parallel invariant planes}} vertices rotate on a distinct kind of circular geodesic isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} which has a characteristic circumference, skew Clifford polygram{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} and chord number, listed in the Rotation column above.{{Efn|The 120-cell has 7200 distinct rotational displacements, each with its invariant rotation plane. The 7200 distinct central planes can be grouped into the sets of Clifford parallel invariant rotation planes of 25 distinct classes of (double) rotations, and are usually given as those sets.{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2}}|name=distinct rotations}} ===Polyhedral graph=== Considering the [[W:Adjacency matrix|adjacency matrix]] of the vertices representing the polyhedral graph of the unit-radius 120-cell, the [[W:Graph diameter|graph diameter]] is 15, connecting each vertex to its coordinate-negation at a [[W:Euclidean distance|Euclidean distance]] of 2 away (its circumdiameter), and there are 24 different paths to connect them along the polytope edges. From each vertex, there are 4 vertices at distance 1, 12 at distance 2, 24 at distance 3, 36 at distance 4, 52 at distance 5, 68 at distance 6, 76 at distance 7, 78 at distance 8, 72 at distance 9, 64 at distance 10, 56 at distance 11, 40 at distance 12, 12 at distance 13, 4 at distance 14, and 1 at distance 15. The adjacency matrix has 27 distinct eigenvalues ranging from {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270, with a multiplicity of 4, to 2, with a multiplicity of 1. The multiplicity of eigenvalue 0 is 18, and the rank of the adjacency matrix is 582. The vertices of the 120-cell polyhedral graph are [[W:Vertex coloring|3-colorable]]. The graph is [[W:Eulerian path|Eulerian]] having degree 4 in every vertex. Its edge set can be decomposed into two [[W:Hamiltonian path|Hamiltonian cycles]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Carlo H. Séquin | title = Symmetrical Hamiltonian manifolds on regular 3D and 4D polytopes | date = July 2005 | pages = 463–472 | publisher = Mathartfun.com | isbn = 9780966520163 | url = https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-463.html#gsc.tab=0 | access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> === Constructions === The 120-cell is the sixth in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} It can be deconstructed into ten distinct instances (or five disjoint instances) of its predecessor (and dual) the [[600-cell]],{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} just as the 600-cell can be deconstructed into twenty-five distinct instances (or five disjoint instances) of its predecessor the [[24-cell|24-cell]],{{Efn|In the 120-cell, each 24-cell belongs to two different 600-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=435|loc=§4.3.5 The two 600-cells circumscribing a 24-cell}} The 120-cell contains 225 distinct 24-cells and can be partitioned into 25 disjoint 24-cells, so it is the convex hull of a compound of 25 24-cells.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|p=5|loc=§2 The Labeling of H4}}|name=two 600-cells share a 24-cell}} the 24-cell can be deconstructed into three distinct instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (8-cell), and the 8-cell can be deconstructed into two disjoint instances of its predecessor (and dual) the [[16-cell|16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=305|loc=Table VII: Regular Compounds in Four Dimensions}} The 120-cell contains 675 distinct instances (75 disjoint instances) of the 16-cell.{{Efn|The 120-cell has 600 vertices distributed symmetrically on the surface of a 3-sphere in four-dimensional Euclidean space. The vertices come in antipodal pairs, and the lines through antipodal pairs of vertices define the 300 '''rays''' [or axes] of the 120-cell. We will term any set of four mutually orthogonal rays (or directions) a '''[[W:Orthonormal basis|basis]]'''. The 300 rays form 675 bases, with each ray occurring in 9 bases and being orthogonal to its 27 distinct companions in these bases and to no other rays. The rays and bases constitute a [[W:Configuration (geometry)|geometric configuration]], which in the language of configurations is written as 300₉675₄ to indicate that each ray belongs to 9 bases, and each basis contains 4 rays.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2014|loc=§2 Geometry of the 120-cell: rays and bases|pp=3-4}} Each basis corresponds to a distinct [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] containing four orthogonal axes and six orthogonal great squares. 75 completely disjoint 16-cells containing all 600 vertices of the 120-cell can be selected from the 675 distinct 16-cells.{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}}|name=rays and bases}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The 600-cell's edge length is ~0.618 times its radius (the inverse [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]]), but the 120-cell's edge length is ~0.270 times its radius. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the regular compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. This can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells, as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point 600-cell, expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell. For each of the 120 vertices, add 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point 600-cells: a 120-cell. ==== Dual 600-cells ==== [[File:Chiroicosahedron-in-dodecahedron.png|thumb|150px|right|Five tetrahedra inscribed in a dodecahedron. Five opposing tetrahedra (not shown) can also be inscribed.]] Since the 120-cell is the dual of the 600-cell, it can be constructed from the 600-cell by placing its 600 vertices at the center of volume of each of the 600 tetrahedral cells. From a 600-cell of unit long radius, this results in a 120-cell of slightly smaller long radius ({{sfrac|φ²|{{radic|8}}}} ≈ 0.926) and edge length of exactly 1/4. Thus the unit edge-length 120-cell (with long radius φ²{{radic|2}} ≈ 3.702) can be constructed in this manner just inside a 600-cell of long radius 4. The [[#Unit radius coordinates|unit radius 120-cell]] (with edge-length {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270) can be constructed in this manner just inside a 600-cell of long radius {{sfrac|{{radic|8}}|φ²}} ≈ 1.080. [[File:Dodecahedron_vertices.svg|thumb|150px|right|One of the five distinct cubes inscribed in the dodecahedron (dashed lines). Two opposing tetrahedra (not shown) lie inscribed in each cube, so ten distinct tetrahedra (one from each 600-cell in the 120-cell) are inscribed in the dodecahedron.{{Efn|In the [[W:120-cell#Dual 600-cells|dodecahedral cell]] of the unit-radius 120-cell, the edge is the '''15.5° #1 [[#Chords|chord]]''' of the 120-cell of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi^2\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.270</math></small>. Eight {{Color|orange}} vertices lie at the Cartesian coordinates <small><math>(\pm\phi^3\sqrt{8}, \pm\phi^3\sqrt{8}, \pm\phi^3\sqrt{8})</math></small> relative to origin at the cell center. They form a cube (dashed lines) whose edges are the '''25.2° #2 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.437</math></small> (the pentagon diagonal). The face diagonals of the cube (not drawn) are the '''36° #3 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small> (the edges of two 600-cell tetrahedron cells inscribed in the cube). The next largest '''41.1° chord''' has length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>. The diameter of the dodecahedron is the '''44.5° #4 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{\phi\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.757</math></small> (the cube diagonal). If the #4 diameter is extended outside the dodecahedron in a straight line in the curved space of the 3-sphere, it is colinear with a #1 edge belonging to three neighboring dodecahedron cells, and the combined '''60° #5 chord''' has length <small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> (an edge of an inscribed 24-cell). If this 60° combined #4 plus #1 geodesic is further extended in a straight line by another #4 chord (the diameter of a further cell), the combined '''104.5° #8 chord''' has length <small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small> (an edge of an inscribed regular 5-cell).|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}}]] Reciprocally, the unit-radius 120-cell can be constructed just outside a 600-cell of slightly smaller long radius {{sfrac|φ²|{{radic|8}}}} ≈ 0.926, by placing the center of each dodecahedral cell at one of the 120 600-cell vertices. The 120-cell whose coordinates are given [[#√8 radius coordinates|above]] of long radius {{Radic|8}} = 2{{Radic|2}} ≈ 2.828 and edge-length {{sfrac|2|φ²}} = 3−{{radic|5}} ≈ 0.764 can be constructed in this manner just outside a 600-cell of long radius φ², which is smaller than {{Radic|8}} in the same ratio of ≈ 0.926; it is in the golden ratio to the edge length of the 600-cell, so that must be φ. The 120-cell of edge-length 2 and long radius φ²{{Radic|8}} ≈ 7.405 given by Coxeter{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table I(ii); "120-cell"|pp=292-293}} can be constructed in this manner just outside a 600-cell of long radius φ⁴ and edge-length φ³. Therefore, the unit-radius 120-cell can be constructed from its predecessor the unit-radius 600-cell in three reciprocation steps. ==== Cell rotations of inscribed duals ==== Since the 120-cell contains inscribed 600-cells, it contains its own dual of the same radius. The 120-cell contains five disjoint 600-cells (ten overlapping inscribed 600-cells of which we can pick out five disjoint 600-cells in two different ways), so it can be seen as a compound of five of its own dual (in two ways). The vertices of each inscribed 600-cell are vertices of the 120-cell, and (dually) each dodecahedral cell center is a tetrahedral cell center in each of the inscribed 600-cells. The dodecahedral cells of the 120-cell have tetrahedral cells of the 600-cells inscribed in them.{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|loc=The Dodecahedron|pp=4-5}} Just as the 120-cell is a compound of five 600-cells (in two ways), the dodecahedron is a compound of five regular tetrahedra (in two ways). As two opposing tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, and five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron, ten tetrahedra in five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron: two opposing sets of five, with each set covering all 20 vertices and each vertex in two tetrahedra (one from each set, but not the opposing pair of a cube obviously).{{Sfn|Coxeter, du Val, Flather & Petrie|1938|p=4|ps=; "Just as a tetrahedron can be inscribed in a cube, so a cube can be inscribed in a dodecahedron. By reciprocation, this leads to an octahedron circumscribed about an icosahedron. In fact, each of the twelve vertices of the icosahedron divides an edge of the octahedron according to the "[[W:Golden section|golden section]]". Given the icosahedron, the circumscribed octahedron can be chosen in five ways, giving a [[W:Compound of five octahedra|compound of five octahedra]], which comes under our definition of [[W:Stellated icosahedron|stellated icosahedron]]. (The reciprocal compound, of five cubes whose vertices belong to a dodecahedron, is a stellated [[W:Triacontahedron|triacontahedron]].) Another stellated icosahedron can at once be deduced, by stellating each octahedron into a [[W:Stella octangula|stella octangula]], thus forming a [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compound of ten tetrahedra]]. Further, we can choose one tetrahedron from each stella octangula, so as to derive a [[W:Compound of five tetrahedra|compound of five tetrahedra]], which still has all the rotation symmetry of the icosahedron (i.e. the icosahedral group), although it has lost the reflections. By reflecting this figure in any plane of symmetry of the icosahedron, we obtain the complementary set of five tetrahedra. These two sets of five tetrahedra are enantiomorphous, i.e. not directly congruent, but related like a pair of shoes. [Such] a figure which possesses no plane of symmetry (so that it is enantiomorphous to its mirror-image) is said to be ''[[W:Chiral|chiral]]''."}} This shows that the 120-cell contains, among its many interior features, 120 [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compounds of ten tetrahedra]], each of which is dimensionally analogous to the whole 120-cell as a compound of ten 600-cells.{{Efn|The 600 vertices of the 120-cell can be partitioned into those of 5 disjoint inscribed 120-vertex 600-cells in two different ways.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2014|pp=5-6}} The geometry of this 4D partitioning is dimensionally analogous to the 3D partitioning of the 20 vertices of the dodecahedron into 5 disjoint inscribed tetrahedra, which can also be done in two different ways because [[#Cell rotations of inscribed duals|each dodecahedral cell contains two opposing sets of 5 disjoint inscribed tetrahedral cells]]. The 120-cell can be partitioned in a manner analogous to the dodecahedron because each of its dodecahedral cells contains one tetrahedral cell from each of the 10 inscribed 600-cells.|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} All ten tetrahedra can be generated by two chiral five-click rotations of any one tetrahedron. In each dodecahedral cell, one tetrahedral cell comes from each of the ten 600-cells inscribed in the 120-cell.{{Efn|The 10 tetrahedra in each dodecahedron overlap; but the 600 tetrahedra in each 600-cell do not, so each of the 10 must belong to a different 600-cell.}} Therefore the whole 120-cell, with all ten inscribed 600-cells, can be generated from just one 600-cell by rotating its cells. ==== Augmentation ==== Another consequence of the 120-cell containing inscribed 600-cells is that it is possible to construct it by placing [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramid]]s of some kind on the cells of the 600-cell. These tetrahedral pyramids must be quite irregular in this case (with the apex blunted into four 'apexes'), but we can discern their shape in the way a tetrahedron lies inscribed in a [[W:Regular dodecahedron#Cartesian coordinates|dodecahedron]].{{Efn|name=truncated apex}} Only 120 tetrahedral cells of each 600-cell can be inscribed in the 120-cell's dodecahedra; its other 480 tetrahedra span dodecahedral cells. Each dodecahedron-inscribed tetrahedron is the center cell of a [[600-cell#Icosahedra|cluster of five tetrahedra]], with the four others face-bonded around it lying only partially within the dodecahedron. The central tetrahedron is edge-bonded to an additional 12 tetrahedral cells, also lying only partially within the dodecahedron.{{Efn|As we saw in the [[600-cell#Cell clusters|600-cell]], these 12 tetrahedra belong (in pairs) to the 6 [[600-cell#Icosahedra|icosahedral clusters]] of twenty tetrahedral cells which surround each cluster of five tetrahedral cells.}} The central cell is vertex-bonded to 40 other tetrahedral cells which lie entirely outside the dodecahedron. ==== Weyl orbits ==== Another construction method uses [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]]s and the [[W:Icosahedral symmetry|icosahedral symmetry]] of [[W:Weyl group|Weyl group]] orbits <math>O(\Lambda)=W(H_4)=I</math> of order 120.{{Sfn|Koca|Al-Ajmi|Ozdes Koca|2011|loc=6. Dual of the snub 24-cell|pp=986-988}} The following describe <math>T</math> and <math>T'</math> [[24-cell|24-cell]]s as quaternion orbit weights of D4 under the Weyl group W(D4):<br/> O(0100) : T = {±1,±e1,±e2,±e3,(±1±e1±e2±e3)/2}<br/> O(1000) : V1<br/> O(0010) : V2<br/> O(0001) : V3 <math display="block">T'=\sqrt{2}\{V1\oplus V2\oplus V3 \} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{-1-e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_2-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_2-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_2+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_2+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \frac{-1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \frac{-e_1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \end{pmatrix};</math> With quaternions <math>(p,q)</math> where <math>\bar p</math> is the conjugate of <math>p</math> and <math>[p,q]:r\rightarrow r'=prq</math> and <math>[p,q]^*:r\rightarrow r''=p\bar rq</math>, then the [[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] <math>W(H_4)=\lbrace[p,\bar p] \oplus [p,\bar p]^*\rbrace </math> is the symmetry group of the [[600-cell]] and the 120-cell of order 14400. Given <math>p \in T</math> such that <math>\bar p=\pm p^4, \bar p^2=\pm p^3, \bar p^3=\pm p^2, \bar p^4=\pm p</math> and <math>p^\dagger</math> as an exchange of <math>-1/\varphi \leftrightarrow \varphi</math> within <math>p</math>, we can construct: * the [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] <math>S=\sum_{i=1}^4\oplus p^i T</math> * the [[600-cell]] <math>I=T+S=\sum_{i=0}^4\oplus p^i T</math> * the 120-cell <math>J=\sum_{i,j=0}^4\oplus p^i\bar p^{\dagger j}T'</math> * the alternate snub 24-cell <math>S'=\sum_{i=1}^4\oplus p^i\bar p^{\dagger i}T'</math> * the [[W:Dual snub 24-cell|dual snub 24-cell]] = <math>T \oplus T' \oplus S'</math>. === As a configuration === This [[W:Regular 4-polytope#As configurations|configuration matrix]] represents the 120-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 120-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§1.8 Configurations}}{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|p=117}} <math>\begin{bmatrix}\begin{matrix}600 & 4 & 6 & 4 \\ 2 & 1200 & 3 & 3 \\ 5 & 5 & 720 & 2 \\ 20 & 30 & 12 & 120 \end{matrix}\end{bmatrix}</math> Here is the configuration expanded with ''k''-face elements and ''k''-figures. The diagonal element counts are the ratio of the full [[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] order, 14400, divided by the order of the subgroup with mirror removal. {| class=wikitable !H₄||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} ! [[W:K-face|''k''-face]]||f_k||f₀ || f₁||f₂||f₃||[[W:vertex figure|''k''-fig]] !Notes |- align=right |A₃ || {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_x|2|node|3|node|3|node}} ||( ) !f₀ || 600 || 4 || 6 || 4 ||[[W:Regular tetrahedron|{3,3}]] || H₄/A₃ = 14400/24 = 600 |- align=right |A₁A₂ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|2|node_x|2|node|3|node}} ||{ } !f₁ || 2 || 1200 || 3 || 3 || [[W:Equilateral triangle|{3}]] || H₄/A₂A₁ = 14400/6/2 = 1200 |- align=right |H₂A₁ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|2|node_x|2|node}} ||[[W:Pentagon|{5}]] !f₂ || 5 || 5 || 720 || 2 || { } || H₄/H₂A₁ = 14400/10/2 = 720 |- align=right |H₃ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|2|node_x}} ||[[W:Regular dodecahedron|{5,3}]] !f₃ || 20 || 30 || 12 ||120|| ( ) || H₄/H₃ = 14400/120 = 120 |} == Visualization == The 120-cell consists of 120 dodecahedral cells. For visualization purposes, it is convenient that the dodecahedron has opposing parallel faces (a trait it shares with the cells of the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] and the [[24-cell|24-cell]]). One can stack dodecahedrons face to face in a straight line bent in the 4th direction into a great circle with a circumference of 10 cells. Starting from this initial ten cell construct there are two common visualizations one can use: a layered stereographic projection, and a structure of intertwining rings.{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|p=15|loc=Other Properties of the 120-cell}} === Layered stereographic projection === The cell locations lend themselves to a hyperspherical description.{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013|p=16|loc=§6.1. Layers of dodecahedra}} Pick an arbitrary dodecahedron and label it the "north pole". Twelve great circle meridians (four cells long) radiate out in 3 dimensions, converging at the fifth "south pole" cell. This skeleton accounts for 50 of the 120 cells (2 + 4 × 12). Starting at the North Pole, we can build up the 120-cell in 9 latitudinal layers, with allusions to terrestrial 2-sphere topography in the table below. With the exception of the poles, the centroids of the cells of each layer lie on a separate 2-sphere, with the equatorial centroids lying on a great 2-sphere. The centroids of the 30 equatorial cells form the vertices of an [[W:Icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with the meridians (as described above) passing through the center of each pentagonal face. The cells labeled "interstitial" in the following table do not fall on meridian great circles. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Layer # ! Number of Cells ! Description ! Colatitude ! Region |- | style="text-align: center" | 1 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | North Pole | style="text-align: center" | 0° | rowspan="4" | Northern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 2 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | First layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Arctic Circle|Arctic Circle]]" | style="text-align: center" | 36° |- | style="text-align: center" | 3 | style="text-align: center" | 20 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 60° |- | style="text-align: center" | 4 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Second layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Tropic of Cancer|Tropic of Cancer]]" | style="text-align: center" | 72° |- | style="text-align: center" | 5 | style="text-align: center" | 30 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 90° | style="text-align: center" | Equator |- | style="text-align: center" | 6 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Third layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Tropic of Capricorn|Tropic of Capricorn]]" | style="text-align: center" | 108° | rowspan="4" | Southern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 7 | style="text-align: center" | 20 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 120° |- | style="text-align: center" | 8 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Fourth layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Antarctic Circle|Antarctic Circle]]" | style="text-align: center" | 144° |- | style="text-align: center" | 9 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | South Pole | style="text-align: center" | 180° |- ! Total ! 120 cells ! colspan="3" | |} The cells of layers 2, 4, 6 and 8 are located over the faces of the pole cell. The cells of layers 3 and 7 are located directly over the vertices of the pole cell. The cells of layer 5 are located over the edges of the pole cell. === Intertwining rings === [[Image:120-cell rings.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Two intertwining rings of the 120-cell.]] [[File:120-cell_two_orthogonal_rings.png|thumb|300px|Two orthogonal rings in a cell-centered projection]] The 120-cell can be partitioned into 12 disjoint 10-cell great circle rings, forming a discrete/quantized [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§9. The 120-cell and the 600-cell|pp=19-23}}{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013|pp=16-18|loc=§6.2. Rings of dodecahedra}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013}}{{Sfn|Zamboj|2021|pp=6-12|loc=§2 Mathematical background}}{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|loc=Other Properties of the 120-cell|p=15}} Starting with one 10-cell ring, one can place another ring alongside it that spirals around the original ring one complete revolution in ten cells. Five such 10-cell rings can be placed adjacent to the original 10-cell ring. Although the outer rings "spiral" around the inner ring (and each other), they actually have no helical [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. They are all equivalent. The spiraling is a result of the 3-sphere curvature. The inner ring and the five outer rings now form a six ring, 60-cell solid torus. One can continue adding 10-cell rings adjacent to the previous ones, but it's more instructive to construct a second torus, disjoint from the one above, from the remaining 60 cells, that interlocks with the first. The 120-cell, like the 3-sphere, is the union of these two ([[W:Clifford torus|Clifford]]) tori. If the center ring of the first torus is a meridian great circle as defined above, the center ring of the second torus is the equatorial great circle that is centered on the meridian circle.{{Sfn|Zamboj|2021|loc=§5 Hopf tori corresponding to circles on B²|pp=23-29}} Also note that the spiraling shell of 50 cells around a center ring can be either left handed or right handed. It's just a matter of partitioning the cells in the shell differently, i.e. picking another set of disjoint ([[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]) great circles. === Other great circle constructs === There is another great circle path of interest that alternately passes through opposing cell vertices, then along an edge. This path consists of 6 edges alternating with 6 cell diameter [[#Chords|chords]], forming an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular dodecagon in a central plane]]. Both these great circle paths have dual [[600-cell#Union of two tori|great circle paths in the 600-cell]]. The 10 cell face to face path above maps to a 10 vertex path solely traversing along edges in the 600-cell, forming a [[600-cell#Decagons|decagon]].{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} The alternating cell/edge path maps to a path consisting of 12 tetrahedrons alternately meeting face to face then vertex to vertex (six [[W:Triangular bipyramids|triangular bipyramids]]) in the 600-cell. This latter path corresponds to a [[600-cell#Icosahedra|ring of six icosahedra]] meeting face to face in the [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] (or [[W:Icosahedral pyramid|icosahedral pyramids]] in the 600-cell), forming a [[600-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]]. Another great circle polygon path exists which is unique to the 120-cell and has no dual counterpart in the 600-cell. This path consists of 3 120-cell edges alternating with 3 inscribed 5-cell edges (#8 chords), forming the irregular great hexagon with alternating short and long edges [[#Chords|illustrated above]].{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} Each 5-cell edge runs through the volume of three dodecahedral cells (in a ring of ten face-bonded dodecahedral cells), to the opposite pentagonal face of the third dodecahedron. This irregular great hexagon lies in the same central plane (on the same great circle) as the irregular great dodecagon described above, but it intersects only {6} of the {12} dodecagon vertices. There are two irregular great hexagons inscribed in each [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], in alternate positions. === 2D Orthogonal projections === [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthogonal projection]]s of the 120-cell can be done in 2D by defining two orthonormal basis vectors for a specific view direction. The 30-gonal projection was made in 1963 by [[W:B. L. Chilton|B. L. Chilton]].{{Sfn|Chilton|1964}} The H3 [[W:Decagon|decagon]]al projection shows the plane of the [[W:Van Oss polygon|van Oss polygon]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthographic projection]]s by [[W:Coxeter plane|Coxeter plane]]s{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|pp=18-20|loc=6. The Coxeter Plane}} |- align=center !H₄ ! - !F₄ |- align=center |[[File:120-cell graph H4.svg|240px]]<br>[30]<br>(Red=1) |[[File:120-cell t0 p20.svg|240px]]<br>[20]<br>(Red=1) |[[File:120-cell t0 F4.svg|240px]]<br>[12]<br>(Red=1) |- align=center !H₃ !A₂ / B₃ / D₄ !A₃ / B₂ |- align=center |[[File:120-cell t0 H3.svg|240px]]<br>[10]<br>(Red=5, orange=10) |[[File:120-cell t0 A2.svg|240px]]<br>[6]<br>(Red=1, orange=3, yellow=6, lime=9, green=12) |[[File:120-cell t0 A3.svg|240px]]<br>[4]<br>(Red=1, orange=2, yellow=4, lime=6, green=8) |} === 3D Perspective projections === These projections use [[W:Perspective projection|perspective projection]], from a specific viewpoint in four dimensions, projecting the model as a 3D shadow. Therefore, faces and cells that look larger are merely closer to the 4D viewpoint. A comparison of perspective projections of the 3D dodecahedron to 2D (above left), and projections of the 4D 120-cell to 3D (below right), demonstrates two related perspective projection methods, by dimensional analogy. [[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]s use [[W:Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] to show depth in the dimension which has been flattened, choosing a view point ''above'' a specific cell, thus making that cell the envelope of the model, with other cells appearing smaller inside it. [[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]]s use the same approach, but are shown with curved edges, representing the spherical polytope as a tiling of a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. Both these methods distort the object, because the cells are not actually nested inside each other (they meet face-to-face), and they are all the same size. Other perspective projection methods exist, such as the rotating [[120-cell#Animations|animations]] below, which do not exhibit this particular kind of distortion, but rather some other kind of distortion (as all projections must). {| class="wikitable" style="width:540px;" |+Comparison with regular dodecahedron |- !width=80|Projection ![[W:Dodecahedron|Dodecahedron]] !120-cell |- ![[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]] |align=center|[[Image:Dodecahedron schlegel.svg|220px]]<br>12 pentagon faces in the plane |align=center|[[File:Schlegel wireframe 120-cell.png|220px]]<br>120 dodecahedral cells in 3-space |- ![[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]] |align=center|[[Image:Dodecahedron stereographic projection.png|220px]] |align=center|[[Image:Stereographic polytope 120cell faces.png|220px]]<br>With transparent faces |} {|class="wikitable" |- !colspan=2|Enhanced perspective projections |- |align=center|[[Image:120-cell perspective-cell-first-02.png|240px]] |Cell-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from the center to a vertex, with these enhancements applied: * Nearest dodecahedron to the 4D viewpoint rendered in yellow * The 12 dodecahedra immediately adjoining it rendered in cyan; * The remaining dodecahedra rendered in green; * Cells facing away from the 4D viewpoint (those lying on the "far side" of the 120-cell) culled to minimize clutter in the final image. |- |align=center|[[Image:120-cell perspective-vertex-first-02.png|240px]] |Vertex-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from center to a vertex, with these enhancements: * Four cells surrounding nearest vertex shown in 4 colors * Nearest vertex shown in white (center of image where 4 cells meet) * Remaining cells shown in transparent green * Cells facing away from 4D viewpoint culled for clarity |} === Animations === {|class="wikitable" !colspan=2|Projections to 3D of a 4D 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]] |- |align=center|[[File:120-cell.gif|256px]] |align=center|[[File:120-cell-inner.gif|256px]] |- |From outside the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] in 4-space. |Inside the [[600-cell#Boundary envelopes|3D surface]] of the 3-sphere. |} In all the above projections of the 120-cell, only the edges of the 120-cell appear. All the other [[#Chords|chords]] are not shown. 600 chords converge at ''each'' of the 600 vertices. The complex [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|interior parts]] of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 600-cells, 24-cells, 8-cells, 16-cells and 5-cells, are completely invisible in all illustrations. The viewer must imagine them.{{Efn|[[File:Omnitruncated_120-cell_Coxeter_sections-subsections_projected_from_4D.svg|thumb|A full display of each section's orbits along with sub-section orbits in the 14400-point omnitruncated 120-cell.]]The 120-cell has <small><math>600^2 = 360,000</math></small> distinct chords. With all of its chords ''and their intersections'' it is the 14400 vertex [[W:Omnitruncation|omnitruncated]] 120-cell, which is identical to the omnitruncated 600-cell given the symmetry of their Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams.}} The following animation is an exception which does show some interior chords, although it does not reveal the inscribed 4-polytopes. {| class=wikitable width=540 !colspan=1|Coxeter section views |- |align=center|[[File:Cell120-OmniTruncated-Sections.webm|300px]]<br>Sections of an omnitrucated 4D 600/120-cell 97 frames (=48x2 L/R+1 Center) shown in 4D to 3D [[W:Flatland|Flatland]]er views. The center section is highlighted by also showing it as a combined set of convex hulls. |} == Related polyhedra and honeycombs== === H₄ polytopes === The 120-cell is one of 15 regular and uniform polytopes with the same H₄ symmetry [3,3,5]:{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020}} {{H4_family}} === {p,3,3} polytopes === The 120-cell is similar to three [[W:Regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytopes]]: the [[5-cell|5-cell]] {3,3,3} and [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] {4,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the [[W:Hexagonal tiling honeycomb|hexagonal tiling honeycomb]] {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space. All of these have a [[W:Tetrahedral|tetrahedral]] [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] {3,3}: {{Tetrahedral vertex figure tessellations small}} === {5,3,p} polytopes === The 120-cell is a part of a sequence of 4-polytopes and honeycombs with [[W:Dodecahedral|dodecahedral]] cells: {{Dodecahedral_tessellations_small}} === Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell === Since the 600-point 120-cell has 5 disjoint inscribed 600-cells, it can be diminished by the removal of one of those 120-point 600-cells, creating an irregular 480-point 4-polytope.{{Efn|The diminishment of the 600-point 120-cell to a 480-point 4-polytope by removal of one if its 600-cells is analogous to the [[600-cell#Diminished 600-cells|diminishment of the 120-point 600-cell]] by removal of one of its 5 disjoint inscribed 24-cells, creating the 96-point [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]]. Similarly, the 8-cell tesseract can be seen as a 16-point [[24-cell#Diminishings|diminished 24-cell]] from which one 8-point 16-cell has been removed.}} [[File:Tetrahedrally_diminished_regular_dodecahedron.png|thumb|In the [[W:Tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron|tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron]], 4 vertices are truncated to equilateral triangles. The 12 pentagon faces lose a vertex, becoming trapezoids.]] Each dodecahedral cell of the 120-cell is diminished by removal of 4 of its 20 vertices, creating an irregular 16-point polyhedron called the [[W:Tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron|tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron]] because the 4 vertices removed formed a [[#Dual 600-cells|tetrahedron inscribed in the dodecahedron]]. Since the vertex figure of the dodecahedron is the triangle, each truncated vertex is replaced by a triangle. The 12 pentagon faces are replaced by 12 trapezoids, as one vertex of each pentagon is removed and two of its edges are replaced by the pentagon's diagonal chord.{{Efn|name=face pentagon chord}} The tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron has 16 vertices and 16 faces: 12 trapezoid faces and four equilateral triangle faces. Since the vertex figure of the 120-cell is the tetrahedron,{{Efn|Each 120-cell vertex figure is actually a low tetrahedral pyramid, an irregular [[5-cell|5-cell]] with a regular tetrahedron base.|name=truncated apex}} each truncated vertex is replaced by a tetrahedron, leaving 120 tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron cells and 120 regular tetrahedron cells. The regular dodecahedron and the tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron both have 30 edges, and the regular 120-cell and the tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell both have 1200 edges. The '''480-point diminished 120-cell''' may be called the '''tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell''' because its cells are tetrahedrally diminished, or the '''600-cell diminished 120-cell''' because the vertices removed formed a 600-cell inscribed in the 120-cell, or even the '''regular 5-cells diminished 120-cell''' because removing the 120 vertices removes one vertex from each of the 120 inscribed regular 5-cells, leaving 120 regular tetrahedra.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} === Davis 120-cell manifold === The '''Davis 120-cell manifold''', introduced by {{harvtxt|Davis|1985}}, is a compact 4-dimensional [[W:Hyperbolic manifold|hyperbolic manifold]] obtained by identifying opposite faces of the 120-cell, whose universal cover gives the [[W:List of regular polytopes#Tessellations of hyperbolic 4-space|regular honeycomb]] [[W:order-5 120-cell honeycomb|{5,3,3,5}]] of 4-dimensional hyperbolic space. ==See also== *[[W:Uniform 4-polytope#The H4 family|Uniform 4-polytope family with [5,3,3] symmetry]] *[[W:57-cell|57-cell]] – an abstract regular 4-polytope constructed from 57 [[W:Hemi-dodecahedron|hemi-dodecahedra]]. *[[600-cell]] - the dual [[W:4-polytope|4-polytope]] to the 120-cell ==Notes== {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist|wiki=W:}} ==Citations== {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Reflist|wiki=W:}} ==References== {{Refbegin}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Refs|wiki=W:}} * {{Citation | last1=Davis | first1=Michael W. | title=A hyperbolic 4-manifold | doi=10.2307/2044771 | year=1985 | journal=[[W:Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society|Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9939 | volume=93 | issue=2 | pages=325–328| jstor=2044771 }} *[http://www.polytope.de Four-dimensional Archimedean Polytopes] (German), Marco Möller, 2004 PhD dissertation [http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2004/2196/pdf/Dissertation.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322235615/http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2004/2196/pdf/Dissertation.pdf |date=2005-03-22 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Schleimer|first1=Saul|last2=Segerman|first2=Henry|date=2013|title=Puzzling the 120-cell|journal=Notices Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=62|issue=11|pages=1309–1316|doi=10.1090/noti1297 |arxiv=1310.3549 |s2cid=117636740|ref={{SfnRef|Schleimer & Segerman|2013}}}} {{Refend}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFXRRW9goTs/ YouTube animation of the construction of the 120-cell] Gian Marco Todesco. * [http://www.theory.org/geotopo/120-cell/ Construction of the Hyper-Dodecahedron] * [http://www.gravitation3d.com/120cell/ 120-cell explorer] &ndash; A free interactive program (requires Microsoft .Net framework) that allows you to learn about a number of the 120-cell symmetries. The 120-cell is projected to 3 dimensions and then rendered using OpenGL. [[Category:Geometry]] [[Category:Polyscheme]] s94m2a79vwu3q9ktka8hl873f34d6s2 2812515 2812514 2026-06-02T04:22:08Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Geometry */ 2812515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Four-dimensional analog of the dodecahedron}} {{Polyscheme|radius=an '''expanded version''' of|active=is the focus of active research}} {{Infobox 4-polytope | Name=120-cell | Image_File=Schlegel wireframe 120-cell.png | Image_Caption=[[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]<br>(vertices and edges) | Type=[[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|Convex regular 4-polytope]] | Last=[[W:Snub 24-cell|31]] | Index=32 | Next=[[W:Rectified 120-cell|33]] | Schläfli={5,3,3}| CD={{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}}| Cell_List=120 [[W:Dodecahedron|{5,3}]] [[Image:Dodecahedron.png|20px]]| Face_List=720 [[W:Pentagon|{5}]] [[File:Regular pentagon.svg|20px]]| Edge_Count=1200| Vertex_Count= 600| Petrie_Polygon=[[W:Triacontagon|30-gon]]| Coxeter_Group=H₄, [3,3,5]| Vertex_Figure=[[File:120-cell verf.svg|80px]]<br>[[W:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]| Dual=[[600-cell]]| Property_List=[[W:Convex set|convex]], [[W:Isogonal figure|isogonal]], [[W:Isotoxal figure|isotoxal]], [[W:Isohedral figure|isohedral]] }} {{maths}} [[File:120-cell net.png|thumb|right|[[W:Net (polyhedron)|Net]]]] In [[W:Geometry|geometry]], the '''120-cell''' is the [[W:Convex regular 4-polytope|convex regular 4-polytope]] (four-dimensional analogue of a [[W:Platonic solid|Platonic solid]]) with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {5,3,3}. It is also called a '''C₁₂₀''', '''dodecaplex''' (short for "dodecahedral complex"), '''hyperdodecahedron''', '''polydodecahedron''', '''hecatonicosachoron''', '''dodecacontachoron'''<ref>[[W:Norman Johnson (mathematician)|N.W. Johnson]]: ''Geometries and Transformations'', (2018) {{ISBN|978-1-107-10340-5}} Chapter 11: ''Finite Symmetry Groups'', 11.5 ''Spherical Coxeter groups'', p.249</ref> and '''hecatonicosahedroid'''.<ref>Matila Ghyka, ''The Geometry of Art and Life'' (1977), p.68</ref> The boundary of the 120-cell is composed of 120 dodecahedral [[W:Cell (mathematics)|cells]] with 4 meeting at each vertex. Together they form 720 [[W:Pentagon|pentagonal]] faces, 1200 edges, and 600 vertices. It is the 4-[[W:Four-dimensional space#Dimensional analogy|dimensional analogue]] of the [[W:Regular dodecahedron|regular dodecahedron]], since just as a dodecahedron has 12 pentagonal facets, with 3 around each vertex, the ''dodecaplex'' has 120 dodecahedral facets, with 3 around each edge.{{Efn|In the 120-cell, 3 dodecahedra and 3 pentagons meet at every edge. 4 dodecahedra, 6 pentagons, and 4 edges meet at every vertex. The dihedral angle (between dodecahedral hyperplanes) is 144°.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table I(ii); "120-cell"|pp=292-293}}|name=dihedral}} Its dual polytope is the [[600-cell]]. == Geometry == The 120-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions (except the polygons {7} and above).{{Efn|name=elements}} As the sixth and largest regular convex 4-polytope,{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} it contains inscribed instances of its four predecessors (recursively). It also contains 120 inscribed instances of the first in the sequence, the [[5-cell|5-cell]],{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} which is not found in any of the others.{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|p=18|loc=''Remark 5.7''|ps=, explains why not.{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}}}} The 120-cell is a four-dimensional [[W:Swiss Army knife|Swiss Army knife]]: it contains one of everything. It is daunting but instructive to study the 120-cell, because it contains examples of ''every'' relationship among ''all'' the convex regular polytopes found in the first four dimensions. Conversely, it can only be understood by first understanding each of its predecessors, and the sequence of increasingly complex symmetries they exhibit.{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|loc=Abstract|ps=; "[E]very 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of H3 → H4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan-Dieudonné theorem ... shed[ding] light on geometric aspects of the H4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries ... including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes.... This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework."}} That is why [[W:John Stillwell|Stillwell]] titled his paper on the 4-polytopes and the history of mathematics<ref>''Mathematics and Its History'', John Stillwell, 1989, 3rd edition 2010, {{isbn|0-387-95336-1}}</ref> of more than 3 dimensions ''The Story of the 120-cell''.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001|loc=''The Story of the 120-cell''}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|radius=1}} ===Cartesian coordinates=== Natural Cartesian coordinates for a 4-polytope centered at the origin of 4-space occur in different frames of reference, depending on the long radius (center-to-vertex) chosen. ==== √8 radius coordinates ==== The 120-cell with long radius {{Radic|8}} = 2{{Radic|2}} ≈ 2.828 has edge length 4−2φ = 3−{{radic|5}} ≈ 0.764. In this frame of reference, its 600 vertex coordinates are the {[[W:Permutations|permutations]]} and {{bracket|[[W:Even permutation|even permutation]]s}} of the following:{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§8.7 Cartesian coordinates|pp=156-157}} {| class=wikitable |- !24 | ({0, 0, ±2, ±2}) | [[24-cell#Great squares|24-cell]] | rowspan=7 | 600-point 120-cell |- !64 | ({±φ, ±φ, ±φ, ±φ⁻²}) | |- !64 | ({±1, ±1, ±1, ±{{radic|5}}<nowiki />}) | |- !64 | ({±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ²}) | |- !96 | ([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ, ±{{radic|5}}]) | [[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !96 | ([0, ±φ⁻², ±1, ±φ²]) | [[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !192 | ([±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ, ±2]) | |} where φ (also called 𝝉){{Efn|{{Harv|Coxeter|1973}} uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three ''characteristic angles'' 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.|name=reversed greek symbols}} is the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]], {{sfrac|1 + {{radic|5}}|2}} ≈ 1.618. ==== Unit radius coordinates ==== The unit-radius 120-cell has edge length {{Sfrac|1|φ²{{Radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270. In this frame of reference the 120-cell lies vertex up in standard orientation, and its coordinates{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|p=1442|loc=Table 3}} are the {[[W:Permutations|permutations]]} and {{bracket|[[W:Even permutation|even permutation]]s}} in the left column below: {| class="wikitable" style=width:720px |- !rowspan=3|120 !8 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, 0, 0, 0}) |[[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] | rowspan="2" |[[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell]] | rowspan="3" |[[600-cell#Coordinates|600-cell]] | rowspan="10" style="white-space: nowrap;"|120-cell |- !16 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, ±1, ±1, ±1}) / 2 |[[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|Tesseract]] |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ]) / 2 |colspan=2|[[W:Snub 24-cell#Coordinates|Snub 24-cell]] |- !rowspan=7|480 !colspan=2|[[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|Diminished 120-cell]] !5-point [[5-cell#Coordinates|5-cell]] ![[24-cell#Great squares|24-cell]] ![[600-cell#Coordinates|600-cell]] |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ, ±φ, ±φ, ±φ⁻²]) / {{radic|8}} |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|(1, 0, 0, 0)<br> (−1,{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,−{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,−{{radic|5}},{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}}) / 4<br> (−1,{{spaces|2}}{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}},−{{radic|5}}) / 4 |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±{{radic|1/2}}, ±{{radic|1/2}}, 0, 0}) |rowspan=6 style="white-space: nowrap;"|({±1, 0, 0, 0})<br> ({±1, ±1, ±1, ±1}) / 2<br> ([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ]) / 2 |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±1, ±1, ±1, ±{{radic|5}}]) / {{radic|8}} |- !32 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ²]) / {{radic|8}} |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻¹, ±φ, ±{{radic|5}}]) / {{radic|8}} |- !96 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([0, ±φ⁻², ±1, ±φ²]) / {{radic|8}} |- !192 |style="white-space: nowrap;"|([±φ⁻¹, ±1, ±φ, ±2]) / {{radic|8}} |- |colspan=7|The unit-radius coordinates of uniform convex 4-polytopes are related by [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]] multiplication. Since the regular 4-polytopes are compounds of each other, their sets of Cartesian 4-coordinates (quaternions) are set products of each other. The unit-radius coordinates of the 600 vertices of the 120-cell (in the left column above) are all the possible [[W:Quaternion#Multiplication of basis elements|quaternion products]]{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|p=1433|loc=§4.1|ps=; A Cartesian 4-coordinate point (w,x,y,z) is a vector in 4D space from (0,0,0,0). Four-dimensional real space is a vector space: any two vectors can be added or multiplied by a scalar to give another vector. Quaternions extend the vectorial structure of 4D real space by allowing the multiplication of two 4D vectors <small><math>\left(w,x,y,z\right)_1</math></small> and <small><math>\left(w,x,y,z\right)_2</math></small> according to<br> <small><math display=block>\begin{pmatrix} w_2\\ x_2\\ y_2\\ z_2 \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} w_1\\ x_1\\ y_1\\ z_1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} {w_2 w_1 - x_2 x_1 - y_2 y_1 - z_2 z_1}\\ {w_2 x_1 + x_2 w_1 + y_2 z_1 - z_2 y_1}\\ {w_2 y_1 - x_2 z_1 + y_2 w_1 + z_2 x_1}\\ {w_2 z_1 + x_2 y_1 - y_2 x_1 + z_2 w_1} \end{pmatrix} </math></small>}} of the 5 vertices of the 5-cell, the 24 vertices of the 24-cell, and the 120 vertices of the 600-cell (in the other three columns above).{{Efn|To obtain all 600 coordinates by quaternion cross-multiplication of these three 4-polytopes' coordinates with less redundancy, it is sufficient to include just one vertex of the 24-cell: ({{radic|1/2}}, {{radic|1/2}}, 0, 0).{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=Table 3|p=1442}}}} |} The table gives the coordinates of at least one instance of each 4-polytope, but the 120-cell contains multiples-of-five inscribed instances of each of its precursor 4-polytopes, occupying different subsets of its vertices. The (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (120-point) 600-cells. Each (120-point) 600-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (24-point) 24-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 25 disjoint 24-cells. Each 24-cell is the convex hull of 3 disjoint (8-point) 16-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 75 disjoint 16-cells. Uniquely, the (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 120 disjoint (5-point) 5-cells.{{Efn|The 120-cell can be constructed as a compound of '''{{red|5}}''' disjoint 600-cells,{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} or '''{{red|25}}''' disjoint 24-cells, or '''{{red|75}}''' disjoint 16-cells, or '''{{red|120}}''' disjoint 5-cells. Except in the case of the 120 5-cells,{{Efn|Multiple instances of each of the regular convex 4-polytopes can be inscribed in any of their larger successor 4-polytopes, except for the smallest, the regular 5-cell, which occurs inscribed only in the largest, the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} To understand the way in which the 4-polytopes nest within each other, it is necessary to carefully distinguish ''disjoint'' multiple instances from merely ''distinct'' multiple instances of inscribed 4-polytopes. For example, the 600-point 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 75 8-point 16-cells that are completely disjoint: they share no vertices, and 75 * 8 {{=}} 600. But it is also possible to pick out 675 distinct 16-cells within the 120-cell, most pairs of which share some vertices, because two concentric equal-radius 16-cells may be rotated with respect to each other such that they share 2 vertices (an axis), or even 4 vertices (a great square plane), while their remaining vertices are not coincident.{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} In 4-space, any two congruent regular 4-polytopes may be concentric but rotated with respect to each other such that they share only a common subset of their vertices. Only in the case of the 4-simplex (the 5-point regular 5-cell) that common subset of vertices must always be empty, unless it is all 5 vertices. It is impossible to rotate two concentric 4-simplexes with respect to each other such that some, but not all, of their vertices are coincident: they may only be completely coincident, or completely disjoint. Only the 4-simplex has this property; the 16-cell, and by extension any larger regular 4-polytope, may lie rotated with respect to itself such that the pair shares some, but not all, of their vertices. Intuitively we may see how this follows from the fact that only the 4-simplex does not possess any opposing vertices (any 2-vertex central axes) which might be invariant after a rotation. The 120-cell contains 120 completely disjoint regular 5-cells, which are its only distinct inscribed regular 5-cells, but every other nesting of regular 4-polytopes features some number of disjoint inscribed 4-polytopes and a larger number of distinct inscribed 4-polytopes.|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}} these are not counts of ''all'' the distinct regular 4-polytopes which can be found inscribed in the 120-cell, only the counts of ''completely disjoint'' inscribed 4-polytopes which when compounded form the convex hull of the 120-cell. The 120-cell contains '''{{green|10}}''' distinct 600-cells, '''{{green|225}}''' distinct 24-cells, and '''{{green|675}}''' distinct 16-cells.{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}|name=inscribed counts}} ===Chords=== [[File:Great polygons of the 120-cell.png|thumb|300px|Great circle polygons of the 120-cell, which lie in the invariant central planes of its isoclinic{{Efn|Two angles are required to specify the separation between two planes in 4-space.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|p=7|loc=§6 Angles between two Planes in 4-Space|ps=; "In four (and higher) dimensions, we need two angles to fix the relative position between two planes. (More generally, ''k'' angles are defined between ''k''-dimensional subspaces.)".}} If the two angles are identical, the two planes are called isoclinic (also [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]) and they intersect in a single point. In [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space#Double rotations|double rotations]], points rotate within invariant central planes of rotation by some angle, and the entire invariant central plane of rotation also tilts sideways (in an orthogonal invariant central plane of rotation) by some angle. Therefore each vertex traverses a ''helical'' smooth curve called an ''isocline''{{Efn|An '''isocline''' is a closed, curved, helical great circle through all four dimensions. Unlike an ordinary great circle it does not lie in a single central plane, but like any great circle, when viewed within the curved 3-dimensional space of the 4-polytope's boundary surface it is a ''straight line'', a [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]]. Both ordinary great circles and isocline great circles are helical in the sense that parallel bundles of great circles are [[W:Link (knot theory)|linked]] and spiral around each other, but neither are actually twisted (they have no inherent torsion). Their curvature is not their own, but a property of the 3-sphere's natural curvature, within which curved space they are finite (closed) straight line segments.{{Efn|All 3-sphere isoclines of the same circumference are directly congruent circles. An ordinary great circle is an isocline of circumference <math>2\pi r</math>; simple rotations of unit-radius polytopes take place on 2𝝅 isoclines. Double rotations may have isoclines of other than <math>2\pi r</math> circumference. The ''characteristic rotation'' of a regular 4-polytope is the isoclinic rotation in which the central planes containing its edges are invariant planes of rotation. The 16-cell and 24-cell edge-rotate on isoclines of 4𝝅 circumference. The 600-cell edge-rotates on isoclines of 5𝝅 circumference.|name=isocline circumference}} To avoid confusion, we always refer to an ''isocline'' as such, and reserve the term ''[[W:Great circle|great circle]]'' for an ordinary great circle in the plane.|name=isocline}} between two points in different central planes, while traversing an ordinary great circle in each of two orthogonal central planes (as the planes tilt relative to their original planes). If the two orthogonal angles are identical, the distance traveled along each great circle is the same, and the double rotation is called isoclinic (also a [[W:SO(4)#Isoclinic rotations|Clifford displacement]]). A rotation which takes isoclinic central planes to each other is an isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}}|name=isoclinic}} rotations. The 120-cell edges of length {{Color|red|𝜁}} ≈ 0.270 occur only in the {{Color|red|red}} irregular great hexagon, which also has 5-cell edges of length {{Color|red|{{radic|2.5}}}}. The 120-cell's 1200 edges do not form great circle polygons by themselves, but by alternating with {{radic|2.5}} edges of inscribed regular 5-cells{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} they form 400 irregular great hexagons.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} The 120-cell also contains an irregular great dodecagon compound of several of these great circle polygons in the same central plane, [[#Compound of five 600-cells|illustrated below]].]] {{see also|600-cell#Golden chords}} The 600-point 120-cell has all 8 of the 120-point 600-cell's distinct chord lengths, plus two additional important chords: its own shorter edges, and the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells.{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,2).svg|thumb|200px|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/12}=6{5/2}]],<br> six of the 120 disjoint regular 5-cells of edge-length {{radic|2.5}} which are inscribed in the 120-cell appear as six pentagrams, the [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Clifford polygon of the 5-cell]]. The 30 vertices comprise a Petrie polygon of the 120-cell,{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} with 30 zig-zag edges (not shown), and 3 inscribed great decagons (edges not shown) which lie Clifford parallel to the projection plane.{{Efn|Inscribed in the 3 Clifford parallel great decagons of each helical Petrie polygon of the 120-cell{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} are 6 great pentagons{{Efn|In [[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|600-cell § Decagons and pentadecagrams]], see the illustration of [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/6}=6{5}]].}} in which the 6 pentagrams (regular 5-cells) appear to be inscribed, but the pentagrams are skew (not parallel to the projection plane); each 5-cell actually has vertices in 5 different decagon-pentagon central planes in 5 completely disjoint 600-cells.|name=great pentagon}}]]Inscribed in the unit-radius 120-cell are 120 disjoint regular 5-cells,{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table VI (iv): 𝐈𝐈 = {5,3,3}|p=304}} of edge-length {{radic|2.5}}. No regular 4-polytopes except the 5-cell and the 120-cell contain {{radic|2.5}} chords (the #8 chord).{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}} The 120-cell contains 10 distinct inscribed 600-cells which can be taken as 5 disjoint 600-cells two different ways. Each {{radic|2.5}} chord connects two vertices in disjoint 600-cells, and hence in disjoint 24-cells, 8-cells, and 16-cells.{{Efn|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} Both the 5-cell edges and the 120-cell edges connect vertices in disjoint 600-cells. Corresponding polytopes of the same kind in disjoint 600-cells are Clifford parallel and {{radic|2.5}} apart. Each 5-cell contains one vertex from each of 5 disjoint 600-cells.{{Efn|The 120 regular 5-cells are completely disjoint. Each 5-cell contains two distinct Petrie pentagons of its #8 edges, [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|pentagonal circuits]] each binding 5 disjoint 600-cells together in a distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of the 5-cell. But the vertices of two ''disjoint 5-cells'' are not linked by 5-cell edges, so each distinct circuit of #8 chords is confined to a single 5-cell, and there are no other circuits of 5-cell edges (#8 chords) in the 120-cell.|name=distinct circuits of the 5-cell}}.|name=inscribed 5-cells}} These two additional chords give the 120-cell its characteristic [[W:SO(4)#Isoclinic rotations|isoclinic rotation]],{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,4).svg|thumb|200px|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/8}=2{15/4}]],<br>2 disjoint [[W:Pentadecagram|pentadecagram]] isoclines are visible: a black and a white isocline (shown here as orange and faint yellow) of the 120-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation.{{Efn|Each black or white pentadecagram isocline acts as both a right isocline in a distinct right isoclinic rotation and as a left isocline in a distinct left isoclinic rotation, but isoclines do not have inherent chirality.{{Efn|name=isocline}} No isocline is both a right and left isocline of the ''same'' discrete left-right rotation (the same fibration).}} The pentadecagram edges are #4 chords{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} joining vertices which are 8 vertices apart on the 30-vertex circumference of this projection, the zig-zag Petrie polygon.{{Efn|name=pentadecagram isoclines}}]]The characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} of the 120-cell takes place in the invariant planes of its 1200 edges{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} and [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|its inscribed regular 5-cells' opposing 1200 edges]].{{Efn|The invariant central plane of the 120-cell's characteristic isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} contains an irregular great hexagon {6} with alternating edges of two different lengths: 3 120-cell edges of length 𝜁 {{=}} {{radic|𝜀}} (#1 chords), and 3 inscribed regular 5-cell edges of length {{radic|2.5}} (#8 chords). These are, respectively, the shortest and longest edges of any regular 4-polytope. {{Efn|Each {{radic|2.5}} chord is spanned by 8 zig-zag edges of a Petrie 30-gon,{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} none of which lie in the great circle of the irregular great hexagon. Alternately the {{radic|2.5}} chord is spanned by 9 zig-zag edges, one of which (over its midpoint) does lie in the same great circle.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}}|name=spanned by 8 or 9 edges}} Each irregular great hexagon lies completely orthogonal to another irregular great hexagon.{{Efn|name=perpendicular and parallel}} The 120-cell contains 400 distinct irregular great hexagons (200 completely orthogonal pairs), which can be partitioned into 100 disjoint irregular great hexagons (a discrete fibration of the 120-cell) in four different ways. Each fibration has its distinct left (and right) isoclinic rotation in 50 pairs of completely orthogonal invariant central planes. Two irregular great hexagons occupy the same central plane, in alternate positions, just as two great pentagons occupy a great decagon plane. The two irregular great hexagons form an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], a compound [[#Chords|great circle polygon of the 120-cell]].|name=irregular great hexagon}} There are four distinct characteristic right (and left) isoclinic rotations, each left-right pair corresponding to a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry operations|pp=1438-1439|ps=; in symmetry group 𝛢₄ the operation [15]𝑹_q3,q3 is the 15 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of an individual 5-cell]]; in symmetry group 𝛨₄ the operation [1200]𝑹_q3,q13 is the 1200 distinct rotational displacements which comprise the class of pentadecagram isoclinic rotations of the 120-cell, the 120-cell's characteristic rotation.}} In each rotation all 600 vertices circulate on helical isoclines of 15 vertices, following a geodesic circle{{Efn|name=isocline}} with 15 chords that form a {15/4} pentadecagram.{{Efn|The characteristic isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} of the 120-cell is a skew pentadecagram of 15 #4 chords. Successive #4 chords of each pentadecagram lie in different △ central planes which are inclined isoclinically to each other at 12°, which is 1/30 of a great circle (but not the arc of a 120-cell edge, the #1 chord).{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}} This means that the two planes are separated by two equal 12° angles,{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} and they are occupied by adjacent [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] great polygons (irregular great hexagons) whose corresponding vertices are joined by oblique #4 chords. Successive vertices of each pentadecagram are vertices in completely disjoint 5-cells. Each pentadecagram is a #4 chord-path{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} visiting 15 vertices belonging to three different 5-cells. The two pentadecagrams shown in the {30/8}{{=}}2{15/4} projection{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} visit the six 5-cells that appear as six disjoint pentagrams in the {30/12}{{=}}6{5/2} projection.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}|name=pentadecagram isoclines}}|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} in addition to all the rotations of the other regular 4-polytopes which it inherits.{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2, Symmetry group 𝛨₄|pp=1438-1439|ps=; the 120-cell has 7200 distinct rotational displacements (and 7200 reflections), which can be grouped as 25 distinct ''isoclinic'' rotations.{{Efn|name=distinct rotations}}}} They also give the 120-cell a characteristic great circle polygon: an ''irregular'' great hexagon in which three 120-cell edges alternate with three 5-cell edges.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} The 120-cell's edges do not form regular great circle polygons in a single central plane the way the edges of the 600-cell, 24-cell, and 16-cell do. Like the edges of the [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|5-cell]] and the [[W:8-cell|8-cell tesseract]], they form zig-zag [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s instead.{{Efn|The 5-cell, 8-cell and 120-cell all have tetrahedral vertex figures. In a 4-polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure, a path along edges does not lie on an ordinary great circle in a single central plane: each successive edge lies in a different central plane than the previous edge. In the 120-cell the 30-edge circumferential path along edges follows a zig-zag skew Petrie polygon, which is not a great circle. However, there exists a 15-chord circumferential path that is a true geodesic great circle through those 15 vertices: but it is not an ordinary "flat" great circle of circumference 2𝝅𝑟, it is a helical ''isocline''{{Efn|name=isocline}} that bends in a circle in two completely orthogonal central planes at once, circling through four dimensions rather than confined to a two dimensional plane.{{Efn|name=pentadecagram isoclines}} The skew chord set of an isocline is called its ''Clifford polygon''.{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}}|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} The [[W:Petrie polygon#The Petrie polygon of regular polychora (4-polytopes)|120-cell's Petrie polygon]] is a [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30} zig-zag [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|skew polygon]].{{Efn|[[File:Regular polygon 30.svg|thumb|200px|The Petrie polygon of the 120-cell is a [[W:Skew polygon|skew]] regular [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30}.{{Efn|name=15 distinct chord lengths}} The 30 #1 chord edges do not all lie on the same {30} great circle polygon, but they lie in groups of 6 (equally spaced around the circumference) in 5 Clifford parallel [[#Compound of five 600-cells|{12} great circle polygons]].]] The 120-cell contains 80 distinct [[W:30-gon|30-gon]] Petrie polygons of its 1200 edges, and can be partitioned into 20 disjoint 30-gon Petrie polygons.{{Efn|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} The Petrie 30-gon twists around its 0-gon great circle axis 9 times in the course of one circular orbit, and can be seen as a compound [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/9}{{=}}3{10/3}]] of 600-cell edges (#3 chords) linking pairs of vertices that are 9 vertices apart on the Petrie polygon.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} The {30/9}-gram (with its #3 chord edges) is an alternate sequence of the same 30 vertices as the Petrie 30-gon (with its #1 chord edges).|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} Since the 120-cell has a circumference of 30 edges, it has at least 15 distinct chord lengths, ranging from its edge length to its diameter.{{Efn|The 30-edge circumference of the 120-cell follows a skew Petrie polygon, not a great circle polygon. The Petrie polygon of any 4-polytope is a zig-zag helix spiraling through the curved 3-space of the 4-polytope's surface.{{Efn|The Petrie polygon of a 3-polytope (polyhedron) with triangular faces (e.g. an icosahedron) can be seen as a linear strip of edge-bonded faces bent into a ring. Within that circular strip of edge-bonded triangles (10 in the case of the icosahedron) the [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] can be picked out as a [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]] of edges zig-zagging (not circling) through the 2-space of the polyhedron's surface: alternately bending left and right, and slaloming around a great circle axis that passes through the triangles but does not intersect any vertices. The Petrie polygon of a 4-polytope (polychoron) with tetrahedral cells (e.g. a 600-cell) can be seen as a linear helix of face-bonded cells bent into a ring: a [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix ring]]. Within that circular helix of face-bonded tetrahedra (30 in the case of the 600-cell) the skew Petrie polygon can be picked out as a helix of edges zig-zagging (not circling) through the 3-space of the polychoron's surface: alternately bending left and right, and spiraling around a great circle axis that passes through the tetrahedra but does not intersect any vertices.}} The 15 numbered [[#Chords|chords]] of the 120-cell occur as the distance between two vertices in that 30-vertex helical ring.{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} Those 15 distinct [[W:Pythagorean distance|Pythagorean distance]]s through 4-space range from the 120-cell edge-length which links any two nearest vertices in the ring (the #1 chord), to the 120-cell axis-length (diameter) which links any two antipodal (most distant) vertices in the ring (the #15 chord).|name=15 distinct chord lengths}} Every regular convex 4-polytope is inscribed in the 120-cell, and the 15 chords enumerated in the rows of the following table are all the distinct chords that make up the regular 4-polytopes and their great circle polygons.{{Efn|The 120-cell itself contains more chords than the 15 chords numbered #1 - #15, but the additional chords occur only in the interior of 120-cell, not as edges of any of the six regular convex 4-polytopes or their characteristic great circle rings. The 15 ''[[#Chords|major chords]]'' are so numbered because the #''n'' chord is the {30/''n''} polygram chord, which connects two vertices that are ''n'' edge lengths apart on a Petrie polygon of the 120-cell. The 15 major chords lie on great circles in central planes that contain regular and irregular polygons of {4}, {10}, or {12} vertices. There are [[#Geodesic rectangles|30 distinct 4-space chordal distances]] between vertices of the 120-cell (15 pairs of 180° complements), including #15 the 180° diameter (and its complement the 0° chord). The 15 ''minor chords'' lie on rectangular {4} great circles and do not occur anywhere except inside the 120-cell. In this article, we refer to the 15 minor chords by reference to their arc-angles, e.g. 41.4~° #3⁺ with length {{radic|0.5}} falls between the #3 and #4 chords.|name=additional 120-cell chords}} The first thing to notice about this table is that it has eight columns, not six; in addition to the six regular convex 4-polytopes, two irregular 4-polytopes occur naturally in the sequence of nested 4-polytopes: the 96-point [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] and the 480-point [[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|diminished 120-cell]].{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} The second thing to notice is that each numbered row (each chord) is marked with a triangle <small>△</small>, square ☐, phi symbol 𝜙 or pentagram ✩. The 15 chords form polygons of four kinds: great squares ☐ [[16-cell#Coordinates|characteristic of the 16-cell]], great hexagons and great triangles △ [[24-cell#Great hexagons|characteristic of the 24-cell]], great decagons and great pentagons 𝜙 [[600-cell#Hopf spherical coordinates|characteristic of the 600-cell]], and skew pentagrams ✩ [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|characteristic of the 5-cell]] which circle through a set of central planes and form face polygons but not great polygons.{{Efn|The {{radic|2}} edges and 4𝝅 characteristic rotations{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}} of the [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] lie in the great square ☐ central planes; rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:Hyperoctahedral group|symmetry group <math>B_4</math>]]. The {{radic|1}} edges, {{radic|3}} chords and 4𝝅 characteristic rotations of the [[24-cell#Great hexagons|24-cell]] lie in the great triangle (great hexagon) △ central planes; rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:F4 (mathematics)|<math>F_4</math>]] symmetry group. The edges and 5𝝅 characteristic rotations of the [[600-cell#Hopf spherical coordinates|600-cell]] lie in the great pentagon (great decagon) 𝜙 central planes; these chords are functions of {{radic|5}}, and rotations of this type are an expression of the [[W:H4 polytope|symmetry group <math>H_4</math>]]. The polygons and characteristic rotations of the regular [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|5-cell]] do not lie in a single central plane; they describe a skew pentagram ✩ or larger skew polygram and only form face polygons, not central polygons; rotations of this type are expressions of the [[W:Tetrahedral symmetry|<math>A_4</math>]] symmetry group.|name=edge rotation planes}} {| class=wikitable style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !colspan=15|Major chords of the 120-cell and its inscribed 4-polytopes{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V:(v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} (edge 2φ⁻²√2 [radius 4]) beginning with a vertex|ps=; Coxeter's table lists 16 non-point sections labelled 1₀ − 16₀, polyhedra whose successively increasing "radii" on the 3-sphere (in column 2''la'') are the following chords in our notation:{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} #1, #2, #3, 41.4~°, #4, 49.1~°, 56.0~°, #5, 66.1~°, 69.8~°, #6, 75.5~°, 81.1~°, 84.5~°, #7, 95.5~°, ..., #15. The remaining distinct chords occur as the longer "radii" of the second set of 16 opposing polyhedral sections (in column ''a'' for (30−''i'')₀) which lists #15, #14, #13, #12, 138.6~°, #11, 130.1~°, 124~°, #10, 113.9~°, 110.2~°, #9, #8, 98.9~°, 95.5~°, #7, 84.5~°, ..., or at least they occur among the 180° complements of all those Coxeter-listed chords. The complete ordered set of 30 distinct chords is 0°, #1, #2, #3, 41.4~°, #4, 49.1~°, 56~°, #5, 66.1~°, 69.8~°, #6, 75.5~°, 81.1~°, 84.5~°, #7, 95.5~°, #8, #9, 110.2°, 113.9°, #10, 124°, 130.1°, #11, 138.6°, #12, #13, #14, #15. The chords also occur among the edge-lengths of the polyhedral sections (in column 2''lb'', which lists only: #2, .., #3, .., 69.8~°, .., .., #3, .., .., #5, #8, .., .., .., #7, ... because the multiple edge-lengths of irregular polyhedral sections are not given).}} |- !colspan=6|Inscribed{{Efn|"At a point of contact, [elements of a regular polytope and elements of its dual in which it is inscribed in some manner] lie in completely orthogonal subspaces of the tangent hyperplane to the sphere [of reciprocation], so their only common point is the point of contact itself.... In fact, the [various] radii ₀𝑹, ₁𝑹, ₂𝑹, ... determine the polytopes ... whose vertices are the centers of elements 𝐈𝐈₀, 𝐈𝐈₁, 𝐈𝐈₂, ... of the original polytope."{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=147|loc=§8.1 The simple truncations of the general regular polytope}}|name=Coxeter on orthogonal dual pairs}} ![[5-cell|5-cell]] ![[16-cell|16-cell]] ![[W:8-cell|8-cell]] ![[24-cell|24-cell]] ![[W:Snub 24-cell|Snub]] ![[600-cell]] ![[#Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell|Dimin]] ! style="border-right: none;"|120-cell ! style="border-left: none;"| |- !colspan=6|Vertices | style="background: seashell;"|5 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|8 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|16 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|24 | style="background: yellow;"|96 | style="background: yellow;"|120 | style="background: seashell;"|480 | style="background: seashell; border-right: none;"|600{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=6 style="background: seashell; border: none;"| |- !colspan=6|Edges | style="background: seashell;"|10{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} | style="background: paleturquoise;"|24 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|32 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|96 | style="background: yellow;"|432 | style="background: yellow;"|720 | style="background: seashell;"|1200 | style="background: seashell;"|1200{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} |- !colspan=6|Edge chord | style="background: seashell;{{text color default}};"|#8{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#7 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#5 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#5 | style="background: yellow;"|#3 | style="background: yellow;"|#3{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,3).svg|180px|thumb|In [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/9}{{=}}3{10/3}]] we see the 120-cell Petrie polygon (on the circumference of the 30-gon, with 120-cell edges not shown) as a compound of three Clifford parallel 600-cell great decagons (seen as three disjoint {10/3} decagrams) that spiral around each other. The 600-cell edges (#3 chords) connect vertices which are 3 600-cell edges apart (on a great circle), and 9 120-cell edges apart (on a Petrie polygon). The three disjoint {10/3} great decagons of 600-cell edges delineate a single [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix 30-tetrahedron ring]] of an inscribed 600-cell.]] The 120-cell and 600-cell both have 30-gon Petrie polygons.{{Efn|The [[W:Skew polygon#Regular skew polygons in four dimensions|regular skew 30-gon]] is the [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]] of the [[600-cell]] and its dual the 120-cell. The Petrie polygons of the 120-cell occur in the 600-cell as duals of the 30-cell [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings]] (the Petrie polygons of the 600-cell):{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-11.svg|180px|thumb|The Petrie polygon of the inscribed 600-cells can be seen in this projection to the plane of a triacontagram {30/11}, a 30-gram of #11 chords. The 600-cell Petrie is a helical ring which winds around its own axis 11 times. This projection along the axis of the ring cylinder shows the 30 vertices 12° apart around the cylinder's circular cross section, with #11 chords connecting every 11th vertex on the circle. The 600-cell edges (#3 chords) which are the Petrie polygon edges are not shown in this illustration, but they could be drawn around the circumference, connecting every 3rd vertex.]]The [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell Petrie polygon is a helical ring]] which twists around its 0-gon great circle axis 11 times in the course of one circular orbit. Projected to the plane completely orthogonal to the 0-gon plane, the 600-cell Petrie polygon can be seen to be a [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|triacontagram {30/11}]] of 30 #11 chords linking pairs of vertices that are 11 vertices apart on the circumference of the projection.{{Sfn|Sadoc|2001|pp=577-578|loc=§2.5 The 30/11 symmetry: an example of other kind of symmetries}} The {30/11}-gram (with its #11 chord edges) is an alternate sequence of the same 30 vertices as the Petrie 30-gon (with its #3 chord edges).|name={30/11}-gram}} connecting their 30 tetrahedral cell centers together produces the Petrie polygons of the dual 120-cell, as noticed by Rolfdieter Frank (circa 2001). Thus he discovered that the vertex set of the 120-cell partitions into 20 non-intersecting Petrie polygons. This set of 20 disjoint Clifford parallel skew polygons is a discrete [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of the 120-cell (just as their 20 dual 30-cell rings are a [[600-cell#Decagons|discrete fibration of the 600-cell]]).{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}}|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} They are two distinct skew 30-gon helices, composed of 30 120-cell edges (#1 chords) and 30 600-cell edges (#3 chords) respectively, but they occur in completely orthogonal pairs that spiral around the same 0-gon great circle axis. The 120-cell's Petrie helix winds closer to the axis than the [[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|600-cell's Petrie helix]] does, because its 30 edges are shorter than the 600-cell's 30 edges (and they zig-zag at less acute angles). A dual pair{{Efn|name=Petrie polygons of the 120-cell}} of these Petrie helices of different radii sharing an axis do not have any vertices in common; they are completely disjoint.{{Efn|name=Coxeter on orthogonal dual pairs}} The 120-cell Petrie helix (versus the 600-cell Petrie helix) twists around the 0-gon axis 9 times (versus 11 times) in the course of one circular orbit, forming a skew [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/9}{{=}}3{10/3} polygram]] (versus a skew [[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/11} polygram]]).{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}}|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} | style="background: seashell;"|#1 | style="background: seashell;"|#1{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} |- !colspan=6|[[600-cell#Rotations on polygram isoclines|Isocline chord]]{{Efn|An isoclinic{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} rotation is an equi-rotation-angled [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in two completely orthogonal invariant central planes of rotation at the same time. Every discrete isoclinic rotation has two characteristic arc-angles (chord lengths), its ''rotation angle'' and its ''isocline angle''.{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} In each incremental rotation step from vertex to neighboring vertex, each invariant rotation plane rotates by the rotation angle, and also tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) by an equal rotation angle.{{Efn|In an ''isoclinic'' rotation each invariant plane is Clifford parallel to the plane it moves to, and they do not intersect at any time (except at the central point). In a ''simple'' rotation the invariant plane intersects the plane it moves to in a line, and moves to it by rotating around that line.|name=plane movement in rotations}} Thus each vertex rotates on a great circle by one rotation angle increment, while simultaneously the whole great circle rotates with the completely orthogonal great circle by an equal rotation angle increment.{{Efn|It is easiest to visualize this ''incorrectly'', because the completely orthogonal great circles are Clifford parallel and do not intersect (except at the central point). Neither do the invariant plane and the plane it moves to. An invariant plane tilts sideways in an orthogonal central plane which is not its ''completely'' orthogonal plane, but Clifford parallel to it. It rotates ''with'' its completely orthogonal plane, but not ''in'' it. It is Clifford parallel to its completely orthogonal plane ''and'' to the plane it is moving to, and does not intersect them; the plane that it rotates ''in'' is orthogonal to all these planes and intersects them all.{{Efn|The plane in which an entire invariant plane rotates (tilts sideways) is (incompletely) orthogonal to both completely orthogonal invariant planes, and also Clifford parallel to both of them.{{Efn|Although perpendicular and linked (like adjacent links in a taught chain), completely orthogonal great polygons are also parallel, and lie exactly opposite each other in the 4-polytope, in planes that do not intersect except at one point, the common center of the two linked circles.|name=perpendicular and parallel}}}} In the 120-cell's characteristic rotation,{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} each invariant rotation plane is Clifford parallel to its completely orthogonal plane, but not adjacent to it; it reaches some other (nearest) parallel plane first. But if the isoclinic rotation taking it through successive Clifford parallel planes is continued through 90°, the vertices will have moved 180° and the tilting rotation plane will reach its (original) completely orthogonal plane.{{Efn|The 90 degree isoclinic rotation of two completely orthogonal planes takes them to each other. In such a rotation of a rigid 4-polytope, [[16-cell#Rotations|all 6 orthogonal planes]] rotate by 90 degrees, and also tilt sideways by 90 degrees to their completely orthogonal (Clifford parallel) plane.{{Sfn|Kim|Rote|2016|pp=8-10|loc=Relations to Clifford Parallelism}} The corresponding vertices of the two completely orthogonal great polygons are {{radic|4}} (180°) apart; the great polygons (Clifford parallel polytopes) are {{radic|4}} (180°) apart; but the two completely orthogonal ''planes'' are 90° apart, in the ''two'' orthogonal angles that separate them.{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} If the isoclinic rotation is continued through another 90°, each vertex completes a 360° rotation and each great polygon returns to its original plane, but in a different [[W:Orientation entanglement|orientation]] (axes swapped): it has been turned "upside down" on the surface of the 4-polytope (which is now "inside out"). Continuing through a second 360° isoclinic rotation (through four 90° by 90° isoclinic steps, a 720° rotation) returns everything to its original place and orientation.|name=exchange of completely orthogonal planes}}|name=rotating with the completely orthogonal rotation plane}} The product of these two simultaneous and equal great circle rotation increments is an overall displacement of each vertex by the isocline angle increment (the isocline chord length). Thus the rotation angle measures the vertex displacement in the reference frame of a moving great circle, and also the sideways displacement of the moving great circle (the distance between the great circle polygon and the adjacent Clifford parallel great circle polygon the rotation takes it to) in the stationary reference frame. The isocline chord length is the total vertex displacement in the stationary reference frame, which is an oblique chord between the two great circle polygons (the distance between their corresponding vertices in the rotation).|name=isoclinic rotation}} | style="background: seashell;"|[[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|#8]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[16-cell#Helical construction|#15]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|#10 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|#10]] | style="background: yellow;"|#5 | style="background: yellow;"|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|#5]] | style="background: seashell;"|#4 | style="background: seashell;"|#4{{Efn|The characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 120-cell, in the invariant planes in which its edges (#1 chords) lie, takes those edges to similar edges in Clifford parallel central planes. Since an isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} is a double rotation (in two completely orthogonal invariant central planes at once), in each incremental rotation step from vertex to neighboring vertex the vertices travel between central planes on helical great circle isoclines, not on ordinary great circles,{{Efn|name=isocline}} over an isocline chord which in this particular rotation is a #4 chord of 44.5~° arc-length.{{Efn|The isocline chord of the 120-cell's characteristic rotation{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} is the #4 chord of 44.5~° arc-angle (the larger edge of the irregular great dodecagon), because in that isoclinic rotation by two equal 12° rotation angles{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}} each vertex moves to another vertex 4 edge-lengths away on a Petrie polygon, and the circular geodesic path it rotates on (its isocline){{Efn|name=isocline}} does not intersect any nearer vertices.|name=120-cell rotation angle}}|name=#4 isocline chord}} |- !colspan=6|Clifford polygon{{Efn|The chord-path of an isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} may be called the 4-polytope's ''Clifford polygon'', as it is the skew polygram shape of the rotational circles traversed by the 4-polytope's vertices in its characteristic [[W:Clifford displacement|Clifford displacement]].{{Efn|name=isoclinic}}|name=Clifford polygon}} | style="background: seashell;"|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|{5/2}]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[16-cell#Helical construction|{8/3}]] | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"|[[24-cell#Helical hexagrams and their isoclines|{6/2}]] | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|{15/2}]] | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"|[[W:Pentadecagram|{15/4}]]{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |- !colspan=3|Chord !Arc !colspan=2|Edge | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: paleturquoise;"| | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"| |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#1<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_polygon_30.svg|50px|{30}]] |rowspan=2|30 |{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} |colspan=2|120-cell edge <big>𝛇</big> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''1'''</big>}}<br>1200{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |15.5~° |{{radic|𝜀}}{{Efn|1=The fractional square root chord lengths are given as decimal fractions where: {{indent|7}}𝚽 ≈ 0.618 is the inverse golden ratio <small>{{sfrac|1|φ}}</small> {{indent|7}}𝚫 = 1 - 𝚽 = 𝚽² = <small>{{sfrac|1|φ²}}</small> ≈ 0.382 {{indent|7}}𝜀 = 𝚫²/2 = <small>{{sfrac|1|2φ⁴}}</small> ≈ 0.073<br> and the 120-cell edge-length is: {{indent|7}}𝛇 = {{radic|𝜀}} = {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270<br> For example: {{indent|7}}𝛇 = {{radic|𝜀}} = {{radic|0.073~}} ≈ 0.270|name=fractional square roots|group=}} |0.270~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#2<br><big>☐</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,1).svg|50px|{30/2}=2{15}]] |rowspan=2|15 | |colspan=2|face diagonal{{Efn|The #2 chord joins vertices which are 2 edge lengths apart: the vertices of the 120-cell's tetrahedral vertex figure, the second section of the 120-cell beginning with a vertex, denoted 1₀. The #2 chords are the edges of this tetrahedron, and the #1 chords are its long radii. The #2 chords are also diagonal chords of the 120-cell's pentagon faces.{{Efn|The face [[W:Pentagon#Regular pentagons|pentagon diagonal]] (the #2 chord) is in the [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]] φ ≈ 1.618 to the face pentagon edge (the 120-cell edge, the #1 chord).{{Efn|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}}|name=face pentagon chord}}|name=#2 chord}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>3600<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''12'''</big>}}<br>2{3,4} |- style="background: seashell;"| |25.2~° |{{radic|0.19~}} |0.437~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#3<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,1).svg|50px|{30/3}=3{10}]] |rowspan=2|10 |𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Decagons|great decagon]] <math>\phi^{-1}</math> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''10'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |36° |{{radic|0.𝚫}} |0.618~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#4<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,2).svg|50px|{30/4}=2{15/2}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|2}} | |colspan=2|cell diameter{{Efn||name=dodecahedral cell metrics}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |44.5~° |{{radic|0.57~}} |0.757~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#5<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_5(6,1).svg|50px|{30/5}=5{6}]] |rowspan=2|6 |𝝅/3 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Hexagons|great hexagon]]{{Efn|[[File:Regular_star_figure_5(6,1).svg|thumb|180px|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|Triacontagram {30/5}=5{6}]], the 120-cell's skew Petrie 30-gon as a compound of 5 great hexagons.]] Each great hexagon edge is the axis of a zig-zag of 5 120-cell edges. The 120-cell's Petrie polygon is a helical zig-zag of 30 120-cell edges, spiraling around a [[W:0-gon|0-gon]] great circle axis that does not intersect any vertices.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} There are 5 great hexagons inscribed in each Petrie polygon, in five different [[#Compound of five 600-cells|central planes]].|name=great hexagon}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>32 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''225'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>96 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''225'''</big>}}<br><br> |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''5'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>1200 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>2400 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''32'''</big>}}<br>4{4,3} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |60° |{{radic|1}} |1 |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#6<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,1).svg|50px|{30/6}=6{5}]] |rowspan=2|5 |2𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|great pentagon]]{{Efn|name=great pentagon}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |72° |{{radic|1.𝚫}} |1.175~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#7<br><big>☐</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-7.svg|50px|{30/7}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|7}} |𝝅/2 |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Squares|great square]]{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''675'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}<br>24 |rowspan=2|{{green|<big>'''675'''</big>}}<br>48 |rowspan=2|<br>72 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1800 |rowspan=2|<br> |rowspan=2|<br>9000 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''54'''</big>}}<br>9{3,4} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |90° |{{radic|2}} |1.414~ |- style="background: #FFCCCC;"| |rowspan=2|#8<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,4).svg|50px|{30/8}=2{15/4}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|4}} | |colspan=2|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5-cell]]{{Efn|The [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|Petrie polygon of the 5-cell]] is the pentagram {5/2}. The Petrie polygon of the 120-cell is the [[W:Triacontagon|triacontagon]] {30}, and one of its many projections to the plane is the triacontagram {30/12}{{=}}6{5/2}.{{Efn|name=120-cell Petrie {30}-gon}} Each 120-cell Petrie 6{5/2}-gram lies completely orthogonal to six 5-cell Petrie {5/2}-grams, which belong to six of the 120 disjoint regular 5-cells inscribed in the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}|name=orthogonal Petrie polygons}} |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''120'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}}<br>10 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2|<br>1200{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: #FFCCCC;"| |104.5~° |{{radic|2.5}} |1.581~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#9<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_3(10,3).svg|50px|{30/9}=3{10/3}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|10|3}} |3𝝅/5 |colspan=2|[[W:Golden section|golden section]] <math>\phi</math> |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |108° |{{radic|2.𝚽}} |1.618~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#10<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_10(3,1).svg|50px|{30/10}=10{3}]] |rowspan=2|3 |2𝝅/3 |colspan=2|[[24-cell#Great triangles|great triangle]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>32 |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''25'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>96 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>2400 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''32'''</big>}}<br>4{4,3} |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |120° |{{radic|3}} |1.732~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#11<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-11.svg|50px|{30/11}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|11}} | |colspan=2|[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|{30/11}-gram]]{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |135.5~° |{{radic|3.43~}} |1.851~ |- style="background: yellow;"| |rowspan=2|#12<br><big>𝜙</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_6(5,2).svg|50px|{30/12}=6{5/2}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|5|2}} |4𝝅/5 |colspan=2|great [[W:Pentagon#Regular pentagons|pent diag]]{{Efn|name=orthogonal Petrie polygons}} |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>720 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>7200 |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''24'''</big>}}<br>2{3,5} |- style="background: yellow;"| |144°{{Efn|name=dihedral}} |{{radic|3.𝚽}} |1.902~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#13<br><big>✩</big> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_polygon_30-13.svg|50px|{30/13}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|30|13}} | |colspan=2|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/13}-gram]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>3600<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''12'''</big>}}<br>2{3,4} |- style="background: seashell;"| |154.8~° |{{radic|3.81~}} |1.952~ |- style="background: seashell;"| |rowspan=2|#14<br>△ |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_2(15,7).svg|50px|{30/14}=2{15/7}]] |rowspan=2|{{sfrac|15|7}} | |colspan=2|[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/14}=2{15/7}]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<br>1200<br> |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''4'''</big>}}<br>{3,3} |- style="background: seashell;"| |164.5~° |{{radic|3.93~}} |1.982~ |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |rowspan=2|#15<br><small>△☐𝜙</small> |rowspan=2|[[File:Regular_star_figure_15(2,1).svg|50px|30/15}=15{2}]] |rowspan=2|2 |𝝅 |colspan=2|[[W:Diameter|diameter]] |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|{{red|<big>'''75'''</big>}}{{Efn|name=inscribed counts}}<br>4 |rowspan=2|<br>8 |rowspan=2|<br>12 |rowspan=2|<br>48 |rowspan=2|<br>60 |rowspan=2|<br>240 |rowspan=2|<br>300{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} |rowspan=2|{{blue|<big>'''1'''</big>}}<br><br> |- style="background: paleturquoise;"| |180° |{{radic|4}} |2 |- !colspan=6|Squared lengths total{{Efn|The sum of the squared lengths of all the distinct chords of any regular convex n-polytope of unit radius is the square of the number of vertices.{{Sfn|Copher|2019|loc=§3.2 Theorem 3.4|p=6}}}} | style="background: seashell;"|25 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|64 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|256 | style="background: paleturquoise;"|576 | style="background: yellow;"| | style="background: yellow;"|14400 | style="background: seashell;"| | style="background: seashell;"|360000{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} !<big>{{blue|'''300'''}}</big> |} [[File:15 major chords.png|thumb|300px|The major{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} chords #1 - #15 join vertex pairs which are 1 - 15 edges apart on a Petrie polygon.{{Efn|Drawing the fan of chords with #1 and #11 at a different origin than all the others is an artistic choice, since all the chords are incident at every vertex. We could just as well have drawn all the chords from the same origin vertex, but this arrangement notices the parallel relationship between #8 and #11.|name=fan of 15 major chords}} The 15 minor chords (not shown) fall between two major chords, and their length is the sum of two other major chords; e.g. the 41.4° minor chord of length {30/1}+{30/2} falls between the 36° {30/3} and 44.5° {30/4} chords.]] The annotated chord table is a complete [[W:Bill of materials|bill of materials]] for constructing the 120-cell. All of the 2-polytopes, 3-polytopes and 4-polytopes in the 120-cell are made from the 15 1-polytopes in the table. The black integers in table cells are incidence counts of the row's chord in the column's 4-polytope. For example, in the '''#3''' chord row, the 600-cell's 72 great decagons contain 720 '''#3''' chords in all. The '''{{red|red}}''' integers are the number of disjoint 4-polytopes above (the column label) which compounded form a 120-cell. For example, the 120-cell is a compound of <big>{{red|'''25'''}}</big> disjoint 24-cells (25 * 24 vertices = 600 vertices). The '''{{green|green}}''' integers are the number of distinct 4-polytopes above (the column label) which can be picked out in the 120-cell. For example, the 120-cell contains <big>{{green|'''225'''}}</big> distinct 24-cells which share components. The '''{{blue|blue}}''' integers in the right column are incidence counts of the row's chord at each 120-cell vertex. For example, in the '''#3''' chord row, <big>{{blue|'''24'''}}</big> '''#3''' chords converge at each of the 120-cell's 600 vertices, forming a double icosahedral [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] 2{3,5}. In total <big>{{blue|'''300'''}}</big> major chords{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} of 15 distinct lengths meet at each vertex of the 120-cell. === Relationships among interior polytopes === The 120-cell is the compound of all five of the other regular convex 4-polytopes.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=269|loc=Compounds|ps=; "It is remarkable that the vertices of {5, 3, 3} include the vertices of all the other fifteen regular polytopes in four dimensions."}} All the relationships among the regular 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-polytopes occur in the 120-cell.{{Efn|The 120-cell contains instances of all of the regular convex 1-polytopes, 2-polytopes, 3-polytopes and 4-polytopes, ''except'' for the regular polygons {7} and above, most of which do not occur. {10} is a notable exception which ''does'' occur. Various regular [[W:Skew polygon|skew polygon]]s {7} and above occur in the 120-cell, notably {11},{{Efn|name={30/11}-gram}} {15}{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} and {30}.{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}}|name=elements}} It is a four-dimensional [[W:Jigsaw puzzle|jigsaw puzzle]] in which all those polytopes are the parts.{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013}} Although there are many sequences in which to construct the 120-cell by putting those parts together, ultimately they only fit together one way. The 120-cell is the unique solution to the combination of all these polytopes.{{Sfn|Stillwell|2001}} The regular 1-polytope occurs in only [[#Chords|15 distinct lengths]] in any of the component polytopes of the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} By [[W:Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem|Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem]], convex polyhedra with shapes distinct from each other also have distinct [[W:Metric spaces|metric spaces]] of surface distances, so each regular 4-polytope has its own unique subset of these 15 chords. Only 4 of those 15 chords occur in the 16-cell, 8-cell and 24-cell. The four {{background color|paleturquoise|[[24-cell#Hypercubic chords|hypercubic chords]]}} {{radic|1}}, {{radic|2}}, {{radic|3}} and {{radic|4}} are sufficient to build the 24-cell and all its component parts. The 24-cell is the unique solution to the combination of these 4 chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built solely from them. {{see also|W:24-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|label 1=24-cell § Relationships among interior polytopes}} An additional 4 of the 15 chords are required to build the 600-cell. The four {{background color|yellow|[[600-cell#Golden chords|golden chords]]}} are square roots of irrational fractions that are functions of {{radic|5}}. The 600-cell is the unique solution to the combination of these 8 chords and all the regular polytopes that can be built solely from them. Notable among the new parts found in the 600-cell which do not occur in the 24-cell are pentagons, and icosahedra. {{see also|W:600-cell#Icosahedra|label 1=600-cell § Icosahedra}} All 15 major chords, and 15 other distinct chordal distances (the minor chords [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|enumerated below]]), occur in the 120-cell. Notable among the new parts found in the 120-cell which do not occur in the 600-cell are {{background color|#FFCCCC|[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|regular 5-cells and {{radic|5/2}} chords]].}}{{Efn|Dodecahedra emerge as ''visible'' features in the 120-cell, but they also occur in the 600-cell as ''interior'' polytopes.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=298|loc=Table V: (iii) Sections of {3,3,5} beginning with a vertex}}}} The relationships between the ''regular'' 5-cell (the [[W:Simplex|simplex]] regular 4-polytope) and the other regular 4-polytopes are manifest directly only in the 120-cell.{{Efn|There is a geometric relationship between the regular 5-cell (4-simplex) and the regular 16-cell (4-orthoplex), but it is manifest only indirectly through the [[W:Tetrahedron|3-simplex]] and [[W:5-orthoplex|5-orthoplex]]. An [[W:simplex|<math>n</math>-simplex]] is bounded by <math>n+1</math> vertices and <math>n+1</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-simplex facets, and has <math>z+1</math> long diameters (its edges) of length <math>\sqrt{n+1}/\sqrt{n}</math> radii. An [[W:orthoplex|<math>n</math>-orthoplex]] is bounded by <math>2n</math> vertices and <math>2^n</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-simplex facets, and has <math>n</math> long diameters (its orthogonal axes) of length <math>2</math> radii. An [[W:hypercube|<math>n</math>-cube]] is bounded by <math>2^n</math> vertices and <math>2n</math> (<math>n</math>-1)-cube facets, and has <math>2^{n-1}</math> long diameters of length <math>\sqrt{n}</math> radii.{{Efn|The <math>n</math>-simplex's facets are larger than the <math>n</math>-orthoplex's facets. For <math>n=4</math>, the edge lengths of the 5-cell and 16-cell and 8-cell are in the ratio of <math>\sqrt{5}</math> to <math>\sqrt{4}</math> to <math>\sqrt{2}</math>.|name=root 5/root 4/root 2}} The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters of the 3-cube are shorter than the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 3-orthoplex. The [[16-cell#Coordinates|coordinates of the 4-orthoplex]] are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,\pm 1)</math>, and the 4-space coordinates of one of its 16 facets (a 3-simplex) are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,1)</math>.{{Efn|Each 3-facet of the 4-orthoplex, a tetrahedron permuting <math>(0,0,0,1)</math>, and its completely orthogonal 3-facet permuting <math>(0,0,0,-1)</math>, comprise all 8 vertices of the 4-orthoplex. Uniquely, the 4-orthoplex is also the 4-[[W:demihypercube|demicube]], half the vertices of the 4-cube. This relationship among the 4-simplex, 4-orthoplex and 4-cube is unique to <math>n=4</math>. The 4-orthoplex's completely orthogonal 3-simplex facets are a pair of 3-demicubes which occupy alternate vertices of completely orthogonal 3-cubes in the same 4-cube. Projected orthogonally into the same 3-hyperplane, the two 3-facets would be two tetrahedra inscribed in the same 3-cube. (More generally, completely orthogonal polytopes are mirror reflections of each other.)|name=4-simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} The <math>\sqrt{4}</math> long diameters of the 4-cube are the same length as the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 4-orthoplex. The [[W:5-orthoplex#Cartesian coordinates|coordinates of the 5-orthoplex]] are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,0,\pm 1)</math>, and the 5-space coordinates of one of its 32 facets (a 4-simplex) are the permutations of <math>(0,0,0,0,1)</math>.{{Efn|Each 4-facet of the 5-orthoplex, a 4-simplex (5-cell) permuting <math>(0,0,0,0,1)</math>, and its completely orthogonal 4-facet permuting <math>(0,0,0,0,-1)</math>, comprise all 10 vertices of the 5-orthoplex.}} The <math>\sqrt{5}</math> long diameters of the 5-cube are longer than the <math>\sqrt{4}</math> axes of the 5-orthoplex.|name=simplex-orthoplex-cube relation}} The 600-point 120-cell is a compound of 120 disjoint 5-point 5-cells, and it is also a compound of 5 disjoint 120-point 600-cells (two different ways). Each 5-cell has one vertex in each of 5 disjoint 600-cells, and therefore in each of 5 disjoint 24-cells, 5 disjoint 8-cells, and 5 disjoint 16-cells.{{Efn|No vertex pair of any of the 120 5-cells (no [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|great digon central plane of a 5-cell]]) occurs in any of the 675 16-cells (the 675 [[16-cell#Coordinates|Cartesian basis sets of 6 orthogonal central planes]]).{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}}} Each 5-cell is a ring (two different ways) joining 5 disjoint instances of each of the other regular 4-polytopes.{{Efn|name=distinct circuits of the 5-cell}} {{see also|W:5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|label 1=5-cell § Geodesics and rotations}} === Compound of five 600-cells === [[File:Great dodecagon of the 120-cell.png|thumb|300px|The 120-cell has 200 central planes that each intersect 12 vertices, forming an irregular dodecagon with alternating edges of two different lengths. Inscribed in the dodecagon are two regular great hexagons (black),{{Efn|name=great hexagon}} two irregular great hexagons ({{Color|red|red}}),{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} and four equilateral great triangles (only one is shown, in {{Color|green|green}}).]] The 120-cell contains ten 600-cells which can be partitioned into five completely disjoint 600-cells two different ways.{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} As a consequence of being a compound of five disjoint 600-cells, the 120-cell has 200 irregular great dodecagon {12} central planes, which are compounds of several of its great circle polygons that share the same central plane, as illustrated. The 200 {12} central planes originate as the compounds of the hexagonal central planes of the 25 disjoint inscribed 24-cells and the digon central planes of the 120 disjoint inscribed regular 5-cells; they contain all the 24-cell and 5-cell edges, and also the 120-cell edges. Thus the edges and characteristic rotations{{Efn|Every class of discrete isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} is characterized by its rotation and isocline angles and by which set of Clifford parallel central planes are its invariant planes of rotation. The '''characteristic isoclinic rotation of a 4-polytope''' is the class of discrete isoclinic rotation in which the set of invariant rotation planes contains the 4-polytope's edges; there is a distinct left (and right) rotation for each such set of Clifford parallel central planes (each [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]] of the edge planes). If the edges of the 4-polytope form regular great circles, the rotation angle of the characteristic rotation is simply the edge arc-angle (the edge chord is simply the rotation chord). But in a regular 4-polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure{{Efn|name=non-planar geodesic circle}} the edges do not form regular great circles, they form irregular great circles in combination with another chord. For example, the #1 chord edges of the 120-cell are edges of an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]] which also has #4 chord edges. In such a 4-polytope, the rotation angle is not the edge arc-angle; in fact it is not necessarily the arc of any vertex chord.{{Efn|name=12° rotation angle}}|name=characteristic rotation}} of the regular 5-cell, the 8-cell hypercube, the 24-cell, and the 120-cell all lie in these same 200 rotation planes.{{Efn|name=edge rotation planes}} Each of the ten 600-cells occupies the entire set of 200 planes. The 120-cell's irregular [[#Other great circle constructs|dodecagon {12} great circle polygon]] has 6 short edges (#1 [[#Chords|chords]] marked {{Color|red|𝜁}}) alternating with 6 longer dodecahedron cell-diameters ({{Color|magenta|#4}} chords).{{Efn|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}} Inscribed in the irregular great dodecagon are two irregular great hexagons ({{color|red|red}}) in alternate positions.{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} Two ''regular'' great hexagons with edges of a third size ({{radic|1}}, the #5 chord) are also inscribed in the dodecagon.{{Efn|name=great hexagon}} The 120-cell's irregular great dodecagon planes, its irregular great hexagon planes, its regular great hexagon planes, and its equilateral great triangle planes, are the same set of 200 dodecagon planes. They occur as 100 completely orthogonal pairs, and they are the ''same'' 200 central planes each containing a [[600-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]] that are found in ''each'' of the 10 inscribed 600-cells. There are exactly 400 regular hexagons in the 120-cell (two in each dodecagon central plane), and each of the ten 600-cells contains its own distinct subset of 200 of them (one from each dodecagon central plane). Each 600-cell contains only one of the two opposing regular hexagons inscribed in any dodecagon central plane, just as it contains only one of two opposing tetrahedra inscribed in any dodecahedral cell. Each 600-cell is disjoint from 4 other 600-cells, and shares regular hexagons with 5 other 600-cells.{{Efn|Each regular great hexagon is shared by two 24-cells in the same 600-cell,{{Efn|1=A 24-cell contains 16 hexagons. In the 600-cell, with 25 24-cells, each 24-cell is disjoint from 8 24-cells and intersects each of the other 16 24-cells in six vertices that form a hexagon.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|p=438}} A 600-cell contains 25・16/2 = 200 such hexagons.|name=disjoint from 8 and intersects 16}} and each 24-cell is shared by two 600-cells.{{Efn|name=two 600-cells share a 24-cell}} Each regular hexagon is shared by four 600-cells.|name=hexagons 24-cells and 600-cells}} Each disjoint pair of 600-cells occupies the opposing pair of disjoint regular hexagons in every dodecagon central plane. Each non-disjoint pair of 600-cells intersects in 16 hexagons that comprise a 24-cell. The 120-cell contains 9 times as many distinct 24-cells (225) as disjoint 24-cells (25).{{Efn|name=rays and bases}} Each 24-cell occurs in 9 600-cells, is absent from just one 600-cell, and is shared by two 600-cells. ===Concentric hulls=== [[File:120-Cell showing the individual 8 concentric hulls and in combination.svg|thumb|left|640px| Orthogonal projection of the 120-cell using any 3 of these Cartesian coordinate dimensions forms an Overall Hull that is a [[W:Chamfered dodecahedron|chamfered dodecahedron]] of Norm={{radic|8}}.<br /> Hulls 1 - 8 are the 8 sections of the 120-cell beginning with a cell (Hull 1).<br /> Hulls 1, 2, & 7 are each pairs of [[W:Dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 3 is a pair of [[W:Icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hulls 4 & 5 are each pairs of [[W:Truncated icosahedron|truncated icosahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 6 is a pair of semi-regular [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]]s.<br /> Hull 8 is a single non-uniform [[W:Rhombicosidodecahedron#Names|rhombicosidodecahedron]], the central section.<br /> A more detailed visualization of these 15 simplified sections, with subgroup sections where the inscribed solid has more than one permutation in its orbit, is available [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_First_533_120-Cell_Sections.svg here].]] {{Clear}} These hulls illustrate Coxeter's sections 1₃ - 8₃ of the 120-cell, the sections beginning with a cell (hull #1).{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=299|loc=Table V (iv) Sections of {5,3,3} beginning with a cell (right half of table)}} A ''section'' is a flat 3-dimensional hyperplane slice through the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]: a 2-sphere (ordinary sphere). It is dimensionally analogous to a flat 2-dimensional plane slice through a 2-sphere: a 1-sphere (ordinary circle). The hulls are illustrated as if they were all the same size, but actually they increase in radius as numbered: they are concentric 2-spheres that nest inside each other. Every cell of the 120-cell is the smallest hull in its own set of 8 concentric hulls. There are 120 distinct sets of hulls. The 120-cell actually has 15 sections beginning with a cell, numbered 1 - 15 with number 8 in the center. After increasing in size from 1 to 8, the hulls get smaller again. Sections 1 and 15 are both a hull #1, the smallest hull, a dodecahedral cell of the 120-cell. Section #8 is the central section, the largest hull, with the same radius as the 120-cell. Except for the central section #8, the sections occur in parallel pairs, on either side of the central section. Hull #8 is dimensionally analogous to the equator, while hulls #1 - #7 are dimensionally analogous to lines of latitude. There are 120 of each kind of hull #1 - #7 in the 120-cell, but only 60 of the central hull #8. {{Clear}} The 120-cell also has 30 sections beginning with a vertex, illustrated below. Like the sections beginning with a cell illustrated above, the vertex-first sections are also flat 3-dimensional hyperplane slices through the 3-sphere, and polyhedra that nest inside each other as concentric 2-spheres. Section 0₀ is the vertex itself. Section 1₀ is the 120-cell's tetrahedral vertex figure. Sections 1₀ - 29₀ are described in more detail in [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|§Geodesic rectangles]], below. {{Clear}} [[File:Vertex_First_533_120-Cell_Sections.svg|thumb|left|640px| Coxeter's sections 0₀ - 30₀ of the 120-cell, the sections beginning with a vertex, showing the orbit sections and subgroup sections (when the inscribed solid has more than one permutation in its orbit), as well as the convex hull of each orbit on the right.]] {{Clear}} === Geodesic rectangles === The 30 distinct chords{{Efn|name=additional 120-cell chords}} found in the 120-cell occur as 15 pairs of 180° complements. They form 15 distinct kinds of great circle polygon that lie in central planes of several kinds: {{Background color|palegreen|△ planes that intersect {12} vertices}} in an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], {{Background color|yellow|<big>𝜙</big> planes that intersect {10} vertices}} in a regular decagon, and <big>☐</big> planes that intersect {4} vertices in several kinds of {{Background color|gainsboro|rectangle}}, including a {{Background color|seashell|square}}. Each great circle polygon is characterized by its pair of 180° complementary chords. The chord pairs form great circle polygons with parallel opposing edges, so each great polygon is either a rectangle or a compound of a rectangle, with the two chords as the rectangle's edges. Each of the 15 complementary chord pairs corresponds to a distinct pair of opposing [[#Concentric hulls|polyhedral sections]] of the 120-cell beginning with a vertex (the 0₀ section), as illustrated above. The correspondence is that each 120-cell vertex is surrounded in curved 3-space <math>S_3</math> by each polyhedral section's vertices at a uniform distance (the chord length), the way a polyhedron's vertices surround its center at the distance of its long radius in Euclidean 3-space <math>R_3</math>.{{Efn|In the curved 3-dimensional space <math>S_3</math> of the 120-cell's surface, each of the 600 vertices is surrounded by 15 pairs of polyhedral sections, each section at the "radial" distance of one of the 30 distinct chords. The vertex is not actually at the center of the polyhedron, because it is displaced in the fourth dimension out of the section's hyperplane, so that the ''apex'' vertex and its surrounding ''base'' polyhedron form a [[W:Polyhedral pyramid|polyhedral pyramid]]. The characteristic chord is radial around the apex, as the pyramid's lateral edges.}} There are 600 distinct sets of 15 hulls. The #1 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of the 1₀ section, the tetrahedral vertex figure of the 120-cell.{{Efn|name=#2 chord}} The #14 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of its congruent opposing 29₀ section. The #7 chord is the radius in <math>S_3</math> of the central vertex-first section of the 120-cell, in which two opposing 15₀ sections are coincident. Each vertex is surrounded by two instances of each polyhedron, at the near and far radial distances of the polyhedron's 180° complementary chords, but because curved space <math>S_3</math> begins to close back up on itself after the #7 90° chord, the near and far concentric polyhedra are the same size. Each chord length is given three ways (on successive lines): for the unit-radius 120-cell as a square root, for the unit-radius 120-cell, and for the unit-edge 120-cell.{{Efn|We give chord lengths as unit-radius square roots in these articles, even when they are integers (e.g. the long diameter is {{radic|4}}). Our usual metric is unit-radius, which reveals relationships among successive 4-polytopes,{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} but Coxeter{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.}} and Steinbach{{Sfn|Steinbach|1997|ps=; Steinbach derived a formula relating the diagonals and edge lengths of successive regular polygons, and illustrated it with "fan of chords" diagrams.|p=23|loc=Figure 3}} use unit-edge, which reveals relationships among successive chords.|name=metrics}} To the left of this last unit-edge metric, its reciprocal^-1 is given. The reciprocal is the long radius of a regular ''n''₀-polygon with unit-radius 120-cell edges (#1 chords) as its edges; but this does not imply that the section ''n''₀ polyhedron contains any ''n''₀ polygons.{{Efn|The 120-cell contains no regular {30} central polygons, although its Petrie polygon is a skew regular {30}. Therefore the edge of the regular triacontagon {30} is not a chord of the 120-cell represented in this table. Nevertheless these metrics of the {30} are relevant:<br> :Unit-radius {30}: ::Edge <small><math>E = 2 \sin{\pi/30} \approx \sqrt{0.0437} \approx 0.209</math></small> :Unit-edge {30}: ::Radius <small><math>R_{ue} = 1/E \approx 4.783</math></small> :{30} with 120-cell edges: ::Edge <small><math>\zeta \approx 0.270~</math></small> ::<small><math>E \approx 0.774 \times \zeta</math></small> ::Radius <small><math>R_\zeta \approx 1.292</math></small> |name=triacontagon metrics}} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" ! colspan="11" |30 chords (15 180° pairs) make 15 kinds of great circle polygons and vertex-first polyhedral sections{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V:(v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} (edge 2φ⁻²√2 [radius 4]) beginning with a vertex; Coxeter's table lists 16 non-point sections labelled 1₀ − 16₀|ps=, but 14₀ and 16₀ are congruent opposing sections and 15₀ opposes itself; there are 29 non-point sections, denoted 1₀ − 29₀, in 15 opposing pairs.}} |- ! colspan="4" |Short chord ! colspan="2" |Great circle polygons !Rotation ! colspan="4" |Long chord |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#0<br><br>0₀ | |{{radic|0}} |{{radic|0}} | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" |600 vertices<br>(300 axes) | rowspan="3" | |<math>\pi</math> |{{radic|4}} |{{radic|4}} | rowspan="3" |#15<br><br>30₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0° |0 |0 |180° |2 |2 |- style="background: palegreen;" | | |0 |<small><math>0\times\zeta</math></small> |0.135~^-1 |7.405~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#1<br><br>1₀ |𝞯 |{{radic|0.𝜀}}{{Efn|name=fractional square roots}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2\phi^4}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Irregular great hexagons of the 120-cell.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |400 irregular great hexagons<br> (600 great rectangles)<br> in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{15/4}]]{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} | |{{radic|3.93~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3\phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#14<br><br>29₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |15.5~°{{Efn|In the 120-cell's isoclinic rotations the rotation arc-angle is 12° (1/30 of a circle), not the 15.5~° arc of the #1 edge chord. Regardless of which central planes are the invariant rotation planes, any 120-cell isoclinic rotation by 12° will take the great polygon in ''every'' central plane to a congruent great polygon in a Clifford parallel central plane that is 12° away. Adjacent Clifford parallel great polygons (of every kind) are completely disjoint, and their nearest vertices are connected by ''two'' 120-cell edges (#1 chords of arc-length 15.5~°). The 12° rotation angle is not the arc of any vertex-to-vertex chord in the 120-cell. It occurs only as the two equal angles between adjacent Clifford parallel central ''planes'',{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} and it is the separation between adjacent rotation planes in ''all'' the 120-cell's various isoclinic rotations (not only in its characteristic rotation).|name=12° rotation angle}} |0.270~ |<small><math>1 / \phi^2\sqrt{2}</math></small> |164.5~° |1.982~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | |1^-1 |1 |<small><math>1\times\zeta</math></small> |0.136~^-1 |7.337~ |<small><math>\phi^3\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro;" | | rowspan="3" |#2<br><br>2₀ |{{Efn|name=#2 chord}} |{{radic|0.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:25.2° × 154.8° chords great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[W:Triacontagon#Triacontagram|{30/13}]]<br>#13 | |{{radic|3.81~}} | | rowspan="3" |#13<br><br>28₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |25.2~° |0.437~ |<small><math>1 / \phi\sqrt{2}</math></small> |154.8~° |1.952~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.618~^-1 |1.618~ |<small><math>\phi\times\zeta</math></small> |0.138~^-1 |7.226~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> {{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=footnote:|ps=<br>‡ For simplicity we omit the value of <math>a</math> whenever it is not mononomial in <math>\chi</math>, <math>\psi</math> and <math>\phi</math>.}} |- style="background: yellow;" | | rowspan="3" |#3<br><br>3₀ |<math>\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|0.𝚫}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great decagon rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |720 great decagons<br>(3600 great rectangles)<br>in 720 <big>𝜙</big> planes | rowspan="3" |5𝝅<br>[[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|{15/2}]]<br>#5 |<math>4\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|3.𝚽}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#12<br><br>27₀ |- style="background: yellow;" | |36° |0.618~ |<small><math>1 / \phi</math></small> |144°{{Efn|name=dihedral}} |1.902~ |<small><math>1+1/{\phi^2}</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | |0.437~^-1 |2.288~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.142~^-1 |7.0425 |<small><math>\sqrt{2\phi^5\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro;" | | rowspan="3" |#3⁺<br><br>4₀ | |{{radic|0.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:√0.5 × √3.5 great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{7/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#12⁻<br><br>26₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |41.4~° |0.707~ |<small><math>\sqrt{2}/2</math></small> |138.6~° |1.871~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.382~^-1 |2.618~ |<small><math>\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |0.144~^-1 |6.927~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{7}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#4<br><br>5₀ | |{{radic|0.57~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3/{2\phi^2}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Irregular great dodecagon.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |200 irregular great dodecagons{{Efn|This illustration shows just one of three related irregular great dodecagons that lie in three distinct △ central planes. Two of them (not shown) lie in Clifford parallel (disjoint) dodecagon planes, and share no vertices. The {{Color|blue}} central rectangle of #4 and #11 edges lies in a third dodecagon plane, not Clifford parallel to either of the two disjoint dodecagon planes and intersecting them both; it shares two vertices (a {{radic|4}} axis of the rectangle) with each of them. Each dodecagon plane contains two irregular great hexagons in alternate positions (not shown). Thus each #4 chord of the great rectangle shown is a bridge between two Clifford parallel irregular great hexagons that lie in the two dodecagon planes which are not shown.{{Efn|Isoclinic rotations take Clifford parallel planes to each other, as planes of rotation tilt sideways like coins flipping.{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} The #4 chord{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord}} bridge is significant in an isoclinic rotation in ''regular'' great hexagons (the [[600-cell#Hexagons|24-cell's characteristic rotation]]), in which the invariant rotation planes are a subset of the same 200 dodecagon central planes as the 120-cell's characteristic rotation (in ''irregular'' great hexagons).{{Efn|name=120-cell characteristic rotation}} In each 12° arc{{Efn|name=120-cell rotation angle}} of the 24-cell's characteristic rotation of the 120-cell, every ''regular'' great hexagon vertex is displaced to another vertex, in a Clifford parallel regular great hexagon that is a #4 chord away. Adjacent Clifford parallel regular great hexagons have six pairs of corresponding vertices joined by #4 chords. The six #4 chords are edges of six distinct great rectangles in six disjoint dodecagon central planes which are mutually Clifford parallel.|name=#4 isocline chord bridge}}|name=dodecagon rotation}}<br>(600 great rectangles)<br>in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |{{Efn|name=#4 isocline chord bridge}} | |{{radic|3.43~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^4/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#11<br><br>25₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |44.5~° |0.757~ |<small><math>\sqrt{3} / \phi\sqrt{2}</math></small> |135.5~° |1.851~ |<small><math>\phi^2 / \sqrt{2}</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.357~^-1 |2.803~ |<small><math>\phi\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.146~^-1 |6.854~ |<small><math>\phi^4\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#4⁺<br><br>6₀ | |{{radic|0.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\sqrt{5}/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:49.1° × 130.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.31~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \sqrt{5}/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#11⁻<br><br>24₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |49.1~° |0.831~ | |130.9~° |1.819~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.325~^-1 |3.078~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^3\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.148~^-1 |6.735~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#5⁻<br><br>7₀ | |{{radic|0.88~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:56° × 124° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br>in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|3.12~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \psi/{2\phi}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10⁺<br><br>23₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |56° |0.939~ | |124° |1.766~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.288~^-1 |3.477~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi\phi^3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.153~^-1 |6.538~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi\phi^5}\times\zeta</math></small>{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=300-301|loc=Table V (v) Simplified sections of {5,3,3} beginning with a vertex (see footnote ✼)|ps=:<br> {{indent|4}}<math>11/\chi = \psi</math> <br> {{indent|4}}<math>\chi=(3\sqrt{5}+1)/2 \approx 3.854~</math> {{indent|4}}<math>\psi=(3\sqrt{5}-1)/2 \approx 2.854~</math>}} |- style="background: palegreen;" | | rowspan="3" |#5<br><br>8₀ |<math>\pi / 3</math> |{{radic|1}} |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great hexagon.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |400 regular [[600-cell#Hexagons|great hexagons]]{{Efn|name=great hexagon}}<br> (1200 great rectangles)<br>in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[600-cell#Hexagons and hexagrams|2{10/3}]]<br>#4 |<small><math>2\pi / 3</math></small> |{{radic|3}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10<br><br>22₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |60° |1 | |120° |1.732~ | |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.270~^-1 |3.702~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.156~^-1 |6.413~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{6}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#5⁺<br><br>9₀ | |{{radic|1.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi/2\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:66.1° × 113.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.81~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \chi/2\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#10⁻<br><br>21₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |66.1~° |1.091~ | |113.9~° |1.676~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.247~^-1 |4.041~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi/\phi^3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.161~^-1 |6.205~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁻<br><br>10₀ | |{{radic|1.31~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:69.8° × 110.2° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{4 - \phi^2/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#9⁺<br><br>20₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |69.8~° |1.144~ |<small><math>\phi/\sqrt{2}</math></small> |110.2~° |1.640~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.236~^-1 |4.236~ |<small><math>\phi^3\times\zeta</math></small> |0.165~^-1 |6.074~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | | rowspan="3" |#6<br><br>11₀ |<math>2\pi/5</math> |{{radic|1.𝚫}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great pentagons rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |1440 [[600-cell#Decagons and pentadecagrams|great pentagons]]{{Efn|name=great pentagon}}<br>(3600 great rectangles)<br> in 720 <big>𝜙</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[600-cell#Squares and octagrams|{24/5}]]<br>#9 |<math>3\pi / 5</math> |{{radic|2.𝚽}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#9<br><br>19₀ |- style="background: yellow;" | |72° |1.176~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\sqrt{5}/\phi}</math></small> |108° |1.618~ |<small><math>\phi</math></small> |- style="background: yellow;" | |0.230~^-1 |4.353~ |<small><math>\sqrt{2\phi^3\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.167~^-1 |5.991~ |<small><math>\phi^3\sqrt{2}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: palegreen; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺⁻<br><br>12₀ | |{{radic|1.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{3/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great 5-cell digons rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |1200 [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|great digon 5-cell edges]]{{Efn|The [[5-cell#Geodesics and rotations|regular 5-cell has only digon central planes]] intersecting two vertices. The 120-cell with 120 inscribed regular 5-cells contains great rectangles whose longer edges are these digons, the edges of inscribed 5-cells of length {{radic|2.5}}. Three disjoint rectangles occur in one {12} central plane, where the six #8 {{radic|2.5}} chords belong to six disjoint 5-cells. The 12₀ sections and 18₀ sections are regular tetrahedra of edge length {{radic|2.5}}, the cells of regular 5-cells. The regular 5-cells' ten triangle faces lie in those sections; each of a face's three {{radic|2.5}} edges lies in a different {12} central plane.|name=5-cell rotation}}<br>(600 great rectangles)<br> in 200 △ planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅{{Efn|name=isocline circumference}}<br>[[W:Pentagram|{5/2}]]<br>#8 | |{{radic|2.5}} |<small><math>\sqrt{5/2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#8<br><br>18₀ |- style="background: palegreen;" | |75.5~° |1.224~ | |104.5~° |1.581~ | |- style="background: palegreen;" | |0.221~^-1 |4.535~ |<small><math>\phi^2\sqrt{3}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.171~^-1 |5.854~ |<small><math>\sqrt{5\phi^4}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺<br><br>13₀ | |{{radic|1.69~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}(9-\sqrt{5})}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:81.1° × 98.9° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.31~}} | | rowspan="3" |#8⁻<br><br>17₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |81.1~° |1.300~ |<small><math>\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |98.9~° |1.520~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.208~⁻¹ |4.815~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.178~^-1 |5.626~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi\phi^5}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: gainsboro; height:50px" | | rowspan="3" |#6⁺⁺<br><br>14₀ | |{{radic|0.81~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:84.5° × 95.5° great rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |Great rectangles<br> in <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" | | |{{radic|2.19~}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{11-\sqrt{5}}{4}}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#7⁺<br><br>16₀ |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |84.5~° |1.345~ | |95.5~° |1.480~ | |- style="background: gainsboro;" | |0.201~⁻¹ |4.980~ |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi^5\sqrt{5}}\times\zeta</math></small> |0.182~^-1 |5.480~ |<small><math>\text{‡}\times\zeta</math></small> |- style="background: seashell;" | | rowspan="3" |#7<br><br>15₀ |<math>\pi / 2</math> |{{radic|2}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |[[File:Great square rectangle.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" |4050 [[600-cell#Squares|great squares]]{{Efn|name=rays and bases}}<br> in 4050 <big>☐</big> planes | rowspan="3" |4𝝅<br>[[W:30-gon#Triacontagram|{30/7}]]<br>#7 |<math>\pi / 2</math> |{{radic|2}} |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> | rowspan="3" |#7<br><br>15₀ |- style="background: seashell;" | |90° |1.414~ | |90° |1.414~ | |- style="background: seashell;" | |0.191~⁻¹ |5.236~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |0.191~^-1 |5.236~ |<small><math>2\phi^2\times\zeta</math></small> |} Each kind of great circle polygon (each distinct pair of 180° complementary chords) plays a role in a discrete isoclinic rotation{{Efn|name=isoclinic rotation}} of a distinct class,{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} which takes its great rectangle edges to similar edges in Clifford parallel great polygons of the same kind.{{Efn|In the 120-cell, completely orthogonal to every great circle polygon lies another great circle polygon of the same kind. The set of Clifford parallel invariant planes of a distinct isoclinic rotation is a set of such completely orthogonal pairs.{{Efn|name=Clifford parallel invariant planes}}}} There is a distinct left and right rotation of this class for each fiber bundle of Clifford parallel great circle polygons in the invariant planes of the rotation.{{Efn|Each kind of rotation plane has its characteristic fibration divisor, denoting the number of fiber bundles of Clifford parallel great circle polygons (of each distinct kind) that are found in rotation planes of that kind. Each bundle covers all the vertices of the 120-cell exactly once, so the total number of vertices in the great circle polygons of one kind, divided by the number of bundles, is always 600, the number of distinct vertices. For example, "400 irregular great hexagons" / 4.}} In each class of rotation,{{Efn|[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] are defined by at least one pair of completely orthogonal{{Efn|name=perpendicular and parallel}} central planes of rotation which are ''invariant'', which means that all points in the plane stay in the plane as the plane moves. A distinct left (and right) isoclinic{{Efn|name=isoclinic}} rotation may have multiple pairs of completely orthogonal invariant planes, and all those invariant planes are mutually [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]. A distinct class of discrete isoclinic rotation has a characteristic kind of great polygon in its invariant planes.{{Efn|name=characteristic rotation}} It has multiple distinct left (and right) rotation instances called ''fibrations'', which have disjoint sets of invariant rotation planes. The fibrations are disjoint bundles of Clifford parallel circular ''fibers'', the great circle polygons in their invariant planes.|name=Clifford parallel invariant planes}} vertices rotate on a distinct kind of circular geodesic isocline{{Efn|name=isocline}} which has a characteristic circumference, skew Clifford polygram{{Efn|name=Clifford polygon}} and chord number, listed in the Rotation column above.{{Efn|The 120-cell has 7200 distinct rotational displacements, each with its invariant rotation plane. The 7200 distinct central planes can be grouped into the sets of Clifford parallel invariant rotation planes of 25 distinct classes of (double) rotations, and are usually given as those sets.{{Sfn|Mamone, Pileio & Levitt|2010|loc=§4.5 Regular Convex 4-Polytopes, Table 2}}|name=distinct rotations}} ===Polyhedral graph=== Considering the [[W:Adjacency matrix|adjacency matrix]] of the vertices representing the polyhedral graph of the unit-radius 120-cell, the [[W:Graph diameter|graph diameter]] is 15, connecting each vertex to its coordinate-negation at a [[W:Euclidean distance|Euclidean distance]] of 2 away (its circumdiameter), and there are 24 different paths to connect them along the polytope edges. From each vertex, there are 4 vertices at distance 1, 12 at distance 2, 24 at distance 3, 36 at distance 4, 52 at distance 5, 68 at distance 6, 76 at distance 7, 78 at distance 8, 72 at distance 9, 64 at distance 10, 56 at distance 11, 40 at distance 12, 12 at distance 13, 4 at distance 14, and 1 at distance 15. The adjacency matrix has 27 distinct eigenvalues ranging from {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270, with a multiplicity of 4, to 2, with a multiplicity of 1. The multiplicity of eigenvalue 0 is 18, and the rank of the adjacency matrix is 582. The vertices of the 120-cell polyhedral graph are [[W:Vertex coloring|3-colorable]]. The graph is [[W:Eulerian path|Eulerian]] having degree 4 in every vertex. Its edge set can be decomposed into two [[W:Hamiltonian path|Hamiltonian cycles]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Carlo H. Séquin | title = Symmetrical Hamiltonian manifolds on regular 3D and 4D polytopes | date = July 2005 | pages = 463–472 | publisher = Mathartfun.com | isbn = 9780966520163 | url = https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-463.html#gsc.tab=0 | access-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> === Constructions === The 120-cell is the sixth in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).{{Efn|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} It can be deconstructed into ten distinct instances (or five disjoint instances) of its predecessor (and dual) the [[600-cell]],{{Efn|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} just as the 600-cell can be deconstructed into twenty-five distinct instances (or five disjoint instances) of its predecessor the [[24-cell|24-cell]],{{Efn|In the 120-cell, each 24-cell belongs to two different 600-cells.{{Sfn|van Ittersum|2020|p=435|loc=§4.3.5 The two 600-cells circumscribing a 24-cell}} The 120-cell contains 225 distinct 24-cells and can be partitioned into 25 disjoint 24-cells, so it is the convex hull of a compound of 25 24-cells.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|p=5|loc=§2 The Labeling of H4}}|name=two 600-cells share a 24-cell}} the 24-cell can be deconstructed into three distinct instances of its predecessor the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] (8-cell), and the 8-cell can be deconstructed into two disjoint instances of its predecessor (and dual) the [[16-cell|16-cell]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=305|loc=Table VII: Regular Compounds in Four Dimensions}} The 120-cell contains 675 distinct instances (75 disjoint instances) of the 16-cell.{{Efn|The 120-cell has 600 vertices distributed symmetrically on the surface of a 3-sphere in four-dimensional Euclidean space. The vertices come in antipodal pairs, and the lines through antipodal pairs of vertices define the 300 '''rays''' [or axes] of the 120-cell. We will term any set of four mutually orthogonal rays (or directions) a '''[[W:Orthonormal basis|basis]]'''. The 300 rays form 675 bases, with each ray occurring in 9 bases and being orthogonal to its 27 distinct companions in these bases and to no other rays. The rays and bases constitute a [[W:Configuration (geometry)|geometric configuration]], which in the language of configurations is written as 300₉675₄ to indicate that each ray belongs to 9 bases, and each basis contains 4 rays.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2014|loc=§2 Geometry of the 120-cell: rays and bases|pp=3-4}} Each basis corresponds to a distinct [[16-cell#Coordinates|16-cell]] containing four orthogonal axes and six orthogonal great squares. 75 completely disjoint 16-cells containing all 600 vertices of the 120-cell can be selected from the 675 distinct 16-cells.{{Efn|name=rotated 4-simplexes are completely disjoint}}|name=rays and bases}} The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The 600-cell's edge length is ~0.618 times its radius (the inverse [[W:Golden ratio|golden ratio]]), but the 120-cell's edge length is ~0.270 times its radius. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the regular compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. This can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 600-cells, as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point 600-cell, expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell. For each of the 120 vertices, add 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point 600-cells: a 120-cell. ==== Dual 600-cells ==== [[File:Chiroicosahedron-in-dodecahedron.png|thumb|150px|right|Five tetrahedra inscribed in a dodecahedron. Five opposing tetrahedra (not shown) can also be inscribed.]] Since the 120-cell is the dual of the 600-cell, it can be constructed from the 600-cell by placing its 600 vertices at the center of volume of each of the 600 tetrahedral cells. From a 600-cell of unit long radius, this results in a 120-cell of slightly smaller long radius ({{sfrac|φ²|{{radic|8}}}} ≈ 0.926) and edge length of exactly 1/4. Thus the unit edge-length 120-cell (with long radius φ²{{radic|2}} ≈ 3.702) can be constructed in this manner just inside a 600-cell of long radius 4. The [[#Unit radius coordinates|unit radius 120-cell]] (with edge-length {{sfrac|1|φ²{{radic|2}}}} ≈ 0.270) can be constructed in this manner just inside a 600-cell of long radius {{sfrac|{{radic|8}}|φ²}} ≈ 1.080. [[File:Dodecahedron_vertices.svg|thumb|150px|right|One of the five distinct cubes inscribed in the dodecahedron (dashed lines). Two opposing tetrahedra (not shown) lie inscribed in each cube, so ten distinct tetrahedra (one from each 600-cell in the 120-cell) are inscribed in the dodecahedron.{{Efn|In the [[W:120-cell#Dual 600-cells|dodecahedral cell]] of the unit-radius 120-cell, the edge is the '''15.5° #1 [[#Chords|chord]]''' of the 120-cell of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi^2\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.270</math></small>. Eight {{Color|orange}} vertices lie at the Cartesian coordinates <small><math>(\pm\phi^3\sqrt{8}, \pm\phi^3\sqrt{8}, \pm\phi^3\sqrt{8})</math></small> relative to origin at the cell center. They form a cube (dashed lines) whose edges are the '''25.2° #2 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.437</math></small> (the pentagon diagonal). The face diagonals of the cube (not drawn) are the '''36° #3 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small> (the edges of two 600-cell tetrahedron cells inscribed in the cube). The next largest '''41.1° chord''' has length <small><math>\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>. The diameter of the dodecahedron is the '''44.5° #4 chord''' of length <small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{\phi\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.757</math></small> (the cube diagonal). If the #4 diameter is extended outside the dodecahedron in a straight line in the curved space of the 3-sphere, it is colinear with a #1 edge belonging to three neighboring dodecahedron cells, and the combined '''60° #5 chord''' has length <small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> (an edge of an inscribed 24-cell). If this 60° combined #4 plus #1 geodesic is further extended in a straight line by another #4 chord (the diameter of a further cell), the combined '''104.5° #8 chord''' has length <small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small> (an edge of an inscribed regular 5-cell).|name=dodecahedral cell metrics}}]] Reciprocally, the unit-radius 120-cell can be constructed just outside a 600-cell of slightly smaller long radius {{sfrac|φ²|{{radic|8}}}} ≈ 0.926, by placing the center of each dodecahedral cell at one of the 120 600-cell vertices. The 120-cell whose coordinates are given [[#√8 radius coordinates|above]] of long radius {{Radic|8}} = 2{{Radic|2}} ≈ 2.828 and edge-length {{sfrac|2|φ²}} = 3−{{radic|5}} ≈ 0.764 can be constructed in this manner just outside a 600-cell of long radius φ², which is smaller than {{Radic|8}} in the same ratio of ≈ 0.926; it is in the golden ratio to the edge length of the 600-cell, so that must be φ. The 120-cell of edge-length 2 and long radius φ²{{Radic|8}} ≈ 7.405 given by Coxeter{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=Table I(ii); "120-cell"|pp=292-293}} can be constructed in this manner just outside a 600-cell of long radius φ⁴ and edge-length φ³. Therefore, the unit-radius 120-cell can be constructed from its predecessor the unit-radius 600-cell in three reciprocation steps. ==== Cell rotations of inscribed duals ==== Since the 120-cell contains inscribed 600-cells, it contains its own dual of the same radius. The 120-cell contains five disjoint 600-cells (ten overlapping inscribed 600-cells of which we can pick out five disjoint 600-cells in two different ways), so it can be seen as a compound of five of its own dual (in two ways). The vertices of each inscribed 600-cell are vertices of the 120-cell, and (dually) each dodecahedral cell center is a tetrahedral cell center in each of the inscribed 600-cells. The dodecahedral cells of the 120-cell have tetrahedral cells of the 600-cells inscribed in them.{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|loc=The Dodecahedron|pp=4-5}} Just as the 120-cell is a compound of five 600-cells (in two ways), the dodecahedron is a compound of five regular tetrahedra (in two ways). As two opposing tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, and five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron, ten tetrahedra in five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron: two opposing sets of five, with each set covering all 20 vertices and each vertex in two tetrahedra (one from each set, but not the opposing pair of a cube obviously).{{Sfn|Coxeter, du Val, Flather & Petrie|1938|p=4|ps=; "Just as a tetrahedron can be inscribed in a cube, so a cube can be inscribed in a dodecahedron. By reciprocation, this leads to an octahedron circumscribed about an icosahedron. In fact, each of the twelve vertices of the icosahedron divides an edge of the octahedron according to the "[[W:Golden section|golden section]]". Given the icosahedron, the circumscribed octahedron can be chosen in five ways, giving a [[W:Compound of five octahedra|compound of five octahedra]], which comes under our definition of [[W:Stellated icosahedron|stellated icosahedron]]. (The reciprocal compound, of five cubes whose vertices belong to a dodecahedron, is a stellated [[W:Triacontahedron|triacontahedron]].) Another stellated icosahedron can at once be deduced, by stellating each octahedron into a [[W:Stella octangula|stella octangula]], thus forming a [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compound of ten tetrahedra]]. Further, we can choose one tetrahedron from each stella octangula, so as to derive a [[W:Compound of five tetrahedra|compound of five tetrahedra]], which still has all the rotation symmetry of the icosahedron (i.e. the icosahedral group), although it has lost the reflections. By reflecting this figure in any plane of symmetry of the icosahedron, we obtain the complementary set of five tetrahedra. These two sets of five tetrahedra are enantiomorphous, i.e. not directly congruent, but related like a pair of shoes. [Such] a figure which possesses no plane of symmetry (so that it is enantiomorphous to its mirror-image) is said to be ''[[W:Chiral|chiral]]''."}} This shows that the 120-cell contains, among its many interior features, 120 [[W:Compound of ten tetrahedra|compounds of ten tetrahedra]], each of which is dimensionally analogous to the whole 120-cell as a compound of ten 600-cells.{{Efn|The 600 vertices of the 120-cell can be partitioned into those of 5 disjoint inscribed 120-vertex 600-cells in two different ways.{{Sfn|Waegell|Aravind|2014|pp=5-6}} The geometry of this 4D partitioning is dimensionally analogous to the 3D partitioning of the 20 vertices of the dodecahedron into 5 disjoint inscribed tetrahedra, which can also be done in two different ways because [[#Cell rotations of inscribed duals|each dodecahedral cell contains two opposing sets of 5 disjoint inscribed tetrahedral cells]]. The 120-cell can be partitioned in a manner analogous to the dodecahedron because each of its dodecahedral cells contains one tetrahedral cell from each of the 10 inscribed 600-cells.|name=2 ways to get 5 disjoint 600-cells}} All ten tetrahedra can be generated by two chiral five-click rotations of any one tetrahedron. In each dodecahedral cell, one tetrahedral cell comes from each of the ten 600-cells inscribed in the 120-cell.{{Efn|The 10 tetrahedra in each dodecahedron overlap; but the 600 tetrahedra in each 600-cell do not, so each of the 10 must belong to a different 600-cell.}} Therefore the whole 120-cell, with all ten inscribed 600-cells, can be generated from just one 600-cell by rotating its cells. ==== Augmentation ==== Another consequence of the 120-cell containing inscribed 600-cells is that it is possible to construct it by placing [[W:Hyperpyramid|4-pyramid]]s of some kind on the cells of the 600-cell. These tetrahedral pyramids must be quite irregular in this case (with the apex blunted into four 'apexes'), but we can discern their shape in the way a tetrahedron lies inscribed in a [[W:Regular dodecahedron#Cartesian coordinates|dodecahedron]].{{Efn|name=truncated apex}} Only 120 tetrahedral cells of each 600-cell can be inscribed in the 120-cell's dodecahedra; its other 480 tetrahedra span dodecahedral cells. Each dodecahedron-inscribed tetrahedron is the center cell of a [[600-cell#Icosahedra|cluster of five tetrahedra]], with the four others face-bonded around it lying only partially within the dodecahedron. The central tetrahedron is edge-bonded to an additional 12 tetrahedral cells, also lying only partially within the dodecahedron.{{Efn|As we saw in the [[600-cell#Cell clusters|600-cell]], these 12 tetrahedra belong (in pairs) to the 6 [[600-cell#Icosahedra|icosahedral clusters]] of twenty tetrahedral cells which surround each cluster of five tetrahedral cells.}} The central cell is vertex-bonded to 40 other tetrahedral cells which lie entirely outside the dodecahedron. ==== Weyl orbits ==== Another construction method uses [[W:Quaternion|quaternion]]s and the [[W:Icosahedral symmetry|icosahedral symmetry]] of [[W:Weyl group|Weyl group]] orbits <math>O(\Lambda)=W(H_4)=I</math> of order 120.{{Sfn|Koca|Al-Ajmi|Ozdes Koca|2011|loc=6. Dual of the snub 24-cell|pp=986-988}} The following describe <math>T</math> and <math>T'</math> [[24-cell|24-cell]]s as quaternion orbit weights of D4 under the Weyl group W(D4):<br/> O(0100) : T = {±1,±e1,±e2,±e3,(±1±e1±e2±e3)/2}<br/> O(1000) : V1<br/> O(0010) : V2<br/> O(0001) : V3 <math display="block">T'=\sqrt{2}\{V1\oplus V2\oplus V3 \} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{-1-e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_2-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_2-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_2+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_2+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \frac{-1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \frac{-e_1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1-e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-e_1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{e_1+e_2}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1-e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1+e_3}{\sqrt{2}} \end{pmatrix};</math> With quaternions <math>(p,q)</math> where <math>\bar p</math> is the conjugate of <math>p</math> and <math>[p,q]:r\rightarrow r'=prq</math> and <math>[p,q]^*:r\rightarrow r''=p\bar rq</math>, then the [[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] <math>W(H_4)=\lbrace[p,\bar p] \oplus [p,\bar p]^*\rbrace </math> is the symmetry group of the [[600-cell]] and the 120-cell of order 14400. Given <math>p \in T</math> such that <math>\bar p=\pm p^4, \bar p^2=\pm p^3, \bar p^3=\pm p^2, \bar p^4=\pm p</math> and <math>p^\dagger</math> as an exchange of <math>-1/\varphi \leftrightarrow \varphi</math> within <math>p</math>, we can construct: * the [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] <math>S=\sum_{i=1}^4\oplus p^i T</math> * the [[600-cell]] <math>I=T+S=\sum_{i=0}^4\oplus p^i T</math> * the 120-cell <math>J=\sum_{i,j=0}^4\oplus p^i\bar p^{\dagger j}T'</math> * the alternate snub 24-cell <math>S'=\sum_{i=1}^4\oplus p^i\bar p^{\dagger i}T'</math> * the [[W:Dual snub 24-cell|dual snub 24-cell]] = <math>T \oplus T' \oplus S'</math>. === As a configuration === This [[W:Regular 4-polytope#As configurations|configuration matrix]] represents the 120-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 120-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§1.8 Configurations}}{{Sfn|Coxeter|1991|p=117}} <math>\begin{bmatrix}\begin{matrix}600 & 4 & 6 & 4 \\ 2 & 1200 & 3 & 3 \\ 5 & 5 & 720 & 2 \\ 20 & 30 & 12 & 120 \end{matrix}\end{bmatrix}</math> Here is the configuration expanded with ''k''-face elements and ''k''-figures. The diagonal element counts are the ratio of the full [[W:Coxeter group|Coxeter group]] order, 14400, divided by the order of the subgroup with mirror removal. {| class=wikitable !H₄||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} ! [[W:K-face|''k''-face]]||f_k||f₀ || f₁||f₂||f₃||[[W:vertex figure|''k''-fig]] !Notes |- align=right |A₃ || {{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_x|2|node|3|node|3|node}} ||( ) !f₀ || 600 || 4 || 6 || 4 ||[[W:Regular tetrahedron|{3,3}]] || H₄/A₃ = 14400/24 = 600 |- align=right |A₁A₂ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|2|node_x|2|node|3|node}} ||{ } !f₁ || 2 || 1200 || 3 || 3 || [[W:Equilateral triangle|{3}]] || H₄/A₂A₁ = 14400/6/2 = 1200 |- align=right |H₂A₁ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|2|node_x|2|node}} ||[[W:Pentagon|{5}]] !f₂ || 5 || 5 || 720 || 2 || { } || H₄/H₂A₁ = 14400/10/2 = 720 |- align=right |H₃ ||{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|2|node_x}} ||[[W:Regular dodecahedron|{5,3}]] !f₃ || 20 || 30 || 12 ||120|| ( ) || H₄/H₃ = 14400/120 = 120 |} == Visualization == The 120-cell consists of 120 dodecahedral cells. For visualization purposes, it is convenient that the dodecahedron has opposing parallel faces (a trait it shares with the cells of the [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] and the [[24-cell|24-cell]]). One can stack dodecahedrons face to face in a straight line bent in the 4th direction into a great circle with a circumference of 10 cells. Starting from this initial ten cell construct there are two common visualizations one can use: a layered stereographic projection, and a structure of intertwining rings.{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|p=15|loc=Other Properties of the 120-cell}} === Layered stereographic projection === The cell locations lend themselves to a hyperspherical description.{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013|p=16|loc=§6.1. Layers of dodecahedra}} Pick an arbitrary dodecahedron and label it the "north pole". Twelve great circle meridians (four cells long) radiate out in 3 dimensions, converging at the fifth "south pole" cell. This skeleton accounts for 50 of the 120 cells (2 + 4 × 12). Starting at the North Pole, we can build up the 120-cell in 9 latitudinal layers, with allusions to terrestrial 2-sphere topography in the table below. With the exception of the poles, the centroids of the cells of each layer lie on a separate 2-sphere, with the equatorial centroids lying on a great 2-sphere. The centroids of the 30 equatorial cells form the vertices of an [[W:Icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with the meridians (as described above) passing through the center of each pentagonal face. The cells labeled "interstitial" in the following table do not fall on meridian great circles. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Layer # ! Number of Cells ! Description ! Colatitude ! Region |- | style="text-align: center" | 1 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | North Pole | style="text-align: center" | 0° | rowspan="4" | Northern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 2 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | First layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Arctic Circle|Arctic Circle]]" | style="text-align: center" | 36° |- | style="text-align: center" | 3 | style="text-align: center" | 20 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 60° |- | style="text-align: center" | 4 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Second layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Tropic of Cancer|Tropic of Cancer]]" | style="text-align: center" | 72° |- | style="text-align: center" | 5 | style="text-align: center" | 30 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 90° | style="text-align: center" | Equator |- | style="text-align: center" | 6 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Third layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Tropic of Capricorn|Tropic of Capricorn]]" | style="text-align: center" | 108° | rowspan="4" | Southern Hemisphere |- | style="text-align: center" | 7 | style="text-align: center" | 20 cells | Non-meridian / interstitial | style="text-align: center" | 120° |- | style="text-align: center" | 8 | style="text-align: center" | 12 cells | Fourth layer of meridional cells / "[[W:Antarctic Circle|Antarctic Circle]]" | style="text-align: center" | 144° |- | style="text-align: center" | 9 | style="text-align: center" | 1 cell | South Pole | style="text-align: center" | 180° |- ! Total ! 120 cells ! colspan="3" | |} The cells of layers 2, 4, 6 and 8 are located over the faces of the pole cell. The cells of layers 3 and 7 are located directly over the vertices of the pole cell. The cells of layer 5 are located over the edges of the pole cell. === Intertwining rings === [[Image:120-cell rings.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Two intertwining rings of the 120-cell.]] [[File:120-cell_two_orthogonal_rings.png|thumb|300px|Two orthogonal rings in a cell-centered projection]] The 120-cell can be partitioned into 12 disjoint 10-cell great circle rings, forming a discrete/quantized [[W:Hopf fibration|Hopf fibration]].{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|loc=§9. The 120-cell and the 600-cell|pp=19-23}}{{Sfn|Schleimer & Segerman|2013|pp=16-18|loc=§6.2. Rings of dodecahedra}}{{Sfn|Banchoff|2013}}{{Sfn|Zamboj|2021|pp=6-12|loc=§2 Mathematical background}}{{Sfn|Sullivan|1991|loc=Other Properties of the 120-cell|p=15}} Starting with one 10-cell ring, one can place another ring alongside it that spirals around the original ring one complete revolution in ten cells. Five such 10-cell rings can be placed adjacent to the original 10-cell ring. Although the outer rings "spiral" around the inner ring (and each other), they actually have no helical [[W:Torsion of a curve|torsion]]. They are all equivalent. The spiraling is a result of the 3-sphere curvature. The inner ring and the five outer rings now form a six ring, 60-cell solid torus. One can continue adding 10-cell rings adjacent to the previous ones, but it's more instructive to construct a second torus, disjoint from the one above, from the remaining 60 cells, that interlocks with the first. The 120-cell, like the 3-sphere, is the union of these two ([[W:Clifford torus|Clifford]]) tori. If the center ring of the first torus is a meridian great circle as defined above, the center ring of the second torus is the equatorial great circle that is centered on the meridian circle.{{Sfn|Zamboj|2021|loc=§5 Hopf tori corresponding to circles on B²|pp=23-29}} Also note that the spiraling shell of 50 cells around a center ring can be either left handed or right handed. It's just a matter of partitioning the cells in the shell differently, i.e. picking another set of disjoint ([[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]]) great circles. === Other great circle constructs === There is another great circle path of interest that alternately passes through opposing cell vertices, then along an edge. This path consists of 6 edges alternating with 6 cell diameter [[#Chords|chords]], forming an [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular dodecagon in a central plane]]. Both these great circle paths have dual [[600-cell#Union of two tori|great circle paths in the 600-cell]]. The 10 cell face to face path above maps to a 10 vertex path solely traversing along edges in the 600-cell, forming a [[600-cell#Decagons|decagon]].{{Efn|name=two coaxial Petrie 30-gons}} The alternating cell/edge path maps to a path consisting of 12 tetrahedrons alternately meeting face to face then vertex to vertex (six [[W:Triangular bipyramids|triangular bipyramids]]) in the 600-cell. This latter path corresponds to a [[600-cell#Icosahedra|ring of six icosahedra]] meeting face to face in the [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]] (or [[W:Icosahedral pyramid|icosahedral pyramids]] in the 600-cell), forming a [[600-cell#Hexagons|hexagon]]. Another great circle polygon path exists which is unique to the 120-cell and has no dual counterpart in the 600-cell. This path consists of 3 120-cell edges alternating with 3 inscribed 5-cell edges (#8 chords), forming the irregular great hexagon with alternating short and long edges [[#Chords|illustrated above]].{{Efn|name=irregular great hexagon}} Each 5-cell edge runs through the volume of three dodecahedral cells (in a ring of ten face-bonded dodecahedral cells), to the opposite pentagonal face of the third dodecahedron. This irregular great hexagon lies in the same central plane (on the same great circle) as the irregular great dodecagon described above, but it intersects only {6} of the {12} dodecagon vertices. There are two irregular great hexagons inscribed in each [[#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular great dodecagon]], in alternate positions. === 2D Orthogonal projections === [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthogonal projection]]s of the 120-cell can be done in 2D by defining two orthonormal basis vectors for a specific view direction. The 30-gonal projection was made in 1963 by [[W:B. L. Chilton|B. L. Chilton]].{{Sfn|Chilton|1964}} The H3 [[W:Decagon|decagon]]al projection shows the plane of the [[W:Van Oss polygon|van Oss polygon]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[W:Orthographic projection|Orthographic projection]]s by [[W:Coxeter plane|Coxeter plane]]s{{Sfn|Dechant|2021|pp=18-20|loc=6. The Coxeter Plane}} |- align=center !H₄ ! - !F₄ |- align=center |[[File:120-cell graph H4.svg|240px]]<br>[30]<br>(Red=1) |[[File:120-cell t0 p20.svg|240px]]<br>[20]<br>(Red=1) |[[File:120-cell t0 F4.svg|240px]]<br>[12]<br>(Red=1) |- align=center !H₃ !A₂ / B₃ / D₄ !A₃ / B₂ |- align=center |[[File:120-cell t0 H3.svg|240px]]<br>[10]<br>(Red=5, orange=10) |[[File:120-cell t0 A2.svg|240px]]<br>[6]<br>(Red=1, orange=3, yellow=6, lime=9, green=12) |[[File:120-cell t0 A3.svg|240px]]<br>[4]<br>(Red=1, orange=2, yellow=4, lime=6, green=8) |} === 3D Perspective projections === These projections use [[W:Perspective projection|perspective projection]], from a specific viewpoint in four dimensions, projecting the model as a 3D shadow. Therefore, faces and cells that look larger are merely closer to the 4D viewpoint. A comparison of perspective projections of the 3D dodecahedron to 2D (above left), and projections of the 4D 120-cell to 3D (below right), demonstrates two related perspective projection methods, by dimensional analogy. [[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]]s use [[W:Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] to show depth in the dimension which has been flattened, choosing a view point ''above'' a specific cell, thus making that cell the envelope of the model, with other cells appearing smaller inside it. [[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]]s use the same approach, but are shown with curved edges, representing the spherical polytope as a tiling of a [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]]. Both these methods distort the object, because the cells are not actually nested inside each other (they meet face-to-face), and they are all the same size. Other perspective projection methods exist, such as the rotating [[120-cell#Animations|animations]] below, which do not exhibit this particular kind of distortion, but rather some other kind of distortion (as all projections must). {| class="wikitable" style="width:540px;" |+Comparison with regular dodecahedron |- !width=80|Projection ![[W:Dodecahedron|Dodecahedron]] !120-cell |- ![[W:Schlegel diagram|Schlegel diagram]] |align=center|[[Image:Dodecahedron schlegel.svg|220px]]<br>12 pentagon faces in the plane |align=center|[[File:Schlegel wireframe 120-cell.png|220px]]<br>120 dodecahedral cells in 3-space |- ![[W:Stereographic projection|Stereographic projection]] |align=center|[[Image:Dodecahedron stereographic projection.png|220px]] |align=center|[[Image:Stereographic polytope 120cell faces.png|220px]]<br>With transparent faces |} {|class="wikitable" |- !colspan=2|Enhanced perspective projections |- |align=center|[[Image:120-cell perspective-cell-first-02.png|240px]] |Cell-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from the center to a vertex, with these enhancements applied: * Nearest dodecahedron to the 4D viewpoint rendered in yellow * The 12 dodecahedra immediately adjoining it rendered in cyan; * The remaining dodecahedra rendered in green; * Cells facing away from the 4D viewpoint (those lying on the "far side" of the 120-cell) culled to minimize clutter in the final image. |- |align=center|[[Image:120-cell perspective-vertex-first-02.png|240px]] |Vertex-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from center to a vertex, with these enhancements: * Four cells surrounding nearest vertex shown in 4 colors * Nearest vertex shown in white (center of image where 4 cells meet) * Remaining cells shown in transparent green * Cells facing away from 4D viewpoint culled for clarity |} === Animations === {|class="wikitable" !colspan=2|Projections to 3D of a 4D 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]] |- |align=center|[[File:120-cell.gif|256px]] |align=center|[[File:120-cell-inner.gif|256px]] |- |From outside the [[W:3-sphere|3-sphere]] in 4-space. |Inside the [[600-cell#Boundary envelopes|3D surface]] of the 3-sphere. |} In all the above projections of the 120-cell, only the edges of the 120-cell appear. All the other [[#Chords|chords]] are not shown. 600 chords converge at ''each'' of the 600 vertices. The complex [[#Relationships among interior polytopes|interior parts]] of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 600-cells, 24-cells, 8-cells, 16-cells and 5-cells, are completely invisible in all illustrations. The viewer must imagine them.{{Efn|[[File:Omnitruncated_120-cell_Coxeter_sections-subsections_projected_from_4D.svg|thumb|A full display of each section's orbits along with sub-section orbits in the 14400-point omnitruncated 120-cell.]]The 120-cell has <small><math>600^2 = 360,000</math></small> distinct chords. With all of its chords ''and their intersections'' it is the 14400 vertex [[W:Omnitruncation|omnitruncated]] 120-cell, which is identical to the omnitruncated 600-cell given the symmetry of their Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams.}} The following animation is an exception which does show some interior chords, although it does not reveal the inscribed 4-polytopes. {| class=wikitable width=540 !colspan=1|Coxeter section views |- |align=center|[[File:Cell120-OmniTruncated-Sections.webm|300px]]<br>Sections of an omnitrucated 4D 600/120-cell 97 frames (=48x2 L/R+1 Center) shown in 4D to 3D [[W:Flatland|Flatland]]er views. The center section is highlighted by also showing it as a combined set of convex hulls. |} == Related polyhedra and honeycombs== === H₄ polytopes === The 120-cell is one of 15 regular and uniform polytopes with the same H₄ symmetry [3,3,5]:{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020}} {{H4_family}} === {p,3,3} polytopes === The 120-cell is similar to three [[W:Regular 4-polytope|regular 4-polytopes]]: the [[5-cell|5-cell]] {3,3,3} and [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] {4,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the [[W:Hexagonal tiling honeycomb|hexagonal tiling honeycomb]] {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space. All of these have a [[W:Tetrahedral|tetrahedral]] [[W:Vertex figure|vertex figure]] {3,3}: {{Tetrahedral vertex figure tessellations small}} === {5,3,p} polytopes === The 120-cell is a part of a sequence of 4-polytopes and honeycombs with [[W:Dodecahedral|dodecahedral]] cells: {{Dodecahedral_tessellations_small}} === Tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell === Since the 600-point 120-cell has 5 disjoint inscribed 600-cells, it can be diminished by the removal of one of those 120-point 600-cells, creating an irregular 480-point 4-polytope.{{Efn|The diminishment of the 600-point 120-cell to a 480-point 4-polytope by removal of one if its 600-cells is analogous to the [[600-cell#Diminished 600-cells|diminishment of the 120-point 600-cell]] by removal of one of its 5 disjoint inscribed 24-cells, creating the 96-point [[W:Snub 24-cell|snub 24-cell]]. Similarly, the 8-cell tesseract can be seen as a 16-point [[24-cell#Diminishings|diminished 24-cell]] from which one 8-point 16-cell has been removed.}} [[File:Tetrahedrally_diminished_regular_dodecahedron.png|thumb|In the [[W:Tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron|tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron]], 4 vertices are truncated to equilateral triangles. The 12 pentagon faces lose a vertex, becoming trapezoids.]] Each dodecahedral cell of the 120-cell is diminished by removal of 4 of its 20 vertices, creating an irregular 16-point polyhedron called the [[W:Tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron|tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron]] because the 4 vertices removed formed a [[#Dual 600-cells|tetrahedron inscribed in the dodecahedron]]. Since the vertex figure of the dodecahedron is the triangle, each truncated vertex is replaced by a triangle. The 12 pentagon faces are replaced by 12 trapezoids, as one vertex of each pentagon is removed and two of its edges are replaced by the pentagon's diagonal chord.{{Efn|name=face pentagon chord}} The tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron has 16 vertices and 16 faces: 12 trapezoid faces and four equilateral triangle faces. Since the vertex figure of the 120-cell is the tetrahedron,{{Efn|Each 120-cell vertex figure is actually a low tetrahedral pyramid, an irregular [[5-cell|5-cell]] with a regular tetrahedron base.|name=truncated apex}} each truncated vertex is replaced by a tetrahedron, leaving 120 tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron cells and 120 regular tetrahedron cells. The regular dodecahedron and the tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron both have 30 edges, and the regular 120-cell and the tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell both have 1200 edges. The '''480-point diminished 120-cell''' may be called the '''tetrahedrally diminished 120-cell''' because its cells are tetrahedrally diminished, or the '''600-cell diminished 120-cell''' because the vertices removed formed a 600-cell inscribed in the 120-cell, or even the '''regular 5-cells diminished 120-cell''' because removing the 120 vertices removes one vertex from each of the 120 inscribed regular 5-cells, leaving 120 regular tetrahedra.{{Efn|name=inscribed 5-cells}} === Davis 120-cell manifold === The '''Davis 120-cell manifold''', introduced by {{harvtxt|Davis|1985}}, is a compact 4-dimensional [[W:Hyperbolic manifold|hyperbolic manifold]] obtained by identifying opposite faces of the 120-cell, whose universal cover gives the [[W:List of regular polytopes#Tessellations of hyperbolic 4-space|regular honeycomb]] [[W:order-5 120-cell honeycomb|{5,3,3,5}]] of 4-dimensional hyperbolic space. ==See also== *[[W:Uniform 4-polytope#The H4 family|Uniform 4-polytope family with [5,3,3] symmetry]] *[[W:57-cell|57-cell]] – an abstract regular 4-polytope constructed from 57 [[W:Hemi-dodecahedron|hemi-dodecahedra]]. *[[600-cell]] - the dual [[W:4-polytope|4-polytope]] to the 120-cell ==Notes== {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Notelist|wiki=W:}} ==Citations== {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Reflist|wiki=W:}} ==References== {{Refbegin}} {{Regular convex 4-polytopes Refs|wiki=W:}} * {{Citation | last1=Davis | first1=Michael W. | title=A hyperbolic 4-manifold | doi=10.2307/2044771 | year=1985 | journal=[[W:Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society|Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9939 | volume=93 | issue=2 | pages=325–328| jstor=2044771 }} *[http://www.polytope.de Four-dimensional Archimedean Polytopes] (German), Marco Möller, 2004 PhD dissertation [http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2004/2196/pdf/Dissertation.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322235615/http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2004/2196/pdf/Dissertation.pdf |date=2005-03-22 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Schleimer|first1=Saul|last2=Segerman|first2=Henry|date=2013|title=Puzzling the 120-cell|journal=Notices Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=62|issue=11|pages=1309–1316|doi=10.1090/noti1297 |arxiv=1310.3549 |s2cid=117636740|ref={{SfnRef|Schleimer & Segerman|2013}}}} {{Refend}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFXRRW9goTs/ YouTube animation of the construction of the 120-cell] Gian Marco Todesco. * [http://www.theory.org/geotopo/120-cell/ Construction of the Hyper-Dodecahedron] * [http://www.gravitation3d.com/120cell/ 120-cell explorer] &ndash; A free interactive program (requires Microsoft .Net framework) that allows you to learn about a number of the 120-cell symmetries. The 120-cell is projected to 3 dimensions and then rendered using OpenGL. 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This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> 22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> 15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> 20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> 20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> 22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> 20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> 22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> 22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == Tech News: 2022-33 == <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> 21:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == Tech News: 2022-34 == <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> 00:12, 23 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == Tech News: 2022-35 == <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> 23:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == Tech News: 2022-36 == <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == Tech News: 2022-37 == <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == Tech News: 2022-38 == <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == Tech News: 2022-39 == <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == Tech News: 2022-40 == <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == Tech News: 2022-41 == <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> 14:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == Tech News: 2022-42 == <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == Tech News: 2022-43 == <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 24 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == Tech News: 2022-44 == <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 31 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == Tech News: 2022-45 == <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == Tech News: 2022-46 == <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 14 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-47 == <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-48 == <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == Tech News: 2022-49 == <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == Tech News: 2022-50 == <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == Tech News: 2022-51 == <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == Tech News: 2023-02 == <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == Tech News: 2023-03 == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:14, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:30, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:12, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:04, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:16, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Tech News: 2025-25 == <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 16 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-26 == <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-27 == <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 30 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == Tech News: 2025-28 == <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 8 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Tech News: 2025-29 == <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 14 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == Tech News: 2025-30 == <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 21 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == Tech News: 2025-31 == <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:26, 29 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == Tech News: 2025-32 == <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:40, 5 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == Tech News: 2025-33 == <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 11 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == Tech News: 2025-34 == <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:38, 19 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == Tech News: 2025-35 == <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == Tech News: 2025-36 == <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 1 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == Tech News: 2025-37 == <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 9 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == Tech News: 2025-38 == <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:07, 15 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == Tech News: 2025-39 == <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:55, 22 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == Tech News: 2025-40 == <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 29 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == Tech News: 2025-41 == <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:23, 6 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == Tech News: 2025-42 == <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:59, 13 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == Tech News: 2025-43 == <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == Tech News: 2025-44 == <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 27 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == Tech News: 2025-45 == <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 3 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == Tech News: 2025-46 == <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == Tech News: 2025-47 == <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:26, 17 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == Tech News: 2025-48 == <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:56, 24 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == Tech News: 2025-49 == <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 1 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == Tech News: 2025-50 == <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:45, 8 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == Tech News: 2025-51 == <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == Tech News: 2025-52 == <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 22 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> qgq70rqlwhbwr54ojgzsyex1s7z8l0e 10 272877 2812503 2810826 2026-06-02T00:22:07Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 2812503 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible {{{collapsestate|mw-collapsed}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;" !colspan={{{columns|7}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|Sequence of 6 [[{{{wiki|}}}Regular 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]]|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|Sequence of 8 regular-faceted convex 4-polytopes|...}}}} {{#if:{{{radius|}}}|of radius {{{radius|}}}|}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter_group|Symmetry group]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedral symmetry|A₄]] |colspan=2|[[{{{wiki|}}}Hyperoctahedral_group|B₄]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}F4_(mathematics)|F₄]] |colspan={{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|2|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|4|2}}}}|[[{{{wiki|}}}H4_polytope|H₄]] |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Name |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[5-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]<BR> 5-point |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[16-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Octahedron|octahedron]]<BR> 8-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell|8-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cube|cube]]<BR> 16-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[24-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]<BR> 24-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[600-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]]<BR> 120-point {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}11-cell|11-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Buckminsterfullerene|...]]<BR> 11-point |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[#One fibration of 11-cells|...-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Rhombic triacontahedron|...]]<BR> 137-point |}}}} |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[120-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]<BR> 600-point |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} |{3, 3, 3} |{3, 3, 4} |{4, 3, 3} |{3, 4, 3} |{3, 3, 5}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}₅{3, 5, 3}₅ |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{5, 3, 3} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter diagram|Coxeter mirrors]] |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|5|node}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|Mirror dihedrals |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Graph |[[Image:4-simplex t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t3.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:24-cell t0 F4.svg|120px]] |[[Image:600-cell graph H4.svg|120px]]{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |[[Image:120-cell graph H4.svg|120px]] |- !style="text-align:right;"|Vertices{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more 4-content within the same radius.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of the same radius.}} The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[120-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in the ascending sequence that begins with the 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope and ends with the 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope.}}|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} |5 tetrahedral |8 octahedral |16 tetrahedral |24 cubical |120 icosahedral{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 hemi-dodecahedral |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |600 tetrahedral |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[120-cell#Chords|Edges]] |10 triangular |24 square |32 triangular |96 triangular |720 pentagonal{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangular |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |1200 triangular |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Faces |10 triangles |32 triangles |24 squares |96 triangles |1200 triangles{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangles |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}2055 golden rhombi(?) |}}}} |720 pentagons |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Cells |5 {3, 3} |16 {3, 3} |8 {4, 3} |24 {3, 4} |600 {3, 3}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>} |}}}} |120 {5, 3} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[600-cell#Clifford parallel cell rings|Tori]] |[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5 {3, 3}]] |[[16-cell#Helical construction|8 {3, 3}]] x 2 |[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell#Construction|4 {4, 3}]] x 2 |[[24-cell#Cell rings|6 {3, 4}]] x 4 |[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|30 {3, 3}]] x 20{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}[[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#The 137-point ...-cell|137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} |[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|10 {5, 3}]] x 12 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Inscribed {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7| {{!}}120 in 120-cell {{!}}675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells {{!}}3 8-cells {{!}}25 24-cells {{!}}10 600-cells |{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}120 in 120-cell<br>96 in ...-cell {{!}}2 5-cells<br>675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells<br>12 5-cells {{!}}3 8-cells<br>3 16-cells {{!}}25 24-cells<br>75 8-cells {{!}}5 16-cells<br>6 5-cells {{!}}11 11-cells +<br>4 24-cells {{!}}.. 11-cells<br>10 600-cells |...}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Pentads {{!}}1 {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}48 {{!}}6 {{!}}96 {{!}}120 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Hexads {{!}} {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}200 {{!}}5 {{!}}480 {{!}}600 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Heptads {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}}4 {{!}}11 {{!}}4 {{!}}55 {{!}}120 |}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Great circle|Great polygons]] | |2 [[16-cell#Coordinates|squares]] x 3{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 pairwise perpendicular axes and 6 pairwise perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''[[{{{wiki|}}}Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.}}|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} |4 [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|rectangles]] x 4 |4 [[24-cell#Great hexagons|hexagons]] x 4 |12 [[600-cell#Decagons|decagons]] x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}1 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon|11-gon]] x 1 |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11-gons]] x 11 |}}}} |100 [[120-cell#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular hexagons]] x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||Coxeter describes the helical Petrie polygons of regular 4-polytopes. He begins by noting that the regular honeycombs in 3-space (which may be viewed as "flat" 4-polytopes) have the same kind of helical Petrie polygons as spherical 4-polytopes:<blockquote>Among the vertices and edges of a regular honeycomb <math>\{p, q, r\}</math> we can pick out a new kind of ''Petrie polygon'' in which every three consecutive edges belong to the Petrie polygon of a cell but no four consecutive edges belong to the same cell. ... The isometry which takes us one step along the Petrie polygon, being conjugate to the product of half-turns about two opposite edges of the characteristic tetrahedron, is the product of half-turns about two skew lines, that is, a ''twist'': the product of a translation along a line <math>l</math> (which measures the shortest distance between two skew lines) and a rotation about the same line. Thus the Petrie polygon is a "helical" polygon: its edges are the chords of a helix. This description is valid in hyperbolic space as well as in Euclidean space. <br>In spherical space, <math>l</math> is, of course, a great circle, the "translation" along it is a rotation about a polar great circle, and the twist is a ''compound rotation'' [double rotation]: the product of two rotations whose axes are polar great circles (lying in completely orthogonal planes of the Euclidean 4-space). Let <math>h</math> denote the period of this compound rotation, so that the Petrie polygon is a skew <math>h</math>-gon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|p=25|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs'', §11. The Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}}</blockquote>}}|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} |1 [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|pentagon]] x 2 |1 [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagon]] x 3 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Octagon#Skew octagon|octagon]]s x 4 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Dodecagon#Skew dodecagon|dodecagon]]s x 4 |4 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon#Related figures|{11/3}-gram]]s x 11 |}}}} |20 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge length{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||A procedure to construct each of these 4-polytopes from the 4-polytope to its left (its predecessor) preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The successor edge length will always be less unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the ''same'' as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius.}}|name=edge length of successor|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5}{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2-\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.874</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^4}} \approx 0.270</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^4}} \approx 0.382</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isocline chord{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The isocline chord length is the 4-space distance by which each vertex is displaced in each step of the characteristic isoclinic (equi-angled) double rotation. Each vertex is displaced within its moving invariant central plane by a 2-space distance of one edge length, and displaced in 4-space by one isocline chord length along a circular, helical geodesic isocline. The invariant rotation planes are a Clifford parallel subset of all the central planes containing edges, but the subset captures all the vertices. Every edge is displaced to a parallel edge that lies the characteristic isocline chord distance away, whether or not the edge lies in an invariant plane during the rotation.}}|name=isocline chord|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^2}} \approx 0.437</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.618</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isoclinic ratio{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The ratio of the isocline chord to the edge length is a characteristic constant independent of the metric unit (long radius).}}|name=isocline chord to edge length ratio|group=}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{5}} \approx 0.775</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small>{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}<small><math></math></small> |}}}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small> |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|1|[[24-cell#Great hexagons|Long radius]]|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|{{radic|2}}|[[24-cell#Great squares|Long radius]]|Long radius}}}}{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|24-cell]] or the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|8-cell tesseract]] is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few other uniform polytopes have this property, including the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]] and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{8}} \approx 0.612</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 0.951</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 1.345</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{8}} \approx 0.991</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{4}} \approx 1.401</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Face radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{86}} \approx 0.539</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{43}} \approx 0.762</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{4}{3}} \approx 1.155</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{46}} \approx 0.533</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{23}} \approx 0.754</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{8\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.579</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{4\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.818</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Short radius{{Efn|Cell radius measured to the center of each cell, the vertices of the 4-polytope's dual polytope.}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}} = 0.25</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{8}} \approx 0.354</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Area |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right) \approx 10.825</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) \approx 21.651</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 27.713</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{3}\right) \approx 55.425</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>48</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{16}}\right) \approx 41.569</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 83.138</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 198.48</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 396.95</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8\phi^4}\right) \approx 90.366</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{4\phi^4}\right) \approx 180.73</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Volume |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right) \approx 2.329</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{10}}{12}\right) \approx 6.588</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right) \approx 5.333</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 15.085</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>8</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8\sqrt{8} \approx 22.627</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 11.314</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = 32</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 16.693</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{4}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 47.214</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6\sqrt{8}}\right) \approx 18.118</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6}\right) \approx 51.246</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|4-Content |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^4 \approx 0.146</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^4 \approx 2.329</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{2}{3} \approx 0.667</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{8}{3} \approx 2.666</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>4</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>2</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 3.863</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 15.451</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 4.193</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 16.770</math></small>}}}} |}<noinclude> {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|{{Polyscheme}}|}} {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} [[{{{wiki|}}}Category:Geometry templates]] {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|[[Category:Polyscheme]]|}} </noinclude> kt0pnoc3t7pmzyedh5rcia7y5hcsb87 2812504 2812503 2026-06-02T00:29:28Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 rename "Isoclinic ratio" to just the "Isoclinic" 2812504 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible {{{collapsestate|mw-collapsed}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;" !colspan={{{columns|7}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|Sequence of 6 [[{{{wiki|}}}Regular 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]]|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|Sequence of 8 regular-faceted convex 4-polytopes|...}}}} {{#if:{{{radius|}}}|of radius {{{radius|}}}|}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter_group|Symmetry group]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedral symmetry|A₄]] |colspan=2|[[{{{wiki|}}}Hyperoctahedral_group|B₄]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}F4_(mathematics)|F₄]] |colspan={{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|2|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|4|2}}}}|[[{{{wiki|}}}H4_polytope|H₄]] |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Name |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[5-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]<BR> 5-point |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[16-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Octahedron|octahedron]]<BR> 8-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell|8-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cube|cube]]<BR> 16-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[24-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]<BR> 24-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[600-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]]<BR> 120-point {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}11-cell|11-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Buckminsterfullerene|...]]<BR> 11-point |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[#One fibration of 11-cells|...-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Rhombic triacontahedron|...]]<BR> 137-point |}}}} |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[120-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]<BR> 600-point |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} |{3, 3, 3} |{3, 3, 4} |{4, 3, 3} |{3, 4, 3} |{3, 3, 5}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}₅{3, 5, 3}₅ |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{5, 3, 3} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter diagram|Coxeter mirrors]] |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|5|node}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|Mirror dihedrals |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Graph |[[Image:4-simplex t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t3.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:24-cell t0 F4.svg|120px]] |[[Image:600-cell graph H4.svg|120px]]{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |[[Image:120-cell graph H4.svg|120px]] |- !style="text-align:right;"|Vertices{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more 4-content within the same radius.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of the same radius.}} The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[120-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in the ascending sequence that begins with the 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope and ends with the 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope.}}|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} |5 tetrahedral |8 octahedral |16 tetrahedral |24 cubical |120 icosahedral{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 hemi-dodecahedral |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |600 tetrahedral |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[120-cell#Chords|Edges]] |10 triangular |24 square |32 triangular |96 triangular |720 pentagonal{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangular |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |1200 triangular |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Faces |10 triangles |32 triangles |24 squares |96 triangles |1200 triangles{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangles |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}2055 golden rhombi(?) |}}}} |720 pentagons |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Cells |5 {3, 3} |16 {3, 3} |8 {4, 3} |24 {3, 4} |600 {3, 3}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>} |}}}} |120 {5, 3} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[600-cell#Clifford parallel cell rings|Tori]] |[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5 {3, 3}]] |[[16-cell#Helical construction|8 {3, 3}]] x 2 |[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell#Construction|4 {4, 3}]] x 2 |[[24-cell#Cell rings|6 {3, 4}]] x 4 |[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|30 {3, 3}]] x 20{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}[[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#The 137-point ...-cell|137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} |[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|10 {5, 3}]] x 12 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Inscribed {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7| {{!}}120 in 120-cell {{!}}675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells {{!}}3 8-cells {{!}}25 24-cells {{!}}10 600-cells |{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}120 in 120-cell<br>96 in ...-cell {{!}}2 5-cells<br>675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells<br>12 5-cells {{!}}3 8-cells<br>3 16-cells {{!}}25 24-cells<br>75 8-cells {{!}}5 16-cells<br>6 5-cells {{!}}11 11-cells +<br>4 24-cells {{!}}.. 11-cells<br>10 600-cells |...}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Pentads {{!}}1 {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}48 {{!}}6 {{!}}96 {{!}}120 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Hexads {{!}} {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}200 {{!}}5 {{!}}480 {{!}}600 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Heptads {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}}4 {{!}}11 {{!}}4 {{!}}55 {{!}}120 |}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Great circle|Great polygons]] | |2 [[16-cell#Coordinates|squares]] x 3{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 pairwise perpendicular axes and 6 pairwise perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''[[{{{wiki|}}}Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.}}|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} |4 [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|rectangles]] x 4 |4 [[24-cell#Great hexagons|hexagons]] x 4 |12 [[600-cell#Decagons|decagons]] x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}1 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon|11-gon]] x 1 |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11-gons]] x 11 |}}}} |100 [[120-cell#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular hexagons]] x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||Coxeter describes the helical Petrie polygons of regular 4-polytopes. He begins by noting that the regular honeycombs in 3-space (which may be viewed as "flat" 4-polytopes) have the same kind of helical Petrie polygons as spherical 4-polytopes:<blockquote>Among the vertices and edges of a regular honeycomb <math>\{p, q, r\}</math> we can pick out a new kind of ''Petrie polygon'' in which every three consecutive edges belong to the Petrie polygon of a cell but no four consecutive edges belong to the same cell. ... The isometry which takes us one step along the Petrie polygon, being conjugate to the product of half-turns about two opposite edges of the characteristic tetrahedron, is the product of half-turns about two skew lines, that is, a ''twist'': the product of a translation along a line <math>l</math> (which measures the shortest distance between two skew lines) and a rotation about the same line. Thus the Petrie polygon is a "helical" polygon: its edges are the chords of a helix. This description is valid in hyperbolic space as well as in Euclidean space. <br>In spherical space, <math>l</math> is, of course, a great circle, the "translation" along it is a rotation about a polar great circle, and the twist is a ''compound rotation'' [double rotation]: the product of two rotations whose axes are polar great circles (lying in completely orthogonal planes of the Euclidean 4-space). Let <math>h</math> denote the period of this compound rotation, so that the Petrie polygon is a skew <math>h</math>-gon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|p=25|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs'', §11. The Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}}</blockquote>}}|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} |1 [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|pentagon]] x 2 |1 [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagon]] x 3 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Octagon#Skew octagon|octagon]]s x 4 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Dodecagon#Skew dodecagon|dodecagon]]s x 4 |4 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon#Related figures|{11/3}-gram]]s x 11 |}}}} |20 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge length{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||A procedure to construct each of these 4-polytopes from the 4-polytope to its left (its predecessor) preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The successor edge length will always be less unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the ''same'' as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius.}}|name=edge length of successor|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5}{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2-\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.874</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^4}} \approx 0.270</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^4}} \approx 0.382</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isocline chord{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The isocline chord length is the 4-space distance by which each vertex is displaced in each step of the characteristic isoclinic (equi-angled) double rotation. Each vertex is displaced within its moving invariant central plane by a 2-space distance of one edge length, and displaced in 4-space by one isocline chord length along a circular, helical geodesic isocline. The invariant rotation planes are a Clifford parallel subset of all the central planes containing edges, but the subset captures all the vertices. Every edge is displaced to a parallel edge that lies the characteristic isocline chord distance away, whether or not the edge lies in an invariant plane during the rotation.}}|name=isocline chord|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^2}} \approx 0.437</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.618</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isoclinic{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The ratio of the isocline chord to the edge length is a characteristic constant independent of the metric unit (long radius).}}|name=isocline chord to edge length ratio|group=}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{5}} \approx 0.775</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small>{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}<small><math></math></small> |}}}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small> |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|1|[[24-cell#Great hexagons|Long radius]]|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|{{radic|2}}|[[24-cell#Great squares|Long radius]]|Long radius}}}}{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|24-cell]] or the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|8-cell tesseract]] is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few other uniform polytopes have this property, including the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]] and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{8}} \approx 0.612</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 0.951</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 1.345</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{8}} \approx 0.991</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{4}} \approx 1.401</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Face radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{86}} \approx 0.539</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{43}} \approx 0.762</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{4}{3}} \approx 1.155</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{46}} \approx 0.533</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{23}} \approx 0.754</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{8\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.579</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{4\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.818</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Short radius{{Efn|Cell radius measured to the center of each cell, the vertices of the 4-polytope's dual polytope.}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}} = 0.25</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{8}} \approx 0.354</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Area |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right) \approx 10.825</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) \approx 21.651</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 27.713</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{3}\right) \approx 55.425</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>48</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{16}}\right) \approx 41.569</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 83.138</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 198.48</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 396.95</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8\phi^4}\right) \approx 90.366</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{4\phi^4}\right) \approx 180.73</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Volume |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right) \approx 2.329</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{10}}{12}\right) \approx 6.588</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right) \approx 5.333</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 15.085</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>8</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8\sqrt{8} \approx 22.627</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 11.314</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = 32</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 16.693</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{4}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 47.214</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6\sqrt{8}}\right) \approx 18.118</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6}\right) \approx 51.246</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|4-Content |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^4 \approx 0.146</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^4 \approx 2.329</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{2}{3} \approx 0.667</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{8}{3} \approx 2.666</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>4</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>2</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 3.863</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 15.451</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 4.193</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 16.770</math></small>}}}} |}<noinclude> {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|{{Polyscheme}}|}} {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} [[{{{wiki|}}}Category:Geometry templates]] {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|[[Category:Polyscheme]]|}} </noinclude> tussyxf1ojfr33pnlh22nwsu2p4s2ni 2812510 2812504 2026-06-02T03:51:24Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 2812510 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible {{{collapsestate|mw-collapsed}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;" !colspan={{{columns|7}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|Sequence of 6 [[{{{wiki|}}}Regular 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]]|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|Sequence of 8 regular-faceted convex 4-polytopes|...}}}} {{#if:{{{radius|}}}|of radius {{{radius|}}}|}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter_group|Symmetry group]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedral symmetry|A₄]] |colspan=2|[[{{{wiki|}}}Hyperoctahedral_group|B₄]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}F4_(mathematics)|F₄]] |colspan={{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|2|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|4|2}}}}|[[{{{wiki|}}}H4_polytope|H₄]] |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Name |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[5-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]<BR> 5-point |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[16-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Octahedron|octahedron]]<BR> 8-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell|8-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cube|cube]]<BR> 16-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[24-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]<BR> 24-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[600-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]]<BR> 120-point {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}11-cell|11-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Buckminsterfullerene|...]]<BR> 11-point |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[#One fibration of 11-cells|...-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Rhombic triacontahedron|...]]<BR> 137-point |}}}} |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[120-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]<BR> 600-point |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} |{3, 3, 3} |{3, 3, 4} |{4, 3, 3} |{3, 4, 3} |{3, 3, 5}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}₅{3, 5, 3}₅ |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{5, 3, 3} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter diagram|Coxeter mirrors]] |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|5|node}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|Mirror dihedrals |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Graph |[[Image:4-simplex t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t3.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:24-cell t0 F4.svg|120px]] |[[Image:600-cell graph H4.svg|120px]]{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |[[Image:120-cell graph H4.svg|120px]] |- !style="text-align:right;"|Vertices{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more 4-content within the same radius.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of the same radius.}} The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[120-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in the ascending sequence that begins with the 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope and ends with the 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope.}}|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} |5 tetrahedral |8 octahedral |16 tetrahedral |24 cubical |120 icosahedral{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 hemi-dodecahedral |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |600 tetrahedral |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[120-cell#Chords|Edges]] |10 triangular |24 square |32 triangular |96 triangular |720 pentagonal{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangular |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |1200 triangular |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Faces |10 triangles |32 triangles |24 squares |96 triangles |1200 triangles{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangles |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}2055 golden rhombi(?) |}}}} |720 pentagons |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Cells |5 {3, 3} |16 {3, 3} |8 {4, 3} |24 {3, 4} |600 {3, 3}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>} |}}}} |120 {5, 3} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[600-cell#Clifford parallel cell rings|Tori]] |[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5 {3, 3}]] |[[16-cell#Helical construction|8 {3, 3}]] x 2 |[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell#Construction|4 {4, 3}]] x 2 |[[24-cell#Cell rings|6 {3, 4}]] x 4 |[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|30 {3, 3}]] x 20{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}[[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#The 137-point ...-cell|137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} |[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|10 {5, 3}]] x 12 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Inscribed {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7| {{!}}120 in 120-cell {{!}}675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells {{!}}3 8-cells {{!}}25 24-cells {{!}}10 600-cells |{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}120 in 120-cell<br>96 in ...-cell {{!}}2 5-cells<br>675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells<br>12 5-cells {{!}}3 8-cells<br>3 16-cells {{!}}25 24-cells<br>75 8-cells {{!}}5 16-cells<br>6 5-cells {{!}}11 11-cells +<br>4 24-cells {{!}}.. 11-cells<br>10 600-cells |...}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Pentads {{!}}1 {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}48 {{!}}6 {{!}}96 {{!}}120 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Hexads {{!}} {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}200 {{!}}5 {{!}}480 {{!}}600 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Heptads {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}}4 {{!}}11 {{!}}4 {{!}}55 {{!}}120 |}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Great circle|Great polygons]] | |2 [[16-cell#Coordinates|squares]] x 3{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 pairwise perpendicular axes and 6 pairwise perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''[[{{{wiki|}}}Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.}}|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} |4 [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|rectangles]] x 4 |4 [[24-cell#Great hexagons|hexagons]] x 4 |12 [[600-cell#Decagons|decagons]] x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}1 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon|11-gon]] x 1 |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11-gons]] x 11 |}}}} |100 [[120-cell#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular hexagons]] x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||Coxeter describes the helical Petrie polygons of regular 4-polytopes. He begins by noting that the regular honeycombs in 3-space (which may be viewed as "flat" 4-polytopes) have the same kind of helical Petrie polygons as spherical 4-polytopes:<blockquote>Among the vertices and edges of a regular honeycomb <math>\{p, q, r\}</math> we can pick out a new kind of ''Petrie polygon'' in which every three consecutive edges belong to the Petrie polygon of a cell but no four consecutive edges belong to the same cell. ... The isometry which takes us one step along the Petrie polygon, being conjugate to the product of half-turns about two opposite edges of the characteristic tetrahedron, is the product of half-turns about two skew lines, that is, a ''twist'': the product of a translation along a line <math>l</math> (which measures the shortest distance between two skew lines) and a rotation about the same line. Thus the Petrie polygon is a "helical" polygon: its edges are the chords of a helix. This description is valid in hyperbolic space as well as in Euclidean space. <br>In spherical space, <math>l</math> is, of course, a great circle, the "translation" along it is a rotation about a polar great circle, and the twist is a ''compound rotation'' [double rotation]: the product of two rotations whose axes are polar great circles (lying in completely orthogonal planes of the Euclidean 4-space). Let <math>h</math> denote the period of this compound rotation, so that the Petrie polygon is a skew <math>h</math>-gon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|p=25|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs'', §11. The Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}}</blockquote>}}|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} |1 [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|pentagon]] x 2 |1 [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagon]] x 3 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Octagon#Skew octagon|octagon]]s x 4 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Dodecagon#Skew dodecagon|dodecagon]]s x 4 |4 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon#Related figures|{11/3}-gram]]s x 11 |}}}} |20 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge length{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||A procedure to construct each of these 4-polytopes from the 4-polytope to its left (its predecessor) preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The successor edge length will always be less unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the ''same'' as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius.}}|name=edge length of successor|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5}{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2-\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.874</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^4}} \approx 0.270</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^4}} \approx 0.382</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isocline chord{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The isocline chord length is the 4-space distance by which each vertex is displaced in each step of the characteristic isoclinic (equi-angled) double rotation. Each vertex is displaced within its moving invariant central plane by a 2-space distance of one edge length, and displaced in 4-space by one isocline chord length along a circular, helical geodesic isocline. The invariant rotation planes are a Clifford parallel subset of all the central planes containing edges, but the subset captures all the vertices. Every edge is displaced to a parallel edge that lies the characteristic isocline chord distance away, whether or not the edge lies in an invariant plane during the rotation.}}|name=isocline chord|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^2}} \approx 0.437</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.618</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isoclinic{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The Isoclinic is the ratio of the isocline chord to the edge length. It is a characteristic constant that is independent of the metric unit (long radius).}}|name=isocline chord to edge length ratio|group=}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{5}} \approx 0.775</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small>{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}<small><math></math></small> |}}}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small> |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|1|[[24-cell#Great hexagons|Long radius]]|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|{{radic|2}}|[[24-cell#Great squares|Long radius]]|Long radius}}}}{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|24-cell]] or the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|8-cell tesseract]] is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few other uniform polytopes have this property, including the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]] and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{8}} \approx 0.612</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 0.951</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 1.345</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{8}} \approx 0.991</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{4}} \approx 1.401</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Face radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{86}} \approx 0.539</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{43}} \approx 0.762</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{4}{3}} \approx 1.155</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{46}} \approx 0.533</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{23}} \approx 0.754</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{8\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.579</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{4\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.818</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Short radius{{Efn|Cell radius measured to the center of each cell, the vertices of the 4-polytope's insphere dual polytope.}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}} = 0.25</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{8}} \approx 0.354</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Area |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right) \approx 10.825</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) \approx 21.651</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 27.713</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{3}\right) \approx 55.425</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>48</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{16}}\right) \approx 41.569</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 83.138</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 198.48</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 396.95</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8\phi^4}\right) \approx 90.366</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{4\phi^4}\right) \approx 180.73</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Volume |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right) \approx 2.329</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{10}}{12}\right) \approx 6.588</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right) \approx 5.333</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 15.085</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>8</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8\sqrt{8} \approx 22.627</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 11.314</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = 32</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 16.693</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{4}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 47.214</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6\sqrt{8}}\right) \approx 18.118</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6}\right) \approx 51.246</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|4-Content |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^4 \approx 0.146</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^4 \approx 2.329</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{2}{3} \approx 0.667</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{8}{3} \approx 2.666</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>4</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>2</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 3.863</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 15.451</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 4.193</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 16.770</math></small>}}}} |}<noinclude> {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|{{Polyscheme}}|}} {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} [[{{{wiki|}}}Category:Geometry templates]] {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|[[Category:Polyscheme]]|}} </noinclude> 5ij8oj9t385467purttktjzso3qcas9 2812511 2812510 2026-06-02T03:52:59Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 2812511 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible {{{collapsestate|mw-collapsed}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;" !colspan={{{columns|7}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|Sequence of 6 [[{{{wiki|}}}Regular 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]]|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|Sequence of 8 regular-faceted convex 4-polytopes|...}}}} {{#if:{{{radius|}}}|of radius {{{radius|}}}|}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter_group|Symmetry group]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedral symmetry|A₄]] |colspan=2|[[{{{wiki|}}}Hyperoctahedral_group|B₄]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}F4_(mathematics)|F₄]] |colspan={{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|2|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|4|2}}}}|[[{{{wiki|}}}H4_polytope|H₄]] |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Name |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[5-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]<BR> 5-point |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[16-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Octahedron|octahedron]]<BR> 8-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell|8-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cube|cube]]<BR> 16-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[24-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]<BR> 24-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[600-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]]<BR> 120-point {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}11-cell|11-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Buckminsterfullerene|...]]<BR> 11-point |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[#One fibration of 11-cells|...-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Rhombic triacontahedron|...]]<BR> 137-point |}}}} |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[120-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]<BR> 600-point |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} |{3, 3, 3} |{3, 3, 4} |{4, 3, 3} |{3, 4, 3} |{3, 3, 5}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}₅{3, 5, 3}₅ |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{5, 3, 3} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter diagram|Coxeter mirrors]] |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|5|node}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|Mirror dihedrals |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Graph |[[Image:4-simplex t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t3.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:24-cell t0 F4.svg|120px]] |[[Image:600-cell graph H4.svg|120px]]{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |[[Image:120-cell graph H4.svg|120px]] |- !style="text-align:right;"|Vertices{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more 4-content within the same radius.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of the same radius.}} The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[120-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in the ascending sequence that begins with the 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope and ends with the 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope.}}|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} |5 tetrahedral |8 octahedral |16 tetrahedral |24 cubical |120 icosahedral{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 hemi-dodecahedral |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |600 tetrahedral |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[120-cell#Chords|Edges]] |10 triangular |24 square |32 triangular |96 triangular |720 pentagonal{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangular |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |1200 triangular |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Faces |10 triangles |32 triangles |24 squares |96 triangles |1200 triangles{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangles |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}2055 golden rhombi(?) |}}}} |720 pentagons |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Cells |5 {3, 3} |16 {3, 3} |8 {4, 3} |24 {3, 4} |600 {3, 3}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>} |}}}} |120 {5, 3} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[600-cell#Clifford parallel cell rings|Tori]] |[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5 {3, 3}]] |[[16-cell#Helical construction|8 {3, 3}]] x 2 |[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell#Construction|4 {4, 3}]] x 2 |[[24-cell#Cell rings|6 {3, 4}]] x 4 |[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|30 {3, 3}]] x 20{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}[[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#The 137-point ...-cell|137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} |[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|10 {5, 3}]] x 12 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Inscribed {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7| {{!}}120 in 120-cell {{!}}675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells {{!}}3 8-cells {{!}}25 24-cells {{!}}10 600-cells |{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}120 in 120-cell<br>96 in ...-cell {{!}}2 5-cells<br>675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells<br>12 5-cells {{!}}3 8-cells<br>3 16-cells {{!}}25 24-cells<br>75 8-cells {{!}}5 16-cells<br>6 5-cells {{!}}11 11-cells +<br>4 24-cells {{!}}.. 11-cells<br>10 600-cells |...}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Pentads {{!}}1 {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}48 {{!}}6 {{!}}96 {{!}}120 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Hexads {{!}} {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}200 {{!}}5 {{!}}480 {{!}}600 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Heptads {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}}4 {{!}}11 {{!}}4 {{!}}55 {{!}}120 |}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Great circle|Great polygons]] | |2 [[16-cell#Coordinates|squares]] x 3{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 pairwise perpendicular axes and 6 pairwise perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''[[{{{wiki|}}}Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.}}|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} |4 [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|rectangles]] x 4 |4 [[24-cell#Great hexagons|hexagons]] x 4 |12 [[600-cell#Decagons|decagons]] x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}1 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon|11-gon]] x 1 |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11-gons]] x 11 |}}}} |100 [[120-cell#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular hexagons]] x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||Coxeter describes the helical Petrie polygons of regular 4-polytopes. He begins by noting that the regular honeycombs in 3-space (which may be viewed as "flat" 4-polytopes) have the same kind of helical Petrie polygons as spherical 4-polytopes:<blockquote>Among the vertices and edges of a regular honeycomb <math>\{p, q, r\}</math> we can pick out a new kind of ''Petrie polygon'' in which every three consecutive edges belong to the Petrie polygon of a cell but no four consecutive edges belong to the same cell. ... The isometry which takes us one step along the Petrie polygon, being conjugate to the product of half-turns about two opposite edges of the characteristic tetrahedron, is the product of half-turns about two skew lines, that is, a ''twist'': the product of a translation along a line <math>l</math> (which measures the shortest distance between two skew lines) and a rotation about the same line. Thus the Petrie polygon is a "helical" polygon: its edges are the chords of a helix. This description is valid in hyperbolic space as well as in Euclidean space. <br>In spherical space, <math>l</math> is, of course, a great circle, the "translation" along it is a rotation about a polar great circle, and the twist is a ''compound rotation'' [double rotation]: the product of two rotations whose axes are polar great circles (lying in completely orthogonal planes of the Euclidean 4-space). Let <math>h</math> denote the period of this compound rotation, so that the Petrie polygon is a skew <math>h</math>-gon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|p=25|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs'', §11. The Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}}</blockquote>}}|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} |1 [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|pentagon]] x 2 |1 [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagon]] x 3 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Octagon#Skew octagon|octagon]]s x 4 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Dodecagon#Skew dodecagon|dodecagon]]s x 4 |4 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon#Related figures|{11/3}-gram]]s x 11 |}}}} |20 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge length{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||A procedure to construct each of these 4-polytopes from the 4-polytope to its left (its predecessor) preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The successor edge length will always be less unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the ''same'' as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius.}}|name=edge length of successor|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5}{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2-\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.874</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^4}} \approx 0.270</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^4}} \approx 0.382</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isocline chord{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The isocline chord length is the 4-space distance by which each vertex is displaced in each step of the characteristic isoclinic (equi-angled) double rotation. Each vertex is displaced within its moving invariant central plane by a 2-space distance of one edge length, and displaced in 4-space by one isocline chord length along a circular, helical geodesic isocline. The invariant rotation planes are a Clifford parallel subset of all the central planes containing edges, but the subset captures all the vertices. Every edge is displaced to a parallel edge that lies the characteristic isocline chord distance away, whether or not the edge lies in an invariant plane during the rotation.}}|name=isocline chord|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^2}} \approx 0.437</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.618</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isoclinic{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The '''isoclinic''' is the ratio of the isocline chord to the edge length. It is a characteristic constant that is independent of the metric unit (long radius).}}|name=isocline chord to edge length ratio|group=}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{5}} \approx 0.775</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small>{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}<small><math></math></small> |}}}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small> |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|1|[[24-cell#Great hexagons|Long radius]]|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|{{radic|2}}|[[24-cell#Great squares|Long radius]]|Long radius}}}}{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|24-cell]] or the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|8-cell tesseract]] is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few other uniform polytopes have this property, including the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]] and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{8}} \approx 0.612</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 0.951</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 1.345</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{8}} \approx 0.991</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{4}} \approx 1.401</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Face radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{86}} \approx 0.539</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{43}} \approx 0.762</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{4}{3}} \approx 1.155</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{46}} \approx 0.533</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{23}} \approx 0.754</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{8\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.579</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{4\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.818</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Short radius{{Efn|Cell radius measured to the center of each cell, the vertices of the 4-polytope's insphere dual polytope.}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}} = 0.25</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{8}} \approx 0.354</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Area |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right) \approx 10.825</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) \approx 21.651</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 27.713</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{3}\right) \approx 55.425</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>48</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{16}}\right) \approx 41.569</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 83.138</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 198.48</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 396.95</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8\phi^4}\right) \approx 90.366</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{4\phi^4}\right) \approx 180.73</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Volume |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right) \approx 2.329</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{10}}{12}\right) \approx 6.588</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right) \approx 5.333</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 15.085</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>8</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8\sqrt{8} \approx 22.627</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 11.314</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = 32</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 16.693</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{4}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 47.214</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6\sqrt{8}}\right) \approx 18.118</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6}\right) \approx 51.246</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|4-Content |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^4 \approx 0.146</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^4 \approx 2.329</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{2}{3} \approx 0.667</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{8}{3} \approx 2.666</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>4</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>2</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 3.863</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 15.451</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 4.193</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 16.770</math></small>}}}} |}<noinclude> {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|{{Polyscheme}}|}} {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} [[{{{wiki|}}}Category:Geometry templates]] {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|[[Category:Polyscheme]]|}} </noinclude> 0soil9vjy0koenqqv1i6q9zeos0fhnr 2812512 2812511 2026-06-02T03:59:12Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 2812512 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible {{{collapsestate|mw-collapsed}}}" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;" !colspan={{{columns|7}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|Sequence of 6 [[{{{wiki|}}}Regular 4-polytopes|regular convex 4-polytopes]]|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|Sequence of 8 regular-faceted convex 4-polytopes|...}}}} {{#if:{{{radius|}}}|of radius {{{radius|}}}|}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter_group|Symmetry group]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedral symmetry|A₄]] |colspan=2|[[{{{wiki|}}}Hyperoctahedral_group|B₄]] |[[{{{wiki|}}}F4_(mathematics)|F₄]] |colspan={{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7|2|{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9|4|2}}}}|[[{{{wiki|}}}H4_polytope|H₄]] |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Name |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[5-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]<BR> 5-point |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[16-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Octahedron|octahedron]]<BR> 8-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell|8-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cube|cube]]<BR> 16-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[24-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]]<BR> 24-point {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[600-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular icosahedron|icosahedron]]<BR> 120-point {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[{{{wiki|}}}11-cell|11-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Buckminsterfullerene|...]]<BR> 11-point |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}style="vertical-align:top;"{{!}}[[#One fibration of 11-cells|...-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Rhombic triacontahedron|...]]<BR> 137-point |}}}} |style="vertical-align:top;"|[[120-cell]]<BR> Hyper-[[{{{wiki|}}}Regular dodecahedron|dodecahedron]]<BR> 600-point |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]]{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|p=138|ps=; "We allow the Schläfli symbol {p,..., v} to have three different meanings: a Euclidean polytope, a spherical polytope, and a spherical honeycomb. This need not cause any confusion, so long as the situation is frankly recognized. The differences are clearly seen in the concept of dihedral angle."}} |{3, 3, 3} |{3, 3, 4} |{4, 3, 3} |{3, 4, 3} |{3, 3, 5}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}₅{3, 5, 3}₅ |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{5, 3, 3} |- !style="text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Coxeter diagram|Coxeter mirrors]] |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|4|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|4|node|3|node}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|3|node|3|node|5|node}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{Coxeter–Dynkin diagram|node_1|5|node|3|node|3|node}} |- !style="text-align:right;"|Mirror dihedrals |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|4}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{sfrac|𝝅|5}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|3}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} {{sfrac|𝝅|2}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Graph |[[Image:4-simplex t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t3.svg|120px]] |[[Image:4-cube t0.svg|120px]] |[[Image:24-cell t0 F4.svg|120px]] |[[Image:600-cell graph H4.svg|120px]]{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |[[Image:120-cell graph H4.svg|120px]] |- !style="text-align:right;"|Vertices{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. This is their proper order of enumeration: the order in which they nest inside each other as compounds.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|loc=§7.8 The enumeration of possible regular figures|p=136}} Each greater polytope in the sequence is ''rounder'' than its predecessor, enclosing more 4-content within the same radius.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973|pp=292-293|loc=Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {''p,q,r''} in four dimensions|ps=; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of the same radius.}} The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing [[120-cell#As a configuration|configuration matrices]] or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in the ascending sequence that begins with the 5-point (5-cell) 4-polytope and ends with the 600-point (120-cell) 4-polytope.}}|name=4-polytopes ordered by size and complexity}} |5 tetrahedral |8 octahedral |16 tetrahedral |24 cubical |120 icosahedral{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 hemi-dodecahedral |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |600 tetrahedral |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[120-cell#Chords|Edges]] |10 triangular |24 square |32 triangular |96 triangular |720 pentagonal{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangular |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |1200 triangular |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Faces |10 triangles |32 triangles |24 squares |96 triangles |1200 triangles{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}55 triangles |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}2055 golden rhombi(?) |}}}} |720 pentagons |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Cells |5 {3, 3} |16 {3, 3} |8 {4, 3} |24 {3, 4} |600 {3, 3}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>} |}}}} |120 {5, 3} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[600-cell#Clifford parallel cell rings|Tori]] |[[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|5 {3, 3}]] |[[16-cell#Helical construction|8 {3, 3}]] x 2 |[[{{{wiki|}}}8-cell#Construction|4 {4, 3}]] x 2 |[[24-cell#Cell rings|6 {3, 4}]] x 4 |[[600-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix rings|30 {3, 3}]] x 20{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}[[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 5<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#The 137-point ...-cell|137 {<nowiki/>{{smaller|{{sfrac|5|2}}}}, 3<nowiki/>}]] |}}}} |[[120-cell#Intertwining rings|10 {5, 3}]] x 12 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Inscribed {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7| {{!}}120 in 120-cell {{!}}675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells {{!}}3 8-cells {{!}}25 24-cells {{!}}10 600-cells |{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}120 in 120-cell<br>96 in ...-cell {{!}}2 5-cells<br>675 in 120-cell {{!}}2 16-cells<br>12 5-cells {{!}}3 8-cells<br>3 16-cells {{!}}25 24-cells<br>75 8-cells {{!}}5 16-cells<br>6 5-cells {{!}}11 11-cells +<br>4 24-cells {{!}}.. 11-cells<br>10 600-cells |...}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Pentads {{!}}1 {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}48 {{!}}6 {{!}}96 {{!}}120 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Hexads {{!}} {{!}}2 {{!}}12 {{!}}16 {{!}}200 {{!}}5 {{!}}480 {{!}}600 {{!}}- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"{{!}}Heptads {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}}4 {{!}}11 {{!}}4 {{!}}55 {{!}}120 |}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Great circle|Great polygons]] | |2 [[16-cell#Coordinates|squares]] x 3{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||In 4 dimensional space we can construct 4 pairwise perpendicular axes and 6 pairwise perpendicular planes through a point. Without loss of generality, we may take these to be the axes and orthogonal central planes of a (w, x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system. In 4 dimensions we have the same 3 orthogonal planes (xy, xz, yz) that we have in 3 dimensions, and also 3 others (wx, wy, wz). Each of the 6 orthogonal planes shares an axis with 4 of the others, and is ''[[{{{wiki|}}}Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]]'' to just one of the others: the only one with which it does not share an axis. Thus there are 3 pairs of completely orthogonal planes: xy and wz intersect only at the origin; xz and wy intersect only at the origin; yz and wx intersect only at the origin.}}|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} |4 [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|rectangles]] x 4 |4 [[24-cell#Great hexagons|hexagons]] x 4 |12 [[600-cell#Decagons|decagons]] x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}1 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon|11-gon]] x 1 |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[#Cell rings of the 11-cells|11-gons]] x 11 |}}}} |100 [[120-cell#Compound of five 600-cells|irregular hexagons]] x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|[[{{{wiki|}}}Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]s{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||Coxeter describes the helical Petrie polygons of regular 4-polytopes. He begins by noting that the regular honeycombs in 3-space (which may be viewed as "flat" 4-polytopes) have the same kind of helical Petrie polygons as spherical 4-polytopes:<blockquote>Among the vertices and edges of a regular honeycomb <math>\{p, q, r\}</math> we can pick out a new kind of ''Petrie polygon'' in which every three consecutive edges belong to the Petrie polygon of a cell but no four consecutive edges belong to the same cell. ... The isometry which takes us one step along the Petrie polygon, being conjugate to the product of half-turns about two opposite edges of the characteristic tetrahedron, is the product of half-turns about two skew lines, that is, a ''twist'': the product of a translation along a line <math>l</math> (which measures the shortest distance between two skew lines) and a rotation about the same line. Thus the Petrie polygon is a "helical" polygon: its edges are the chords of a helix. This description is valid in hyperbolic space as well as in Euclidean space. <br>In spherical space, <math>l</math> is, of course, a great circle, the "translation" along it is a rotation about a polar great circle, and the twist is a ''compound rotation'' [double rotation]: the product of two rotations whose axes are polar great circles (lying in completely orthogonal planes of the Euclidean 4-space). Let <math>h</math> denote the period of this compound rotation, so that the Petrie polygon is a skew <math>h</math>-gon.{{Sfn|Coxeter|1970|p=25|loc=''Twisted Honeycombs'', §11. The Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}}</blockquote>}}|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} |1 [[5-cell#Boerdijk–Coxeter helix|pentagon]] x 2 |1 [[16-cell#Helical construction|octagon]] x 3 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Octagon#Skew octagon|octagon]]s x 4 |2 [[{{{wiki|}}}Dodecagon#Skew dodecagon|dodecagon]]s x 4 |4 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 6{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}11 [[{{{wiki|}}}Hendecagon#Related figures|{11/3}-gram]]s x 11 |}}}} |20 [[{{{wiki|}}}30-gon#Petrie polygons|30-gon]]s x 4 |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge length{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||A procedure to construct each of these 4-polytopes from the 4-polytope to its left (its predecessor) preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The successor edge length will always be less unless predecessor and successor are ''both'' radially equilateral, i.e. their edge length is the ''same'' as their radius (so both are preserved). Since radially equilateral polytopes are rare, it seems that the only such construction (in any dimension) is from the 8-cell to the 24-cell, making the 24-cell the unique regular polytope (in any dimension) which has the same edge length as its predecessor of the same radius.}}|name=edge length of successor|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5}{2}} \approx 1.581</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{5} \approx 2.236</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2-\phi} \approx 0.618</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.874</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^4}} \approx 0.270</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^4}} \approx 0.382</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isocline chord{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The isocline chord length is the 4-space distance by which each vertex is displaced in each step of the characteristic isoclinic (equi-angled) double rotation. Each vertex is displaced within its moving invariant central plane by a 2-space distance of one edge length, and displaced in 4-space by one isocline chord length along a circular, helical geodesic isocline. The invariant rotation planes are a Clifford parallel subset of all the central planes containing edges, but the subset captures all the vertices. Every edge is displaced to a parallel edge that lies the characteristic isocline chord length away, whether or not the edge lies in an invariant plane during the rotation.}}|name=isocline chord|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{6} \approx 2.449</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2\phi^2}} \approx 0.437</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{\phi^2}} \approx 0.618</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Isoclinic{{Efn|{{#if:{{{instance|}}}||The '''isoclinic''' is the ratio of the isocline chord to the edge length. It is a characteristic constant that is independent of the metric unit (long radius).}}|name=isocline chord to edge length ratio|group=}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{5}} \approx 0.775</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small>{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}<small><math></math></small> |}}}} |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi+1} \approx 1.618</math></small> |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|1|[[24-cell#Great hexagons|Long radius]]|{{#ifeq:{{{radius|}}}|{{radic|2}}|[[24-cell#Great squares|Long radius]]|Long radius}}}}{{Efn|The long radius (center to vertex) of the [[24-cell#Radially equilateral honeycomb|24-cell]] or the [[W:Tesseract#Radial equilateral symmetry|8-cell tesseract]] is equal to its edge length; thus its long diameter (vertex to opposite vertex) is 2 edge lengths. Only a few other uniform polytopes have this property, including the three-dimensional [[W:Cuboctahedron#Radial equilateral symmetry|cuboctahedron]] and the two-dimensional [[W:Hexagon#Regular hexagon|hexagon]]. (The cuboctahedron is the equatorial cross section of the 24-cell, and the hexagon is the equatorial cross section of the cuboctahedron.) '''Radially equilateral''' polytopes are those which can be constructed, with their long radii, from equilateral triangles which meet at the center of the polytope, each contributing two radii and an edge.|name=radially equilateral|group=}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Edge radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{8}} \approx 0.612</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{3} \approx 1.732</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}} \approx 0.866</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{2}} \approx 1.225</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 0.951</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi\sqrt{5}}{4}} \approx 1.345</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{8}} \approx 0.991</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{3\phi^2}{4}} \approx 1.401</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Face radius |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{86}} \approx 0.539</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{43}} \approx 0.762</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{3}} \approx 0.577</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{3}} \approx 0.816</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{4}{3}} \approx 1.155</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{46}} \approx 0.533</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{5\phi^2}{23}} \approx 0.754</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{8\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.579</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^3}{4\sqrt{5/2}}} \approx 0.818</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Short radius{{Efn|Cell radius measured to the center of each cell, the vertices of the 4-polytope's insphere dual polytope.}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}} = 0.25</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{8}} \approx 0.354</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{4}} = 0.5</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{2}} \approx 0.707</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math></math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math></math></small>}}}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{8}} \approx 0.926</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\sqrt{\tfrac{\phi^4}{4}} \approx 1.309</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Area |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{8}\right) \approx 10.825</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>10\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) \approx 21.651</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 27.713</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>32\left(\sqrt{3}\right) \approx 55.425</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>48</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{16}}\right) \approx 41.569</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>96\left(\sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4}}\right) \approx 83.138</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 198.48</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>1200\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{4\phi^2}\right) \approx 396.95</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{8\phi^4}\right) \approx 90.366</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>720\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}}{4\phi^4}\right) \approx 180.73</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|Volume |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{5}}{24}\right) \approx 2.329</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>5\left(\tfrac{5\sqrt{10}}{12}\right) \approx 6.588</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\right) \approx 5.333</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>16\left(\tfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 15.085</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>8</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8\sqrt{8} \approx 22.627</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\right) \approx 11.314</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>24\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\right) = 32</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 16.693</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>600\left(\tfrac{4}{12\phi^3}\right) \approx 47.214</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6\sqrt{8}}\right) \approx 18.118</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>120\left(\tfrac{15 + 7\sqrt{5}}{4\phi^6}\right) \approx 51.246</math></small>}}}} |- !style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"|4-Content |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^4 \approx 0.146</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\sqrt{5}}{24}\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^4 \approx 2.329</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{2}{3} \approx 0.667</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{8}{3} \approx 2.666</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>1</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>4</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>2</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>8</math></small>}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 3.863</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 15.451</math></small>}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{columns|7}}}|7||{{#ifeq:{{{columns}}}|9| {{!}} |}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{radius|1}}}|1|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 4.193</math></small>|{{#ifeq:{{{radius}}}|{{radic|2}}|<small><math>\tfrac{\text{Short}\times\text{Vol}}{4} \approx 16.770</math></small>}}}} |}<noinclude> {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|{{Polyscheme}}|}} {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} [[{{{wiki|}}}Category:Geometry templates]] {{#if:{{{wiki|}}}|[[Category:Polyscheme]]|}} </noinclude> 0mkft8advolcwx6r71kfgdb1kf5tll8 3 274033 2812440 2807801 2026-06-01T17:47:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter */ new section 2812440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] IanVG!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOUI JS signature icon LTR.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 23:06, 27 April 2021 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} == Thank you Dave! == Well, I am obviously replying far too late, but thank you @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] for your kind words. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:25, 29 July 2025 (UTC) == Possible copyright problem == FYI, I just tagged [[Introduction to thermodynamics/Extensive and intensive properties]] for a possible copyright problem: CC NonCommercial not compatible with CC-BY-SA. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:41, 8 November 2025 (UTC) :Hey @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]]! Thanks a ton, I didn't know that the Non-Commercial part of the license their work was licensed under led to that kind of copyright issue! Thanks for education and help :-). I haven't yet reached out, but I'm going to look for a format email that maybe someone else has already written on the wikipedia to help with this. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:27, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, just sent an email it looks something like: ::Dear Dr. Claire Yu Yan, ::I wanted to let you know that I enjoyed your Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics at https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/thermo1/, which I found while researching for the free, online and open learning resources on "Wikiversity" (sister project of "Wikipedia"); I thought that your information on the subject is worthy of inclusion in our living and growing document. ::Wikiversity ( ::https://www.wikiversity.org ::) is a Wikimedia Foundation project that is collaboratively edited by volunteers from around the world. Our goal is to create and host a living, and diverse set of learning resources, learning projects and research for use by teachers, students and researchers. It is not only available at no charge, but also freely distributed. It is one of many projects of the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. ::We can only use your material if you are willing to grant permission for it to be used under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This means that although you retain the copyright and authorship of your own work, you are granting permission for all others (not just Wikipedia) to use, copy, and share your materials freely—and even potentially use them commercially—as long as they do not try to claim the copyright themselves, or try to prevent others from using or copying them freely. You can read this license in full at:   ::(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License) ::Please note that your contributions may not remain intact as submitted; this license, and the collaborative nature of our project, also entitles others to edit, alter, and update them at will, i.e., to keep up with new information, or suit the text to a different purpose. However, the license also expressly protects authors "from being considered responsible for modifications made by others" while ensuring that those authors get credit for their work. There is more information on our copyright policy at:   ::(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights) ::We choose the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License because it is the best available tool for ensuring that our encyclopedia is and can remain free for all to use, and for providing credit to everyone who donates text and images. It may or may not be compatible with your goals in creating the materials available on your website — that is your choice. Please be assured that if you do not grant permission, your materials will **not** be used at Wikipedia; we have a very strict policy against copyright violations. ::If you do agree to grant permission, we will credit you for your work in the resulting article's references section, by stating it was based on your work and is used with your permission, and by providing a link back to your website. ::You are obviously an expert in your field, and we invite your active collaboration in writing and editing articles on this subject and any others that might be attractive to you. If you are interested, please see:   ::([[Wikiversity:Introduction|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Introduction]]) for more information! ::Thank you for your time; we look forward to your reply. ::Kindly,   ::<My name> [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:48, 12 November 2025 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 February 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 March 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 April 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 May 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 June 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> 1peye07lfbysrb9ch3qdyypeex8qbfs 0 285380 2812424 2812149 2026-06-01T13:27:43Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2812424 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260601.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> 83dz3w3s09jq7i9jfsxqy7j1o5p9wgm 0 326182 2812516 2807464 2026-06-02T08:04:23Z Regliste 3029369 named the Figures in the text 2812516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | last1 = Stiegler | orcid1 = 0009-0001-5789-6923 | first1 = Jean-Baptiste | affiliation1 = Université Paris-Saclay | correspondence1 = jean-baptiste.stiegler@universite-paris-saclay.fr | journal = WikiJournal of Science | et_al = true | w1 = Pentagram map | from w1 = true | keywords = Pentagram map, Dynamical system, Projective geometry, Moduli space, Integrable systems | license = CC-BY-SA 4.0 | submitted = 2025-12-08 | abstract = In [[w:mathematics|mathematics]], the '''pentagram map''' is a [[w:Dynamical system#Discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]] acting on [[w:polygons|polygons]] in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]]. It defines a new polygon by taking the intersections of the shortest [[w:Diagonal|diagonals]], and constructs a new polygon from these intersections. This is a [[w:Projective linear group|projectively]] [[w:Equivariant map|equivariant]] procedure, hence it [[w:Quotient space (topology)|descends]] to the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of polygons and defines another dynamical system (which is also referred to as the pentagram map). It was first introduced by [[w:Richard Schwartz (mathematician)|Richard Schwartz]] in 1992. The pentagram map on the moduli space is famous for its [[w:Completely integrable|complete integrability]] and its interpretation as a [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} It admits many generalizations in [[w:Projective space|projective spaces]] and other settings. }} == Introduction == === Informal definition === ==== On polygons ==== [[File:Pentagram pentagon nolabel big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Convex set|convex]] [[w:pentagon|pentagon]].]] Initially, the pentagram map was defined for [[w:convex polygon|convex polygon]]s (with at least five sides) on the [[w:euclidean plane|euclidean plane]]. Given such a polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, one can draw the "shortest [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s", meaning the [[w:Line segment|segments]] whose endpoints are a [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertex]] and one of its second neighbors (as in Figure 1). The intersections of the shortest diagonals are then taken as the vertices of a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)</math>; this new polygon is the output of the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} The same construction can be done on [[w:Concave polygon|non-convex polygons]], but there are several complications. First, some consecutive short diagonals may not intersect, so one must extend the segments to [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]]. Second, the image <math>T(P)</math> can fail to be a new <math>n</math>-gon because some consecutive vertices could coincide. However, this [[w:Generic property|generically]] doesn't happen.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|p=411|2009}} Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are [[w:Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] and not intersect on the [[w:euclidean plane|euclidean plane]]. This is resolved by extending the euclidean plane to the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]] by the addition of a [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], where the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection point]] lies. Hence, the pentagram map is defined for generic polygons on the real projective plane.{{Sfn|Berger|2005|p=25}} More generally, the construction of the pentagram map is well defined whenever the concepts of lines and their intersections make sense. This is encompassed by the notion of a general [[w:projective plane|projective plane]], of which the real projective plane is one example; but the pentagram map can also be considered over other [[w:Field (mathematics)|fields]], for instance the [[w:complex number|complex number]]s, which give the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§3.1.1}} ==== On the moduli space of polygons ==== Since the pentagram map is defined by taking lines and their intersections, it [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with any transformation that maps lines to lines. Such maps are called [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]]. This allows to identify polygons [[w:up to|up to]] [[w:Perspectivity#Projectivity|projectivity]]. This identification gives a [[w:Quotient space (topology)|quotient space]] (technically called a [[w:moduli space|moduli space]]) of [[w:Equivalence class|classes]] of polygons. The pentagram map on polygons induces another dynamical system on the moduli space,{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} whose behavior differs quite a lot from the initial one.{{Efn|Compare the paragraph about the [[w:Pentagram map#Collapsing of convex polygons|collapsing of convex polygons]] and the one about [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]].}} === Historical elements === The pentagram map for general polygons was introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|1992}}, but the simplest case is the one of [[w:pentagons|pentagons]], hence the name "[[w:pentagram|pentagram]]".{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2014|p=1}} Their study goes back to {{Harvard citation|Clebsch|1871}},{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}} {{Harvard citation|Kasner|1928}}{{Sfn|Tabachnikov|2019}} and {{Harvard citation|Motzkin|1945}}.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2013|p=1}} The pentagram map is similar in spirit to the constructions underlying [[w:Desargues' theorem|Desargues's theorem]], [[w:Pappus's hexagon theorem|Pappus's theorem]] and [[w:Poncelet's porism|Poncelet's porism]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} ==Definitions and first properties== === Definition of the map === [[File:Pentagram pentagon label big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map on a convex pentagon, with vertices labeled.]] [[File:Pentagram on nonconvex pentagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Self-intersecting polygon|self-intersecting]] (in particular, non-convex) pentagon. The vertex <math>w_2</math> is on the [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], because it is the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection of two parallel lines]].]] Let <math>n\geq 5</math> be an integer. A polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, or <math>n</math>-gon, is a tuple of [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertices]] <math>(v_1,\dots,v_n)</math> lying in some [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P ^2</math>,{{Efn|In the following, the figures represent polygons on the real plane, where the intuition is easier to grasp.}} where the indices are understood [[w:Modular arithmetic|modulo]] <math>n</math>. The [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] of the space of <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.1}} Suppose that the vertices are in sufficiently [[w:general position|general position]], meaning that no consecutive triple of points are [[w:Collinearity|collinear]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=1}} Taking the intersection of the two consecutive "shortest" [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s{{Efn|Meaning the line between a vertex <math>v_k</math> and a "second neighbour" <math>v_{k\pm 2}</math>.}} defines a new point <math display="block"> w_k := \overline{v_{k-1} v_{k+1}} \cap \overline{v_{k} v_{k+2}}. </math>This procedure defines a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)=(w_1,\dots,w_n)</math>, as on Figure 2.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|p=71}} The labeling of the indices of <math>T(P)</math> is not [[w:canonical|canonical]]. In most papers, a choice is made at the beginning of the paper and the formulas are tuned accordingly.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=remark 1.5}} The pentagram map on polygons is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] <math>T:(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>{{nowrap|{{font|size=145%|⇢}}}}<math>(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>. Indeed, each [[w:Homogeneous coordinates|coordinate]] of <math>w_k</math> is given as a [[w:rational function|rational function]] of the coordinates of <math>v_{k-1},\dots,v_{k+2}</math>, since it is defined as the intersection of lines passing by them. Moreover, the [[w:inverse map|inverse map]] is given by taking the intersections <math>\overline{w_{k-2} w_{k-1}} \cap \overline{w_{k} w_{k+1}} </math>, which is rational for the same reason.{{Sfnp|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.2}} === Moduli space === The pentagram map is defined by taking [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]] and intersections of them. The biggest [[w:Group (mathematics)|group]] which maps lines to lines is the one of [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{3}</math>. Such a transformation <math>M</math> [[w:Group action|acts]] on a polygon <math>P</math> by sending it to <math>M \cdot P:=(Mv_1,\dots,Mv_n)</math>. The pentagram map [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with this action, and thereby induces another [[w:dynamical system|dynamical system]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of projective [[w:equivalence classes|equivalence classes]] of polygons. Its [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] is <math>2n-8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} ===Twisted polygons=== [[File:Twisted heptagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|An example of twisted [[w:heptagon|heptagon]] on the real plane.]] The pentagram map naturally generalizes on the larger space of twisted polygons (see example on Figure 4). For any integer <math>n\geq5</math>, a twisted <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> is the data of: * a [[w:Sequence#Indexing|bi-infinite sequence]] of points <math>(v_k)_{k\in\mathbb Z}</math> in the projective plane (called the vertices), * a [[w:projective transformation|projective transformation]] <math>M \in \mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_3</math> (called the [[w:monodromy|monodromy]]), such that for any <math>k \in \mathbb Z</math>, the property <math>v_{k+n}=Mv_k</math> is satisfied. The dimension of the space of twisted <math>n</math>-gon is <math>2n+8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008}} When <math>M=\mathrm{Id}</math>, this gives back the initial definition of polygons (which are said to be closed). The space of closed <math>n</math>-gons is of [[w:codimension|codimension]] <math>8</math> in the space of twisted ones.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|p=2816}} The action of projective transformations over the space of closed polygons generalizes to the space of twisted ones (the monodromy is changed by [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]]). This provides again a moduli space, of dimension <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.3}} == Collapsing of convex polygons == === Exponential shrinking === [[File:Pentagram map convex heptagon iterate.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map iterated on a convex [[w:heptagon|heptagon]], exhibiting the convergence.]] Let <math>P</math> be a closed [[w:Convex polygon#Strictly convex polygon|strictly convex polygon]] lying on the real plane. One of the first results proved by Richard Schwartz it that its iterates under the pentagram map shrink [[w:Exponential growth|exponentially fast]] to a point, as illustrated in Figure 5. This follows from two facts. # The image of a strictly convex polygon is contained in its [[w:Interior (topology)|interior]], and is also strictly convex.{{Sfn|Glick|2020|p=2818}} # There exists a constant <math>0< \eta_P<1</math>, depending on <math>P</math>, such that for any <math>N \in \mathbb N</math>, the diameters of the iterates verify the inequality <math display="inline">\operatorname{diam}(T^N(P))\leq\eta_P^N \operatorname{diam}(P). </math>{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 3.1}} Hence, by [[w:Cantor's intersection theorem#Variant in complete metric spaces|Cantor's intersection theorem]], the sequence of polygons collapses toward a point.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§3 Convex polygons}} The behavior on the moduli space is very different, since the dynamic is [[w:Recurrent point|recurrent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=theorem 1.1}} It is even a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]],{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} as discussed in [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|the section about integrability]]. === Coordinates of the limit point === The limit point coordinates are found in {{Harvard citation|Glick|2020}}. They satisfy some [[w:Degree of a polynomial|degree]] 3 [[w:polynomial equation|polynomial equations]], whose coefficients are [[w:rational function|rational function]]s in the coordinates of the vertices of the starting polygon. The proof relies on the fact that the limit point must be an [[w:eigenline|eigenline]] of a certain [[w:linear operator|linear operator]] of <math>\mathbb R^3</math>.{{sfn|Glick|2020}} This operator was reinterpreted in {{Harvard citation|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} as the infinitesimal monodromy of the polygon. The [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]] is used to [[w:Deformation (mathematics)|deform]] a closed polygon <math>P</math> into a family of twisted ones '''<math>(P_z)_{z\in \mathbb C^*}</math>''' with monodromy <math>M_z</math>. The infinitesimal monodromy is defined to be:{{sfn|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} <math display="block">\left.\frac{dM_z}{dz}\right|_{z=1}.</math> === Generalization === The collapsing of polygons may also happen in some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|generalization of the pentagram map]], when considering some specific configurations of polygons in the real plane. The coordinates of the collapse point are given by a formula analogous to the one for the original pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2026}} == Periodic orbits on the moduli space == For some configurations of closed polygons, the iterate of the pentagram map will send <math>P</math> to a projectively equivalent polygon (up to some shift of the indices). This means that, on the moduli space, the orbit of the class of <math>P</math> is [[w:Periodic orbit|periodic]]. ===Pentagons and hexagons=== [[File:penta hexagon.svg|300px|thumb|The outward hexagon is projectively equivalent to the inward one, with respect to their labeling.]]The two following facts are proved by checking [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] equalities, so they are true for polygons in any [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] (not just the [[w:Real projective plane|real one]]).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§2 Pentagons and hexagons}} The pentagram map <math>T</math> is the identity on the moduli space of [[w:pentagon|pentagon]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.1}}{{Sfn|Clebsch|1871}}{{Sfn|Motzkin|1945}} The second iterate <math>T^2</math> is the identity on the space of labeled [[w:hexagon|hexagon]]s, up to a shift of labeling (see Figure 6).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.3}} This phenomenon doesn't generalize to generic polygons with at least seven sides, for which the motion is [[w:Quasiperiodic motion|quasi-periodic]].{{Sfn|Tupan|2022}} The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in [[w:projective geometry|projective geometry]] such as [[w:Pascal's theorem|Pascal's theorem]], [[w:Desargues's theorem|Desargues's theorem]] and others.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}} ==== Generalization ==== The result about pentagons and hexagons generalizes to some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|higher pentagram maps]] in <math>\mathbb P ^k</math>, for polygons with <math>k+3</math> or <math>2k+2</math> sides. The proof uses a generalization of the [[w:Gale transform|Gale transform]].{{Sfn|Dirdak|2024}} === Poncelet polygons === A polygon is said to be Poncelet{{Efn|The name comes from [[w:Jean-Victor Poncelet|Jean-Victor Poncelet]] and [[w:Poncelet porism|his porism]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}}}} if it is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in a [[w:Conic section|conic]] and circumbscribed about another one.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}{{Efn|In particular, pentagons are Poncelet since [[w:five points determine a conic|five points determine a conic]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}}} For a convex Poncelet <math>n</math>-gons <math>P</math> lying on the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]], the polygon <math>T^2(P)</math> is projectively equivalent to <math>P</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.1}} In fact, when <math>n</math> is odd, the converse is also true.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=corollary 1.1}} However, this converse statement is no longer true when the polygons are considered over the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=remark 1.3}} ==Coordinates for the moduli space== === Corner coordinates === [[File:Corner coordinates big.svg|thumb|300x300px|The geometric construction of the points defining the corner invariants.]] Define the [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] of four [[w:Collinearity|collinear]] points to be : <math> [a,b,c,d]=\frac{(a-b)(c-d)}{(a-c)(b-d)}. </math> The corner invariants are a system of coordinates on the space of twisted polygons, constructed by taking intersections as on Figure 7.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=figure 2}} The left and right invariants are respectively defined{{Efn|The ordering of the vertices in the cross-ratios can differ from a paper to another one, which slightly changes the formulas in the following sections.}} as the following cross-ratios: : <math>x_k:=[v_{k-2},v_{k-1},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k}v_{k+1}},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}],</math> : <math>y_k:=[\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}, \overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-1}v_{k}},v_{k+1},v_{k+2}].</math> Since the cross-ratio is [[w:Cross-ratio#Projective geometry|projective invariant]], the sequences <math>(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> and <math>(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> associated to a twisted <math>n</math>-gon are <math>n</math> periodic.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=415}} The corner invariants are elements of <math>\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\}</math>, and they realize an [[w:Isomorphism_of_varieties|isomorphism of variety]] between the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons and <math>(\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\})^{2n}</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 3.6}} ===ab-coordinates=== There is a second set of coordinates for the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons defined over a [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]] <math>F</math> satisfying <math>\mathrm{SL}_3(F)\cong \mathbb P\mathrm{GL}_3(F)</math>,{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=remark 3.8}} and such that <math>n</math> is not divisible by <math>3</math>.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=section 4.1}} The vertices <math>v_k</math>'s in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P^2(F)</math> can be [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lifted]] to [[w:Vector space|vectors]] <math>V_k</math>'s in the [[w:affine space|affine space]] <math>F^3</math> so that each consecutive triple of vectors spans a [[w:parallelepiped|parallelepiped]] having [[w:determinant|determinant]] equal to <math>1</math>. This leads to the relation{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 4.1}} : <math>V_{k+3} = a_k V_{k+2} + b_k V_{k+1} + V_k.</math> This bring out an analogy between twisted polygons and solutions of third order linear [[w:ordinary differential equations|ordinary differential equations]], normalized to have unit [[w:Wronskian|Wronskian]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=remark 6.6}} They are linked to the corner coordinates by:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=lemma 4.5}} : <math>x_k=\frac{a_{k-2}}{b_{k-2}b_{k-1}},</math> : <math>y_k=-\frac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-2}a_{k-1}}.</math> ==Formulas on the moduli space== ===As a birational map === The pentagram pentagram map is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] on the moduli space, because it can be decomposed as the [[w:Function composition|composition]] of two [[w:Birational geometry|birational]] [[w:Involution (mathematics)|involutions]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=§1.2 The Pentagram Map}} The corner invariants change in the following way:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|loc=lemma 2.4|Tabachnikov|2010}} : <math>x_k'=x_k\frac{1-x_{k-1} y_{k-1}}{1-x_{k+1}y_{k+1}},</math> : <math>y_k'=y_{k+1}\frac{1-x_{k+2} y_{k+2}}{1-x_k y_k}.</math> === The scaling symmetry === The [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] <math>F\smallsetminus\{0\}</math> [[w:One-parameter group|acts]] on the moduli space in the following way: : <math>R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,x_n,y_1,\dots,y_n)=(sx_1,\dots,sx_n,s^{-1}y_1,\dots,s^{-1}y_n),</math> where <math>R</math> is called the scaling action an <math>s</math> is the scaling parameter. This action commutes with the pentagram map on the moduli space (as presented in the previous formulas). This property is called the scaling symmetry, and is instrumental in proving the [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]] of the dynamic.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.5}} An [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]] <math>Q</math> is said to have weight <math>k</math> if{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|p=5}} : <math>Q(R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,y_n))=s^kQ(x_1,\dots,y_n).</math> ==Invariant structures== ===Monodromy invariants=== The monodromy invariants, introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|2008}}, are a collection of [[w:Function (mathematics)|functions]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] that are invariant under the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} The simplest example of them are :<math> O_n= x_1x_2\cdots x_{n}, \quad E_n = y_1y_2\cdots y_n. </math> The other monodromy invariants can be retrieved through different points of view: through the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]], as [[w:Combinatorics|combinatorial]] objects, or as some [[w:determinant|determinant]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=§2 The Monodromy Invariants}} The one involving scaling symmetry is presented here. Let <math>M\in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> be a [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lift]] of the monodromy of a twisted <math>n</math>-gon. The quantities : <math>\Omega_1=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M)}{\det(M)}, \quad \Omega_2=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M^{-1})}{\det(M^{-1})},</math> are independent of the choice of lift and are invariant under [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]], so they are well defined for the projective class of the polygon. They are invariant under the pentagram map, since the monodromy matrix doesn't change.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} Now, the quantities : <math>\tilde{\Omega}_1=O_n^2E_n\Omega_1, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=O_nE_n^2\Omega_2,</math> have the same properties, but turn out to be polynomials in the corner invariants.{{Efn|Some papers consider the cube roots of this functions, but it doesn't change the following definitions of the monodromy invariants.}} They can be written as{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} : <math> \tilde{\Omega}_1=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}O_k\biggr)^3, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}E_k\biggr)^3, </math> where each <math>O_k,E_k</math> are [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]]s respectively of weight <math>k</math> and <math>-k</math> (with respect to the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]]).{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=11}} The quantities <math>O_1,\dots,O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},O_n, E_1,\dots,E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},E_n,</math> are unchanged by the dynamic, and are called the monodromy invariants. Moreover, they are [[w:algebraically independent|algebraically independent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} ==== Polygons on conics ==== Whenever <math>P</math> is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] on a [[w:conic section|conic section]], one has <math>O_k(P)=E_k(P)</math> for all <math>k</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=theorem 1.1}} Moreover, if <math>P</math> is circumscribed about another conic,{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Poncelet polygons|Poncelet polygons]].}} then its monodromy invariants are characterized by the pair of conics.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.2}} For such odd-gons, the translation on the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]]{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebraic integrability]].}} is restricted to the [[w:Prym variety|Prym variety]] (which is a half-dimensional torus in the Jacobian).{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=theorem 1.3}} ===Poisson bracket=== An invariant [[w:Poisson bracket|Poisson bracket]] on the space of twisted polygons was found in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. The monodromy invariants [[w:Poisson bracket#Constants of motion|commute]] with respect to it: <math display="block"> \{O_i,O_j\}=\{O_i,E_j\}=\{E_i,E_j\}=0 </math> for all <math>i,j</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} The Poisson bracket is defined in terms of the corner coordinates by: <math display="block"> \begin{align} \{x_i,x_{i\pm1}\} &= \mp x_i x_{i+1}, \\ \{y_i,y_{i\pm 1}\} &= \mp y_i y_{i+1}, \\ \{x_i,x_j\} &= \{y_i,y_j\} = \{x_i,y_j\} = 0 \end{align}</math> for all other <math> i,j.</math>{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 2.16}} === The spectral curve === Let <math>\zeta</math> be an element of the [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] and <math>P_\zeta</math> be the polygon obtained by applying the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]] <math>R_\zeta</math> on <math>P</math>. A [[w:Lax matrix|Lax matrix]] <math>\hat{T}(\zeta) \in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> is a lift of the monodromy of <math>P_\zeta</math> satisfying a [[w:Lax pair#Zero-curvature equation|zero-curvature equation]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§5 The Lax representation}} Then, the spectral function is the [[w:Bivariate polynomial|bivariate]] [[w:characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] <math display="block"> Q(\lambda,\zeta) := \det(\lambda\operatorname{Id}-\hat{T}(\zeta)),</math> or some renormalization it. The [[w:spectral curve|spectral curve]] is the [[w:Projective variety#projective completion|projective completion]] of the [[w:Algebraic curve|affine curve]] defined by the equation <math>Q(\lambda,\zeta)=0</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§6. The geometry of the spectral curve}} It is invariant under the pentagram map, and the monodromy invariants appear as the [[w:coefficient|coefficient]]s of <math>Q</math>.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem 6.4}} Its [[w:geometric genus|geometric genus]] is <math>n-1</math> if <math>n</math> is odd, and <math>n-2</math> if <math>n</math> is even.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|p=|loc=theorem 6.4}} It was first introduced in {{Harv|Soloviev|2013|ps=|p=}} for his proof of [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebraic integrability]].{{sfn|Soloviev|2013}} ==Complete integrability== The pentagram map on the moduli space has been proved to be a [[w:completely integrable|completely integrable]] [[w:discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]], both in the [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|Arnold-Liouville]]{{Efn|Over the [[w:real number|real number]]s.}} and the [[w:Integrable system#Complete integrability over the complex numbers|algebro-geometric]]{{Efn|Over [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]]s of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2.}} senses. In any case, this means that the moduli space is [[w:almost everywhere|almost everywhere]] [[w:Foliation|foliated]] by [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] (or in the algebraic setting, [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian varieties]]), where the motion is a [[w:Translation (geometry)|translation]]. This [[w:Generic property|generically]] makes a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} ===Arnold–Liouville integrability=== The proof of the integrability of the pentagram map on a real twisted polygon was achieved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. This is done by noticing that the monodromy invariants <math>O_n</math> and <math>E_n</math> are [[w:Casimir invariant|Casimir invariant]]s for the bracket, meaning (in this context) that <math display="block"> \{O_n,f\}=\{E_n,f\} = 0 </math> for all functions <math>f</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} When <math>n</math> is even, this is also true for the monodromy invariants <math>O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math> and <math>E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} This allows to consider the Casimir [[w:level set|level set]], where each Casimir has a specified value. Because of [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], any generic level set is a [[w:smooth manifold|smooth manifold]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2017|p=44}} They form a [[w:foliation|foliation]] in [[w:Poisson manifold#Symplectic leaves|symplectic leaves]], on which the Poisson bracket gives rise to a [[w:symplectic form|symplectic form]].{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.13}} Each of these symplectic leaves has an iso-monodromy [[w:foliation|foliation]], namely, a decomposition into the common level sets of the remaining monodromy functions. By using again [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], they are generically [[w:Symplectic manifold#Lagrangian submanifolds|Lagrangian manifolds]].{{Sfn|Schwarz|2017|p=45}} Moreover, they are compact.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwarz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§3.3. Compactness of the level sets}} Since the monodromy invariants Poisson-commute and there are enough of them, the discrete [[w:Liouville–Arnold theorem|Liouville–Arnold theorem]] can be applied to prove that the level sets are [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] over which the dynamic is a translation.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=412}} The integrability for real closed polygons was proved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} by restricting the [[w:Hamiltonian vector field|Hamiltonian vector field]]s of monodromy functions to smaller dimensional tori, and showing that enough of them are still independent.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} ===Algebro-geometric integrability=== In {{Harvard citation|Soloviev|2013}}, it was shown that the pentagram map admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]] with a spectral parameter, which allows to prove its algebraic-geometric integrability. This means that the space of polygons (either twisted or closed) is parametrized by its spectral data, consisting of [[w:Pentagram map#The spectral curve|its spectral curve]], with marked points and a [[w:Divisor (algebraic geometry)|divisor]] given by a [[w:Floquet theory|Floquet]]–[[w:Bloch's theorem|Bloch]] equation. This gives an embedding to the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]] through the [[w:Abel–Jacobi map|Abel–Jacobi map]], where the motion is expressed in term of translation.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorems A, B and C}} The previously defined Poisson bracket is also retrieved.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem D}} This integrability was generalized in {{Harvard citation|Weinreich|2022}} from the field of [[w:complex number|complex number]]s to any [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]] of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2. The translation on a torus is replaced by a translation on an [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian variety]] (in fact, a Jacobian variety again).{{sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} === Dimension of the invariant manifold === For a twisted <math>n</math>-gons, the [[w:dimension|dimension]] of the invariant tori (or Jacobian varieties) is{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=421}} : <math>\begin{cases} n-1 & \text{when }n \text{ is odd,}\\ n-2 & \text{when }n \text{ is even,} \end{cases}</math> and drops by <math>3</math> for closed <math>n</math>-gons.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem C}} Moreover, when <math>n</math> is even, there are two isomorphic Jacobians on which the iterates of the pentagram map alternate. But on each of them, the second iterate of the pentagram is a translation.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} ==Connections to other topics== ===The Boussinesq equation=== The continuous limit of a convex polygon is a parametrized convex curve in the plane. When the time parameter is suitably chosen, the [[w:Discretization|continuous limit]] of the pentagram map is the classical [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]]. This equation is a classical example of an [[w:integrable|integrable]] [[w:partial differential equation|partial differential equation]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 5}} Here is a description of the geometric action of the Boussinesq equation. Given a [[w:locally convex|locally convex]] curve <math> C:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R^2 </math> and real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>t</math>, consider the [[w:chord (geometry)|chord]] connecting <math> C(x-t) </math> to <math> C(x+t) </math>. The [[w:Envelope (mathematics)|envelope]] of all these chords is a new curve <math> C_t(x) </math>. When <math>t</math> is extremely small, the curve <math> C_t(x) </math> is a good model for the time <math>t</math> evolution of the original curve <math> C_0(x) </math> under the Boussinesq equation. This construction is also similar to the pentagram map. Moreover, the pentagram invariant bracket is a discretization of a well known invariant Poisson bracket associated to the Boussinesq equation.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§6.4 Discretization}} ===Cluster algebras=== The pentagram map{{Sfn|Glick|2011}} and some of its generalizations{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012}} are identified as special cases of [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]. This provides a link with the [[w:Poisson–Lie group|Poisson–Lie group]]s, [[w:dimer model|dimer model]]s and other so-called cluster-integrable systems.{{Sfn|Fock|Marshakov|2016}} These methods allow to retrieve the Poisson-bracket and Hamiltonians used to prove complete integrability{{Sfn|Affolter|George|Ramassamy|2025|loc=§5 The pentagram map}} and provide [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]]s.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b}} === Singularity theory === The pentagram map exhibit a property called singularity confinement, which is typical from [[w:integrable system|integrable system]]s.{{Sfn|Grammaticos|Ramani|Papageorgiou|1991}} It states that if a polygon <math>P</math> is [[w:Singular point of an algebraic variety|singular]] for the pentagram map <math>T</math>, then there exists an integer <math>m</math> such that <math>P</math> not singular for the iterate map <math>T^m</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2012}} Moreover, the pentagram map (along with some of its generalizations and other discrete dynamical systems) exhibit the Devron property.{{Efn|The name comes from an episode of [[w:Star Trek|Star Trek]].{{Sfn|Glick|2015|loc=§1 Introduction}}}} This means that if a polygon <math>P</math> is singular for some iterate of the pentagram map <math>T^m</math>, then it will also be singular for some iterate of the inverse map <math>T^{-m'}</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2015}} == Generalizations == The definition of twisted polygons still makes sense in any [[w:projective space|projective space]] <math>\mathbb P^d</math>, under the action of the [[w:Projective linear group|projective group]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{d+1}</math>. The pentagram map can be generalized in many ways, and some of them are presented here. Not all of them are integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} Some are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of [[w:PDEs|PDEs]] from the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]], seen as higher dimensional version of [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq]] or [[w:Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation|KP]] equations.{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2012}}{{Sfn|Wang|2023}} The description of all generalized pentagram maps as [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]s is still an open question.{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} === Polygons in general positions === Let <math>d \geq 2</math> and <math>P</math> be a twisted polygon of <math>\mathbb P^d</math> in [[w:general position|general position]]. ==== Short diagonal pentagram maps ==== The <math>k</math>-th ''short diagonal hyperplane'' <math>H_k^{sh}</math> is uniquely defined by passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+2},\dots,v_{k+2d-2}</math>. [[w:Generic property#In algebraic geometry|Generically]], the intersection of <math>d</math> consecutive hyperplanes uniquely defines a new point : <math>T_{sh}v_k:=H_k^{sh}\cap H_{k+1}^{sh}\cap \dots \cap H_{k+d-1}^{sh}.</math> Doing this for every vertex defines a new twisted polygon. This map, denoted by <math>T_{sh}</math>, is again projectively equivariant.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2013}} ==== Generalized pentagram maps ==== The previous procedure can be generalized. Let <math>I=(i_1,\dots,i_{d-1}),~J=(j_1,\dots,j_{d-1})</math> be two sets of integers, respectively called the jump tuple and the intersection tuple. Define the <math>k</math>-th hyperplane <math>H_k^I</math> to be passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+i_1},\dots,v_{k+i_1+\dots+i_{d-1}}</math>. A new point is given by the intersection : <math>T_{I,J}v_k:=H_k^I \cap H_{k+j_1}^I \cap \dots \cap H_{k+j_1+\dots +j_{d-1}}^I.</math> The map <math>T_{I,J}</math> is called a generalized pentagram map.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} It is conjectured that the maps <math>T_{I,I}</math> are integrable for any <math>I</math>,{{Sfn|Bolsinov|Matveev|Miranda|Tabachnikov|2018|loc=conjecture 4.13 (B. Khesin, F. Soloviev)}} but that the general case is not (based on numerical experiments that seem to disprove the [[w:Integrable system#Diophantine integrability|diophantine integrability]] test).{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a|loc=§5 and §6}} Some of these maps are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of higher dimensional counterpart of the [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]] in the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]].{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 4.1}}{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b|loc=theorem 4.1}} ==== Dented pentagram maps ==== Fix an integer <math>m\in \{1,\dots ,d-1\}</math>. Consider the jump tuple <math>I_m:=(1,\dots,1,2,1,\dots,1)</math>, where the <math>2</math> is at the <math>m</math>-th place, and the intersection tuple <math>J:=(1,\dots,1)</math>. The dented pentagram map is <math>T_m :=T_{I_m,J}</math>. They are proved to be integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 2.14}} For an integer <math>p \geq 2</math>, the deep dented pentagram map (of depth <math>p</math>) <math>T_m^p</math> is the same map as before, but the number <math>2</math> in the definition of <math>I_m</math> is replaced by <math>p</math>. This kind of pentagram maps are again integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 6.2}} === Corrugated polygons === A twisted polygon <math>P</math> lying in <math>\mathbb P^d</math> is said to be corrugated if for any <math>k\in \mathbb Z</math>, the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+1},v_{k+d},v_{k+d+1}</math> span a projective two-dimensional plane. Such polygons are not in [[w:general position|general position]]. A new point is defined by : <math>T_\text{cor}v_k:=\overline{v_k v_{k+d}}\cap \overline{v_{k+1} v_{k+d+1}}.</math> The map <math>T_\text{cor}</math> yields a new corrugated polygon. They are [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|completely Liouville-integrable]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012|loc=theorem 4.4}} In fact, they can retrieved as some dented pentagram map applied on corrugated polygons.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 5.3}} === Grassmannians polygons === Let <math>d \geq 3, m \geq 1</math> be integers. The pentagram map can also be generalized to the space of [[w:Grassmannian|Grassmannian]]s <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>, which consists of <math>m</math>-[[w:Dimension (vector space)|dimensional]] [[w:linear subspace|linear subspace]]s of an <math>md</math>-dimensional [[w:vector space|vector space]]. When <math>m=1</math>, the linear subspaces are [[w:Vector space#vector line|lines]], which retrieves the definition of [[w:projective space|projective space]]s <math>\mathbb P^d</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} A point in <math>v\in\operatorname{Gr}(m,md)</math> is represented by an <math>m \times md</math> matrix <math>X_v</math> such that its columns form a [[w:Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] of <math>v</math>. Consider the diagonal [[w:Group action|action]] of the [[w:general linear group|general linear group]] <math>\mathrm{Gl}_{md}</math> on each column of <math>X_v</math>. This defines an action on the Grassmannian, even though it's not [[w:Faithful action|faithfull]].{{Efn|Because there can be many lifts for <math>v</math>, and because some matrices act trivially.}} Hence, the polygons of <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math> and their moduli spaces are defined as before, after the change of underlying group.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} Depending on the parity of <math>d</math>, one can define linear subspaces spanned by some <math>X_{v_k}</math>'s such that taking their intersection generically define a new point of <math>v\in\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=sections 4 and 5}} This generalization of the pentagram map is integrable in a [[w:noncommutative|noncommutative]] sense.{{Sfn|Ovenhouse|2020}} === Over rings === The pentagram map admits a generalization by considering [[w:Projective space#Generalizations|projective planes]] over [[w:stably finite ring|stably finite ring]]s, instead of [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]]s. In particular, this retrieves the pentagram map over Grassmanians. 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|pages=3460–3505 |volume=43 |issue=10 |doi=10.1017/etds.2022.82 |first=Max H. |last=Weinreich}} 6mxaktwbl7xu08icl3kavhhtmbmfw7o 2812517 2812516 2026-06-02T08:32:15Z Regliste 3029369 correction of typos 2812517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | last1 = Stiegler | orcid1 = 0009-0001-5789-6923 | first1 = Jean-Baptiste | affiliation1 = Université Paris-Saclay | correspondence1 = jean-baptiste.stiegler@universite-paris-saclay.fr | journal = WikiJournal of Science | et_al = true | w1 = Pentagram map | from w1 = true | keywords = Pentagram map, Dynamical system, Projective geometry, Moduli space, Integrable systems | license = CC-BY-SA 4.0 | submitted = 2025-12-08 | abstract = In [[w:mathematics|mathematics]], the '''pentagram map''' is a [[w:Dynamical system#Discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]] acting on [[w:polygons|polygons]] in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]]. It defines a new polygon whose vertices are obtained as the intersection points of the shortest [[w:Diagonal|diagonals]] of the initial polygon. This is a [[w:Projective linear group|projectively]] [[w:Equivariant map|equivariant]] procedure, hence it [[w:Quotient space (topology)|descends]] to the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of polygons and defines another dynamical system (which is also referred to as the pentagram map). It was first introduced by [[w:Richard Schwartz (mathematician)|Richard Schwartz]] in 1992{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992}}. The pentagram map on the moduli space is famous for its [[w:Completely integrable|complete integrability]] and its interpretation as a [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} It admits many generalizations in [[w:Projective space|projective spaces]] and other settings. }} == Introduction == === Informal definition === ==== On polygons ==== [[File:Pentagram pentagon nolabel big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Convex set|convex]] [[w:pentagon|pentagon]].]] Initially, the pentagram map was defined for [[w:convex polygon|convex polygon]]s (with at least five sides) on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. Given such a polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, one can draw the "shortest [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s", meaning the [[w:Line segment|segments]] whose endpoints are a [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertex]] and one of its second neighbors (as in Figure 1). The intersections of the shortest diagonals are then taken as the vertices of a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)</math>; this new polygon is the output of the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} The same construction can be done on [[w:Concave polygon|non-convex polygons]], but there are several complications. First, some consecutive short diagonals may not intersect, so one must extend the segments to [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]]. Second, the image <math>T(P)</math> can fail to be a new <math>n</math>-gon because some consecutive vertices could coincide. However, this [[w:Generic property|generically]] doesn't happen.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|p=411|2009}} Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are [[w:Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] and don't intersect on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. This is resolved by extending the Euclidean plane to the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]] by the addition of a [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], where the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection point]] lies (see Figure 3). Hence, the pentagram map is defined for generic polygons on the real projective plane.{{Sfn|Berger|2005|p=25}} More generally, the construction of the pentagram map is well defined whenever the concepts of lines and their intersections make sense. This is encompassed by the notion of a general [[w:projective plane|projective plane]], of which the real projective plane is one example; but the pentagram map can also be considered over other [[w:Field (mathematics)|fields]], for instance the [[w:complex number|complex number]]s, which give the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§3.1.1}} ==== On the moduli space of polygons ==== Since the pentagram map is defined by taking lines and their intersections, it [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with any transformation that maps lines to lines. Such maps are called [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]]. This allows to identify polygons [[w:up to|up to]] [[w:Perspectivity#Projectivity|projective transformations]]. This identification gives a [[w:Quotient space (topology)|quotient space]] (technically called a [[w:moduli space|moduli space]]) of [[w:Equivalence class|classes]] of polygons. The pentagram map on polygons induces another dynamical system on the moduli space,{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} whose behavior differs quite a lot from the initial one.{{Efn|Compare the paragraph about the [[w:Pentagram map#Collapsing of convex polygons|collapsing of convex polygons]] and the one about [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]].}} === Historical elements === The pentagram map for general polygons was introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|1992}}, but the simplest case is the one of [[w:pentagons|pentagons]], hence the name "[[w:pentagram|pentagram]]".{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2014|p=1}} Their study goes back to {{Harvard citation|Clebsch|1871}},{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}} {{Harvard citation|Kasner|1928}}{{Sfn|Tabachnikov|2019}} and {{Harvard citation|Motzkin|1945}}.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2013|p=1}} The pentagram map is similar in spirit to the constructions underlying [[w:Desargues' theorem|Desargues's theorem]], [[w:Pappus's hexagon theorem|Pappus's theorem]] and [[w:Poncelet's porism|Poncelet's porism]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} ==Definitions and first properties== === Definition of the map === [[File:Pentagram pentagon label big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map on a convex pentagon, with vertices labeled.]] [[File:Pentagram on nonconvex pentagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Self-intersecting polygon|self-intersecting]] (in particular, non-convex) pentagon. The vertex <math>w_2</math> is on the [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], because it is the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection of two parallel lines]].]] Let <math>n\geq 5</math> be an integer. A polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, or <math>n</math>-gon, is a tuple of [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertices]] <math>(v_1,\dots,v_n)</math> lying in some [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P ^2</math>,{{Efn|In the following, the figures represent polygons on the real plane, where the intuition is easier to grasp.}} where the indices are understood [[w:Modular arithmetic|modulo]] <math>n</math>. The [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] of the space of <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.1}} Suppose that the vertices are in sufficiently [[w:general position|general position]], meaning that no consecutive triple of points are [[w:Collinearity|collinear]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=1}} Taking the intersection of two consecutive "shortest" [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s{{Efn|Meaning the line between a vertex <math>v_k</math> and a "second neighbour" <math>v_{k\pm 2}</math>.}} defines a new point <math display="block"> w_k := \overline{v_{k-1} v_{k+1}} \cap \overline{v_{k} v_{k+2}}. </math>This procedure defines a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)=(w_1,\dots,w_n)</math>, as on Figure 2.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|p=71}} The labeling of the indices of <math>T(P)</math> is not [[w:canonical|canonical]]. In most papers, a choice is made at the beginning of the paper and the formulas are tuned accordingly.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=remark 1.5}} The pentagram map on polygons is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] <math>T:(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>{{nowrap|{{font|size=145%|⇢}}}}<math>(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>. Indeed, each [[w:Homogeneous coordinates|coordinate]] of <math>w_k</math> is given as a [[w:rational function|rational function]] of the coordinates of <math>v_{k-1},\dots,v_{k+2}</math>, since it is defined as the intersection of lines passing by them. Moreover, the [[w:inverse map|inverse map]] is given by taking the intersections <math>\overline{w_{k-2} w_{k-1}} \cap \overline{w_{k} w_{k+1}} </math>, which is rational for the same reason.{{Sfnp|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.2}} === Moduli space === The pentagram map is defined by taking [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]] and intersections of them. The biggest [[w:Group (mathematics)|group]] which maps lines to lines is the one of [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{3}</math>. Such a transformation <math>M</math> [[w:Group action|acts]] on a polygon <math>P</math> by sending it to <math>M \cdot P:=(Mv_1,\dots,Mv_n)</math>. The pentagram map [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with this action, and thereby induces another [[w:dynamical system|dynamical system]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of projective [[w:equivalence classes|equivalence classes]] of polygons. Its [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] is <math>2n-8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} ===Twisted polygons=== [[File:Twisted heptagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|An example of twisted [[w:heptagon|heptagon]] on the real plane.]] The pentagram map naturally generalizes on the larger space of twisted polygons (see example on Figure 4). For any integer <math>n\geq5</math>, a twisted <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> is the data of: * a [[w:Sequence#Indexing|bi-infinite sequence]] of points <math>(v_k)_{k\in\mathbb Z}</math> in the projective plane (called the vertices), * a [[w:projective transformation|projective transformation]] <math>M \in \mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_3</math> (called the [[w:monodromy|monodromy]]), such that for any <math>k \in \mathbb Z</math>, the property <math>v_{k+n}=Mv_k</math> is satisfied. The dimension of the space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n+8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008}} When <math>M=\mathrm{Id}</math>, this gives back the initial definition of polygons (which are said to be closed). The space of closed <math>n</math>-gons is of [[w:codimension|codimension]] <math>8</math> in the space of twisted ones.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|p=2816}} The action of projective transformations over the space of closed polygons generalizes to the space of twisted ones (the monodromy is changed by [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]]). This provides again a moduli space, of dimension <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.3}} == Collapsing of convex polygons == === Exponential shrinking === [[File:Pentagram map convex heptagon iterate.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map iterated on a convex [[w:heptagon|heptagon]], exhibiting the convergence.]] Let <math>P</math> be a closed [[w:Convex polygon#Strictly convex polygon|strictly convex polygon]] lying on the real plane. One of the first results proved by Richard Schwartz it that its iterates under the pentagram map shrink [[w:Exponential growth|exponentially fast]] to a point, as illustrated in Figure 5. This follows from two facts. # The image of a strictly convex polygon is contained in its [[w:Interior (topology)|interior]], and is also strictly convex.{{Sfn|Glick|2020|p=2818}} # There exists a constant <math>0< \eta_P<1</math>, depending on <math>P</math>, such that for any <math>N \in \mathbb N</math>, the diameters of the iterates verify the inequality <math display="inline">\operatorname{diam}(T^N(P))\leq\eta_P^N \operatorname{diam}(P). </math>{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 3.1}} Hence, by [[w:Cantor's intersection theorem#Variant in complete metric spaces|Cantor's intersection theorem]], the sequence of polygons collapses toward a point.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§3 Convex polygons}} The behavior on the moduli space is very different, since the dynamics is [[w:Recurrent point|recurrent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=theorem 1.1}} It is even a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]],{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} as discussed in [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|the section about integrability]]. === Coordinates of the limit point === The limit point coordinates are found in {{Harvard citation|Glick|2020}}. They satisfy some [[w:Degree of a polynomial|degree]] 3 [[w:polynomial equation|polynomial equations]], whose coefficients are [[w:rational function|rational function]]s in the coordinates of the vertices of the starting polygon. The proof relies on the fact that the limit point must be an [[w:eigenline|eigenline]] of a certain [[w:linear operator|linear operator]] of <math>\mathbb R^3</math>.{{sfn|Glick|2020}} This operator was reinterpreted in {{Harvard citation|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} as the infinitesimal monodromy of the polygon. The [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]] is used to [[w:Deformation (mathematics)|deform]] a closed polygon <math>P</math> into a family of twisted ones '''<math>(P_z)_{z\in \mathbb C^*}</math>''' with monodromy <math>M_z</math>. The infinitesimal monodromy is defined to be:{{sfn|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} <math display="block">\left.\frac{dM_z}{dz}\right|_{z=1}.</math> === Generalization === The collapsing of polygons may also happen in some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|generalization of the pentagram map]], when considering some specific configurations of polygons in the real plane. The coordinates of the collapse point are given by a formula analogous to the one for the original pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2026}} == Periodic orbits on the moduli space == For some configurations of closed polygons, the iterate of the pentagram map will send <math>P</math> to a projectively equivalent polygon (up to some shift of the indices). This means that, on the moduli space, the orbit of the class of <math>P</math> is [[w:Periodic orbit|periodic]]. ===Pentagons and hexagons=== [[File:penta hexagon.svg|300px|thumb|The outward hexagon is projectively equivalent to the inward one, with respect to their labeling.]]The following facts are proved by checking [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] equalities, so they are true for polygons in any [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] (not just the [[w:Real projective plane|real one]]).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§2 Pentagons and hexagons}} The pentagram map <math>T</math> is the identity on the moduli space of [[w:pentagon|pentagon]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.1}}{{Sfn|Clebsch|1871}}{{Sfn|Motzkin|1945}} The second iterate <math>T^2</math> is the identity on the space of labeled [[w:hexagon|hexagon]]s, up to a shift of labeling (see Figure 6).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.3}} This phenomenon doesn't generalize to generic polygons with at least seven sides, for which the motion is [[w:Quasiperiodic motion|quasi-periodic]].{{Sfn|Tupan|2022}} The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in [[w:projective geometry|projective geometry]] such as [[w:Pascal's theorem|Pascal's theorem]], [[w:Desargues's theorem|Desargues's theorem]] and others.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}} ==== Generalization ==== The result about pentagons and hexagons generalizes to some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|higher pentagram maps]] in <math>\mathbb P ^k</math>, for polygons with <math>k+3</math> or <math>2k+2</math> sides. The proof uses a generalization of the [[w:Gale transform|Gale transform]].{{Sfn|Dirdak|2024}} === Poncelet polygons === A polygon is said to be Poncelet{{Efn|The name comes from [[w:Jean-Victor Poncelet|Jean-Victor Poncelet]] and [[w:Poncelet porism|his porism]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}}}} if it is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in a [[w:Conic section|conic]] and circumscribed about another one.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}{{Efn|In particular, pentagons are Poncelet since [[w:five points determine a conic|five points determine a conic]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}}} For a convex Poncelet <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> lying on the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]], the polygon <math>T^2(P)</math> is projectively equivalent to <math>P</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.1}} In fact, when <math>n</math> is odd, the converse is also true.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=corollary 1.1}} However, this converse statement is no longer true when the polygons are considered over the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=remark 1.3}} ==Coordinates for the moduli space== === Corner coordinates === [[File:Corner coordinates big.svg|thumb|300x300px|The geometric construction of the points defining the corner invariants.]] Define the [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] of four [[w:Collinearity|collinear]] points to be : <math> [a,b,c,d]=\frac{(a-b)(c-d)}{(a-c)(b-d)}. </math> The corner invariants are a system of coordinates on the space of twisted polygons, constructed by taking intersections as on Figure 7.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=figure 2}} The left and right invariants are respectively defined{{Efn|The ordering of the vertices in the cross-ratios can differ from a paper to another one, which slightly changes the formulas in the following sections.}} as the following cross-ratios: : <math>x_k:=[v_{k-2},v_{k-1},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k}v_{k+1}},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}],</math> : <math>y_k:=[\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}, \overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-1}v_{k}},v_{k+1},v_{k+2}].</math> Since the cross-ratio is [[w:Cross-ratio#Projective geometry|projective invariant]], the sequences <math>(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> and <math>(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> associated to a twisted <math>n</math>-gon are <math>n</math> periodic.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=415}} The corner invariants are elements of <math>\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\}</math>, and they realize an [[w:Isomorphism_of_varieties|isomorphism of variety]] between the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons and <math>(\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\})^{2n}</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 3.6}} ===ab-coordinates=== There is a second set of coordinates for the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons defined over a [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]] <math>F</math> satisfying <math>\mathrm{SL}_3(F)\cong \mathbb P\mathrm{GL}_3(F)</math>,{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=remark 3.8}} and such that <math>n</math> is not divisible by <math>3</math>.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=section 4.1}} The vertices <math>v_k</math> in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P^2(F)</math> can be [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lifted]] to [[w:Vector space|vectors]] <math>V_k</math> in the [[w:affine space|affine space]] <math>F^3</math> so that each consecutive triple of vectors spans a [[w:parallelepiped|parallelepiped]] having [[w:determinant|determinant]] equal to <math>1</math>. This leads to the relation{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 4.1}} : <math>V_{k+3} = a_k V_{k+2} + b_k V_{k+1} + V_k.</math> This bring out an analogy between twisted polygons and solutions of third order linear [[w:ordinary differential equations|ordinary differential equations]], normalized to have unit [[w:Wronskian|Wronskian]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=remark 6.6}} They are linked to the corner coordinates by:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=lemma 4.5}} : <math>x_k=\frac{a_{k-2}}{b_{k-2}b_{k-1}},</math> : <math>y_k=-\frac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-2}a_{k-1}}.</math> ==Formulas on the moduli space== ===As a birational map === The pentagram map is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] on the moduli space, because it can be decomposed as the [[w:Function composition|composition]] of two [[w:Birational geometry|birational]] [[w:Involution (mathematics)|involutions]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=§1.2 The Pentagram Map}} The corner invariants change in the following way:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|loc=lemma 2.4|Tabachnikov|2010}} : <math>x_k'=x_k\frac{1-x_{k-1} y_{k-1}}{1-x_{k+1}y_{k+1}},</math> : <math>y_k'=y_{k+1}\frac{1-x_{k+2} y_{k+2}}{1-x_k y_k}.</math> === The scaling symmetry === The [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] <math>F\smallsetminus\{0\}</math> [[w:One-parameter group|acts]] on the moduli space in the following way: : <math>R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,x_n,y_1,\dots,y_n)=(sx_1,\dots,sx_n,s^{-1}y_1,\dots,s^{-1}y_n),</math> where <math>R</math> is called the scaling action and <math>s</math> is the scaling parameter. This action commutes with the pentagram map on the moduli space (as presented in the previous formulas). This property is called the scaling symmetry, and is instrumental in proving the [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]] of the dynamics.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.5}} An [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]] <math>Q</math> is said to have weight <math>k</math> if{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|p=5}} : <math>Q(R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,y_n))=s^kQ(x_1,\dots,y_n).</math> ==Invariant structures== ===Monodromy invariants=== The monodromy invariants, introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|2008}}, are a collection of [[w:Function (mathematics)|functions]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] that are invariant under the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} The simplest example of them are :<math> O_n= x_1x_2\cdots x_{n}, \quad E_n = y_1y_2\cdots y_n. </math> The other monodromy invariants can be retrieved through different points of view: through the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]], as [[w:Combinatorics|combinatorial]] objects, or as some [[w:determinant|determinant]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=§2 The Monodromy Invariants}} The one involving scaling symmetry is presented here. Let <math>M\in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> be a [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lift]] of the monodromy of a twisted <math>n</math>-gon. The quantities : <math>\Omega_1=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M)}{\det(M)}, \quad \Omega_2=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M^{-1})}{\det(M^{-1})},</math> are independent of the choice of lift and are invariant under [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]], so they are well defined for the projective class of the polygon. They are invariant under the pentagram map, since the monodromy matrix doesn't change.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} Now, the quantities : <math>\tilde{\Omega}_1=O_n^2E_n\Omega_1, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=O_nE_n^2\Omega_2,</math> have the same properties, but turn out to be polynomials in the corner invariants.{{Efn|Some papers consider the cube roots of this functions, but it doesn't change the following definitions of the monodromy invariants.}} They can be written as{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} : <math> \tilde{\Omega}_1=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}O_k\biggr)^3, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}E_k\biggr)^3, </math> where each <math>O_k,E_k</math> are [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]]s respectively of weight <math>k</math> and <math>-k</math> (with respect to the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]]).{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=11}} The quantities <math>O_1,\dots,O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},O_n, E_1,\dots,E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},E_n,</math> are unchanged by the dynamics, and are called the monodromy invariants. Moreover, they are [[w:algebraically independent|algebraically independent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} ==== Polygons on conics ==== Whenever <math>P</math> is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] on a [[w:conic section|conic section]], one has <math>O_k(P)=E_k(P)</math> for all <math>k</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=theorem 1.1}} Moreover, if <math>P</math> is circumscribed about another conic,{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Poncelet polygons|Poncelet polygons]].}} then its monodromy invariants are characterized by the pair of conics.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.2}} For such odd-gons, the translation on the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]]{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebraic integrability]].}} is restricted to the [[w:Prym variety|Prym variety]] (which is a half-dimensional torus in the Jacobian).{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=theorem 1.3}} ===Poisson bracket=== An invariant [[w:Poisson bracket|Poisson bracket]] on the space of twisted polygons was found in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. The monodromy invariants [[w:Poisson bracket#Constants of motion|commute]] with respect to it: <math display="block"> \{O_i,O_j\}=\{O_i,E_j\}=\{E_i,E_j\}=0 </math> for all <math>i,j</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} The Poisson bracket is defined in terms of the corner coordinates by: <math display="block"> \begin{align} \{x_i,x_{i\pm1}\} &= \mp x_i x_{i+1}, \\ \{y_i,y_{i\pm 1}\} &= \mp y_i y_{i+1}, \\ \{x_i,x_j\} &= \{y_i,y_j\} = \{x_i,y_j\} = 0 \end{align}</math> for all other <math> i,j.</math>{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 2.16}} === The spectral curve === Let <math>\zeta</math> be an element of the [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] and <math>P_\zeta</math> be the polygon obtained by applying the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]] <math>R_\zeta</math> on <math>P</math>. A [[w:Lax matrix|Lax matrix]] <math>\hat{T}(\zeta) \in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> is a lift of the monodromy of <math>P_\zeta</math> satisfying a [[w:Lax pair#Zero-curvature equation|zero-curvature equation]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§5 The Lax representation}} Then, the spectral function is the [[w:Bivariate polynomial|bivariate]] [[w:characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] <math display="block"> Q(\lambda,\zeta) := \det(\lambda\operatorname{Id}-\hat{T}(\zeta)),</math> or some renormalization of it. The [[w:spectral curve|spectral curve]] is the [[w:Projective variety#projective completion|projective completion]] of the [[w:Algebraic curve|affine curve]] defined by the equation <math>Q(\lambda,\zeta)=0</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§6. The geometry of the spectral curve}} It is invariant under the pentagram map, and the monodromy invariants appear as the [[w:coefficient|coefficient]]s of <math>Q</math>.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem 6.4}} Its [[w:geometric genus|geometric genus]] is <math>n-1</math> if <math>n</math> is odd, and <math>n-2</math> if <math>n</math> is even.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|p=|loc=theorem 6.4}} It was first introduced in {{Harv|Soloviev|2013|ps=|p=}} for his proof of [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebro-geometric integrability]].{{sfn|Soloviev|2013}} ==Complete integrability== The pentagram map on the moduli space has been proved to be a [[w:completely integrable|completely integrable]] [[w:discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]], both in the [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|Arnold-Liouville]]{{Efn|Over the [[w:real number|real number]]s.}} and the [[w:Integrable system#Complete integrability over the complex numbers|algebro-geometric]]{{Efn|Over [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]]s of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2.}} senses. In any case, this means that the moduli space is [[w:almost everywhere|almost everywhere]] [[w:Foliation|foliated]] by [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] (or in the algebraic setting, [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian varieties]]), where the motion is a [[w:Translation (geometry)|translation]]. This [[w:Generic property|generically]] makes a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} ===Arnold–Liouville integrability=== The proof of the integrability of the pentagram map on a real twisted polygon was achieved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. This is done by noticing that the monodromy invariants <math>O_n</math> and <math>E_n</math> are [[w:Casimir invariant|Casimir invariant]]s for the bracket, meaning (in this context) that <math display="block"> \{O_n,f\}=\{E_n,f\} = 0 </math> for all functions <math>f</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} When <math>n</math> is even, this is also true for the monodromy invariants <math>O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math> and <math>E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} This allows to consider the Casimir [[w:level set|level set]], where each Casimir has a specified value. Because of [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], any generic level set is a [[w:smooth manifold|smooth manifold]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2017|p=44}} They form a [[w:foliation|foliation]] in [[w:Poisson manifold#Symplectic leaves|symplectic leaves]], on which the Poisson bracket gives rise to a [[w:symplectic form|symplectic form]].{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.13}} Each of these symplectic leaves has an iso-monodromy [[w:foliation|foliation]], namely, a decomposition into the common level sets of the remaining monodromy functions. By using again [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], they are generically [[w:Symplectic manifold#Lagrangian submanifolds|Lagrangian manifolds]].{{Sfn|Schwarz|2017|p=45}} Moreover, they are compact.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwarz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§3.3. Compactness of the level sets}} Since the monodromy invariants Poisson-commute and there are enough of them, the discrete [[w:Liouville–Arnold theorem|Liouville–Arnold theorem]] can be applied to prove that the level sets are [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] over which the dynamics is a translation.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=412}} The integrability for real closed polygons was proved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} by restricting the [[w:Hamiltonian vector field|Hamiltonian vector field]]s of monodromy functions to smaller dimensional tori, and showing that enough of them are still independent.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} ===Algebro-geometric integrability=== In {{Harvard citation|Soloviev|2013}}, it was shown that the pentagram map admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]] with a spectral parameter, which allows to prove its algebro-geometric integrability. This means that the space of polygons (either twisted or closed) is parametrized by its spectral data, consisting of [[w:Pentagram map#The spectral curve|its spectral curve]], with marked points and a [[w:Divisor (algebraic geometry)|divisor]] given by a [[w:Floquet theory|Floquet]]–[[w:Bloch's theorem|Bloch]] equation. This gives an embedding to the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]] through the [[w:Abel–Jacobi map|Abel–Jacobi map]], where the motion is expressed in terms of translation.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorems A, B and C}} The previously defined Poisson bracket is also retrieved.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem D}} This integrability was generalized in {{Harvard citation|Weinreich|2022}} from the field of [[w:complex number|complex number]]s to any [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]] of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2. The translation on a torus is replaced by a translation on an [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian variety]] (in fact, a Jacobian variety again).{{sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} === Dimension of the invariant manifold === For twisted <math>n</math>-gons, the [[w:dimension|dimension]] of the invariant tori (or Jacobian varieties) is{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=421}} : <math>\begin{cases} n-1 & \text{when }n \text{ is odd,}\\ n-2 & \text{when }n \text{ is even,} \end{cases}</math> and drops by <math>3</math> for closed <math>n</math>-gons.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem C}} Moreover, when <math>n</math> is even, there are two isomorphic Jacobians on which the iterates of the pentagram map alternate. But on each of them, the second iterate of the pentagram is a translation.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} ==Connections to other topics== ===The Boussinesq equation=== The continuous limit of a convex polygon is a parametrized convex curve in the plane. When the time parameter is suitably chosen, the [[w:Discretization|continuous limit]] of the pentagram map is the classical [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]]. This equation is a classical example of an [[w:integrable|integrable]] [[w:partial differential equation|partial differential equation]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 5}} Here is a description of the geometric action of the Boussinesq equation. Given a [[w:locally convex|locally convex]] curve <math> C:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R^2 </math> and real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>t</math>, consider the [[w:chord (geometry)|chord]] connecting <math> C(x-t) </math> to <math> C(x+t) </math>. The [[w:Envelope (mathematics)|envelope]] of all these chords is a new curve <math> C_t(x) </math>. When <math>t</math> is extremely small, the curve <math> C_t(x) </math> is a good model for the time <math>t</math> evolution of the original curve <math> C_0(x) </math> under the Boussinesq equation. This construction is also similar to the pentagram map. Moreover, the pentagram invariant bracket is a discretization of a well known invariant Poisson bracket associated to the Boussinesq equation.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§6.4 Discretization}} ===Cluster algebras=== The pentagram map{{Sfn|Glick|2011}} and some of its generalizations{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012}} are identified as special cases of discrete dynamical systems powered by [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]. This provides a link with the [[w:Poisson–Lie group|Poisson–Lie group]]s, [[w:dimer model|dimer model]]s and other so-called cluster-integrable systems.{{Sfn|Fock|Marshakov|2016}} These methods allow to retrieve the Poisson-bracket and Hamiltonians used to prove complete integrability{{Sfn|Affolter|George|Ramassamy|2025|loc=§5 The pentagram map}} and provide [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]]s.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b}} === Singularity theory === The pentagram map exhibit a property called singularity confinement, which is typical from [[w:integrable system|integrable system]]s.{{Sfn|Grammaticos|Ramani|Papageorgiou|1991}} It states that if a polygon <math>P</math> is [[w:Singular point of an algebraic variety|singular]] for the pentagram map <math>T</math>, then there exists an integer <math>m</math> such that <math>P</math> not singular for the iterate map <math>T^m</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2012}} Moreover, the pentagram map (along with some of its generalizations and other discrete dynamical systems) exhibit the Devron property.{{Efn|The name comes from an episode of [[w:Star Trek|Star Trek]].{{Sfn|Glick|2015|loc=§1 Introduction}}}} This means that if a polygon <math>P</math> is singular for some iterate of the pentagram map <math>T^m</math>, then it will also be singular for some iterate of the inverse map <math>T^{-m'}</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2015}} == Generalizations == The definition of twisted polygons still makes sense in any [[w:projective space|projective space]] <math>\mathbb P^d</math>, under the action of the [[w:Projective linear group|projective group]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{d+1}</math>. The pentagram map can be generalized in many ways, and some of them are presented here. Not all of them are integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} Some are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of [[w:PDEs|PDEs]] from the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]], seen as higher dimensional version of [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq]] or [[w:Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation|KP]] equations.{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2012}}{{Sfn|Wang|2023}} The description of all generalized pentagram maps in terms of [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]s is still an open question.{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} === Polygons in general positions === Let <math>d \geq 2</math> and <math>P</math> be a twisted polygon of <math>\mathbb P^d</math> in [[w:general position|general position]]. ==== Short diagonal pentagram maps ==== The <math>k</math>-th ''short diagonal hyperplane'' <math>H_k^{sh}</math> is uniquely defined by passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+2},\dots,v_{k+2d-2}</math>. [[w:Generic property#In algebraic geometry|Generically]], the intersection of <math>d</math> consecutive hyperplanes uniquely defines a new point : <math>T_{sh}v_k:=H_k^{sh}\cap H_{k+1}^{sh}\cap \dots \cap H_{k+d-1}^{sh}.</math> Doing this for every vertex defines a new twisted polygon. This map, denoted by <math>T_{sh}</math>, is again projectively equivariant.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2013}} ==== Generalized pentagram maps ==== The previous procedure can be generalized. Let <math>I=(i_1,\dots,i_{d-1}),~J=(j_1,\dots,j_{d-1})</math> be two sets of integers, respectively called the jump tuple and the intersection tuple. Define the <math>k</math>-th hyperplane <math>H_k^I</math> to be passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+i_1},\dots,v_{k+i_1+\dots+i_{d-1}}</math>. A new point is given by the intersection : <math>T_{I,J}v_k:=H_k^I \cap H_{k+j_1}^I \cap \dots \cap H_{k+j_1+\dots +j_{d-1}}^I.</math> The map <math>T_{I,J}</math> is called a generalized pentagram map.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} It is conjectured that the maps <math>T_{I,I}</math> are integrable for any <math>I</math>,{{Sfn|Bolsinov|Matveev|Miranda|Tabachnikov|2018|loc=conjecture 4.13 (B. Khesin, F. Soloviev)}} but that the general case is not (based on numerical experiments that seem to disprove the [[w:Integrable system#Diophantine integrability|diophantine integrability]] test).{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a|loc=§5 and §6}} Some of these maps are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of higher dimensional counterpart of the [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]] in the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]].{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 4.1}}{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b|loc=theorem 4.1}} ==== Dented pentagram maps ==== Fix an integer <math>m\in \{1,\dots ,d-1\}</math>. Consider the jump tuple <math>I_m:=(1,\dots,1,2,1,\dots,1)</math>, where the <math>2</math> is at the <math>m</math>-th place, and the intersection tuple <math>J:=(1,\dots,1)</math>. The dented pentagram map is <math>T_m :=T_{I_m,J}</math>. They are proved to be integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 2.14}} For an integer <math>p \geq 2</math>, the deep dented pentagram map (of depth <math>p</math>) <math>T_m^p</math> is the same map as before, but the number <math>2</math> in the definition of <math>I_m</math> is replaced by <math>p</math>. This kind of pentagram maps are again integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 6.2}} === Corrugated polygons === A twisted polygon <math>P</math> lying in <math>\mathbb P^d</math> is said to be corrugated if for any <math>k\in \mathbb Z</math>, the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+1},v_{k+d},v_{k+d+1}</math> span a projective two-dimensional plane. Such polygons are not in [[w:general position|general position]]. A new point is defined by : <math>T_\text{cor}v_k:=\overline{v_k v_{k+d}}\cap \overline{v_{k+1} v_{k+d+1}}.</math> The map <math>T_\text{cor}</math> yields a new corrugated polygon. They are [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|completely Liouville-integrable]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012|loc=theorem 4.4}} In fact, they can be retrieved as some dented pentagram map applied on corrugated polygons.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 5.3}} === Grassmannian polygons === Let <math>d \geq 3, m \geq 1</math> be integers. The pentagram map can also be generalized to the [[w:Grassmannian|Grassmannian]] space <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>, which consists of <math>m</math>-[[w:Dimension (vector space)|dimensional]] [[w:linear subspace|linear subspace]]s of an <math>md</math>-dimensional [[w:vector space|vector space]]. When <math>m=1</math>, the linear subspaces are [[w:Vector space#vector line|lines]], which retrieves the definition of [[w:projective space|projective space]]s <math>\mathbb P^d</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} A point <math>v\in\operatorname{Gr}(m,md)</math> is represented by an <math>m \times md</math> matrix <math>X_v</math> such that its columns form a [[w:Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] of <math>v</math>. Consider the diagonal [[w:Group action|action]] of the [[w:general linear group|general linear group]] <math>\mathrm{GL}_{md}</math> on each column of <math>X_v</math>. This defines an action on the Grassmannian, even though it's not [[w:Faithful action|faithful]].{{Efn|Because there can be many lifts for <math>v</math>, and because some matrices act trivially.}} Hence, the polygons of <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math> and their moduli spaces are defined as before, after the change of underlying group.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} Depending on the parity of <math>d</math>, one can define linear subspaces spanned by some <math>X_{v_k}</math>'s such that taking their intersection generically defines a new point <math>v\in\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=sections 4 and 5}} This generalization of the pentagram map is integrable in a [[w:noncommutative|noncommutative]] sense.{{Sfn|Ovenhouse|2020}} === Over rings === The pentagram map admits a generalization by considering [[w:Projective space#Generalizations|projective planes]] over [[w:stably finite ring|stably finite ring]]s, instead of [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]]s. In particular, this retrieves the pentagram map over Grassmanians. Again, it admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]].{{Sfn|Hand|Izosimov|2025}} == References == {{reflist|25em}} ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ==Works cited== *{{Cite journal |title=The Limit Point of the Pentagram Map and Infinitesimal Monodromy |url=https://academic.oup.com/imrn/article/2022/7/5383/5911460 |journal=International Mathematics Research Notices |date=2022-03-23 |issn=1073-7928 |pages=5383–5397 |volume=2022 |issue=7 |doi=10.1093/imrn/rnaa258 |language=en |first1=Quinton |last1=Aboud |first2=Anton |last2=Izosimov}} *{{Cite journal|title=Integrable Dynamics in Projective Geometry via Dimers and Triple Crossing Diagram Maps on the Cylinder|journal=Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications|date=2025-06-03|issn=1815-0659|doi=10.3842/sigma.2025.040|first1=Niklas Christoph|last1=Affolter|first2=Terrence|last2=George|first3=Sanjay|last3=Ramassamy}} *{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Marcel |author-link=w:Marcel Berger |date=2005 |title=Dynamiser la 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|pages=3460–3505 |volume=43 |issue=10 |doi=10.1017/etds.2022.82 |first=Max H. |last=Weinreich}} c24t0eubz4mltwlf6plg0jh4drpfmg2 2812525 2812517 2026-06-02T09:45:26Z Regliste 3029369 /* Generalizations */ clarification 2812525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | last1 = Stiegler | orcid1 = 0009-0001-5789-6923 | first1 = Jean-Baptiste | affiliation1 = Université Paris-Saclay | correspondence1 = jean-baptiste.stiegler@universite-paris-saclay.fr | journal = WikiJournal of Science | et_al = true | w1 = Pentagram map | from w1 = true | keywords = Pentagram map, Dynamical system, Projective geometry, Moduli space, Integrable systems | license = CC-BY-SA 4.0 | submitted = 2025-12-08 | abstract = In [[w:mathematics|mathematics]], the '''pentagram map''' is a [[w:Dynamical system#Discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]] acting on [[w:polygons|polygons]] in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]]. It defines a new polygon whose vertices are obtained as the intersection points of the shortest [[w:Diagonal|diagonals]] of the initial polygon. This is a [[w:Projective linear group|projectively]] [[w:Equivariant map|equivariant]] procedure, hence it [[w:Quotient space (topology)|descends]] to the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of polygons and defines another dynamical system (which is also referred to as the pentagram map). It was first introduced by [[w:Richard Schwartz (mathematician)|Richard Schwartz]] in 1992{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992}}. The pentagram map on the moduli space is famous for its [[w:Completely integrable|complete integrability]] and its interpretation as a [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} It admits many generalizations in [[w:Projective space|projective spaces]] and other settings. }} == Introduction == === Informal definition === ==== On polygons ==== [[File:Pentagram pentagon nolabel big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Convex set|convex]] [[w:pentagon|pentagon]].]] Initially, the pentagram map was defined for [[w:convex polygon|convex polygon]]s (with at least five sides) on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. Given such a polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, one can draw the "shortest [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s", meaning the [[w:Line segment|segments]] whose endpoints are a [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertex]] and one of its second neighbors (as in Figure 1). The intersections of the shortest diagonals are then taken as the vertices of a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)</math>; this new polygon is the output of the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} The same construction can be done on [[w:Concave polygon|non-convex polygons]], but there are several complications. First, some consecutive short diagonals may not intersect, so one must extend the segments to [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]]. Second, the image <math>T(P)</math> can fail to be a new <math>n</math>-gon because some consecutive vertices could coincide. However, this [[w:Generic property|generically]] doesn't happen.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|p=411|2009}} Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are [[w:Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] and don't intersect on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. This is resolved by extending the Euclidean plane to the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]] by the addition of a [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], where the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection point]] lies (see Figure 3). Hence, the pentagram map is defined for generic polygons on the real projective plane.{{Sfn|Berger|2005|p=25}} More generally, the construction of the pentagram map is well defined whenever the concepts of lines and their intersections make sense. This is encompassed by the notion of a general [[w:projective plane|projective plane]], of which the real projective plane is one example; but the pentagram map can also be considered over other [[w:Field (mathematics)|fields]], for instance the [[w:complex number|complex number]]s, which give the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§3.1.1}} ==== On the moduli space of polygons ==== Since the pentagram map is defined by taking lines and their intersections, it [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with any transformation that maps lines to lines. Such maps are called [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]]. This allows to identify polygons [[w:up to|up to]] [[w:Perspectivity#Projectivity|projective transformations]]. This identification gives a [[w:Quotient space (topology)|quotient space]] (technically called a [[w:moduli space|moduli space]]) of [[w:Equivalence class|classes]] of polygons. The pentagram map on polygons induces another dynamical system on the moduli space,{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} whose behavior differs quite a lot from the initial one.{{Efn|Compare the paragraph about the [[w:Pentagram map#Collapsing of convex polygons|collapsing of convex polygons]] and the one about [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]].}} === Historical elements === The pentagram map for general polygons was introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|1992}}, but the simplest case is the one of [[w:pentagons|pentagons]], hence the name "[[w:pentagram|pentagram]]".{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2014|p=1}} Their study goes back to {{Harvard citation|Clebsch|1871}},{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}} {{Harvard citation|Kasner|1928}}{{Sfn|Tabachnikov|2019}} and {{Harvard citation|Motzkin|1945}}.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2013|p=1}} The pentagram map is similar in spirit to the constructions underlying [[w:Desargues' theorem|Desargues's theorem]], [[w:Pappus's hexagon theorem|Pappus's theorem]] and [[w:Poncelet's porism|Poncelet's porism]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} ==Definitions and first properties== === Definition of the map === [[File:Pentagram pentagon label big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map on a convex pentagon, with vertices labeled.]] [[File:Pentagram on nonconvex pentagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Self-intersecting polygon|self-intersecting]] (in particular, non-convex) pentagon. The vertex <math>w_2</math> is on the [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], because it is the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection of two parallel lines]].]] Let <math>n\geq 5</math> be an integer. A polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, or <math>n</math>-gon, is a tuple of [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertices]] <math>(v_1,\dots,v_n)</math> lying in some [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P ^2</math>,{{Efn|In the following, the figures represent polygons on the real plane, where the intuition is easier to grasp.}} where the indices are understood [[w:Modular arithmetic|modulo]] <math>n</math>. The [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] of the space of <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.1}} Suppose that the vertices are in sufficiently [[w:general position|general position]], meaning that no consecutive triple of points are [[w:Collinearity|collinear]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=1}} Taking the intersection of two consecutive "shortest" [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s{{Efn|Meaning the line between a vertex <math>v_k</math> and a "second neighbour" <math>v_{k\pm 2}</math>.}} defines a new point <math display="block"> w_k := \overline{v_{k-1} v_{k+1}} \cap \overline{v_{k} v_{k+2}}. </math>This procedure defines a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)=(w_1,\dots,w_n)</math>, as on Figure 2.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|p=71}} The labeling of the indices of <math>T(P)</math> is not [[w:canonical|canonical]]. In most papers, a choice is made at the beginning of the paper and the formulas are tuned accordingly.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=remark 1.5}} The pentagram map on polygons is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] <math>T:(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>{{nowrap|{{font|size=145%|⇢}}}}<math>(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>. Indeed, each [[w:Homogeneous coordinates|coordinate]] of <math>w_k</math> is given as a [[w:rational function|rational function]] of the coordinates of <math>v_{k-1},\dots,v_{k+2}</math>, since it is defined as the intersection of lines passing by them. Moreover, the [[w:inverse map|inverse map]] is given by taking the intersections <math>\overline{w_{k-2} w_{k-1}} \cap \overline{w_{k} w_{k+1}} </math>, which is rational for the same reason.{{Sfnp|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.2}} === Moduli space === The pentagram map is defined by taking [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]] and intersections of them. The biggest [[w:Group (mathematics)|group]] which maps lines to lines is the one of [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{3}</math>. Such a transformation <math>M</math> [[w:Group action|acts]] on a polygon <math>P</math> by sending it to <math>M \cdot P:=(Mv_1,\dots,Mv_n)</math>. The pentagram map [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with this action, and thereby induces another [[w:dynamical system|dynamical system]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of projective [[w:equivalence classes|equivalence classes]] of polygons. Its [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] is <math>2n-8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} ===Twisted polygons=== [[File:Twisted heptagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|An example of twisted [[w:heptagon|heptagon]] on the real plane.]] The pentagram map naturally generalizes on the larger space of twisted polygons (see example on Figure 4). For any integer <math>n\geq5</math>, a twisted <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> is the data of: * a [[w:Sequence#Indexing|bi-infinite sequence]] of points <math>(v_k)_{k\in\mathbb Z}</math> in the projective plane (called the vertices), * a [[w:projective transformation|projective transformation]] <math>M \in \mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_3</math> (called the [[w:monodromy|monodromy]]), such that for any <math>k \in \mathbb Z</math>, the property <math>v_{k+n}=Mv_k</math> is satisfied. The dimension of the space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n+8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008}} When <math>M=\mathrm{Id}</math>, this gives back the initial definition of polygons (which are said to be closed). The space of closed <math>n</math>-gons is of [[w:codimension|codimension]] <math>8</math> in the space of twisted ones.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|p=2816}} The action of projective transformations over the space of closed polygons generalizes to the space of twisted ones (the monodromy is changed by [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]]). This provides again a moduli space, of dimension <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.3}} == Collapsing of convex polygons == === Exponential shrinking === [[File:Pentagram map convex heptagon iterate.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map iterated on a convex [[w:heptagon|heptagon]], exhibiting the convergence.]] Let <math>P</math> be a closed [[w:Convex polygon#Strictly convex polygon|strictly convex polygon]] lying on the real plane. One of the first results proved by Richard Schwartz it that its iterates under the pentagram map shrink [[w:Exponential growth|exponentially fast]] to a point, as illustrated in Figure 5. This follows from two facts. # The image of a strictly convex polygon is contained in its [[w:Interior (topology)|interior]], and is also strictly convex.{{Sfn|Glick|2020|p=2818}} # There exists a constant <math>0< \eta_P<1</math>, depending on <math>P</math>, such that for any <math>N \in \mathbb N</math>, the diameters of the iterates verify the inequality <math display="inline">\operatorname{diam}(T^N(P))\leq\eta_P^N \operatorname{diam}(P). </math>{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 3.1}} Hence, by [[w:Cantor's intersection theorem#Variant in complete metric spaces|Cantor's intersection theorem]], the sequence of polygons collapses toward a point.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§3 Convex polygons}} The behavior on the moduli space is very different, since the dynamics is [[w:Recurrent point|recurrent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=theorem 1.1}} It is even a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]],{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} as discussed in [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|the section about integrability]]. === Coordinates of the limit point === The limit point coordinates are found in {{Harvard citation|Glick|2020}}. They satisfy some [[w:Degree of a polynomial|degree]] 3 [[w:polynomial equation|polynomial equations]], whose coefficients are [[w:rational function|rational function]]s in the coordinates of the vertices of the starting polygon. The proof relies on the fact that the limit point must be an [[w:eigenline|eigenline]] of a certain [[w:linear operator|linear operator]] of <math>\mathbb R^3</math>.{{sfn|Glick|2020}} This operator was reinterpreted in {{Harvard citation|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} as the infinitesimal monodromy of the polygon. The [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]] is used to [[w:Deformation (mathematics)|deform]] a closed polygon <math>P</math> into a family of twisted ones '''<math>(P_z)_{z\in \mathbb C^*}</math>''' with monodromy <math>M_z</math>. The infinitesimal monodromy is defined to be:{{sfn|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} <math display="block">\left.\frac{dM_z}{dz}\right|_{z=1}.</math> === Generalization === The collapsing of polygons may also happen in some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|generalization of the pentagram map]], when considering some specific configurations of polygons in the real plane. The coordinates of the collapse point are given by a formula analogous to the one for the original pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2026}} == Periodic orbits on the moduli space == For some configurations of closed polygons, the iterate of the pentagram map will send <math>P</math> to a projectively equivalent polygon (up to some shift of the indices). This means that, on the moduli space, the orbit of the class of <math>P</math> is [[w:Periodic orbit|periodic]]. ===Pentagons and hexagons=== [[File:penta hexagon.svg|300px|thumb|The outward hexagon is projectively equivalent to the inward one, with respect to their labeling.]]The following facts are proved by checking [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] equalities, so they are true for polygons in any [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] (not just the [[w:Real projective plane|real one]]).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§2 Pentagons and hexagons}} The pentagram map <math>T</math> is the identity on the moduli space of [[w:pentagon|pentagon]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.1}}{{Sfn|Clebsch|1871}}{{Sfn|Motzkin|1945}} The second iterate <math>T^2</math> is the identity on the space of labeled [[w:hexagon|hexagon]]s, up to a shift of labeling (see Figure 6).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.3}} This phenomenon doesn't generalize to generic polygons with at least seven sides, for which the motion is [[w:Quasiperiodic motion|quasi-periodic]].{{Sfn|Tupan|2022}} The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in [[w:projective geometry|projective geometry]] such as [[w:Pascal's theorem|Pascal's theorem]], [[w:Desargues's theorem|Desargues's theorem]] and others.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}} ==== Generalization ==== The result about pentagons and hexagons generalizes to some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|higher pentagram maps]] in <math>\mathbb P ^k</math>, for polygons with <math>k+3</math> or <math>2k+2</math> sides. The proof uses a generalization of the [[w:Gale transform|Gale transform]].{{Sfn|Dirdak|2024}} === Poncelet polygons === A polygon is said to be Poncelet{{Efn|The name comes from [[w:Jean-Victor Poncelet|Jean-Victor Poncelet]] and [[w:Poncelet porism|his porism]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}}}} if it is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in a [[w:Conic section|conic]] and circumscribed about another one.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}{{Efn|In particular, pentagons are Poncelet since [[w:five points determine a conic|five points determine a conic]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}}} For a convex Poncelet <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> lying on the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]], the polygon <math>T^2(P)</math> is projectively equivalent to <math>P</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.1}} In fact, when <math>n</math> is odd, the converse is also true.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=corollary 1.1}} However, this converse statement is no longer true when the polygons are considered over the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=remark 1.3}} ==Coordinates for the moduli space== === Corner coordinates === [[File:Corner coordinates big.svg|thumb|300x300px|The geometric construction of the points defining the corner invariants.]] Define the [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] of four [[w:Collinearity|collinear]] points to be : <math> [a,b,c,d]=\frac{(a-b)(c-d)}{(a-c)(b-d)}. </math> The corner invariants are a system of coordinates on the space of twisted polygons, constructed by taking intersections as on Figure 7.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=figure 2}} The left and right invariants are respectively defined{{Efn|The ordering of the vertices in the cross-ratios can differ from a paper to another one, which slightly changes the formulas in the following sections.}} as the following cross-ratios: : <math>x_k:=[v_{k-2},v_{k-1},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k}v_{k+1}},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}],</math> : <math>y_k:=[\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}, \overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-1}v_{k}},v_{k+1},v_{k+2}].</math> Since the cross-ratio is [[w:Cross-ratio#Projective geometry|projective invariant]], the sequences <math>(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> and <math>(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> associated to a twisted <math>n</math>-gon are <math>n</math> periodic.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=415}} The corner invariants are elements of <math>\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\}</math>, and they realize an [[w:Isomorphism_of_varieties|isomorphism of variety]] between the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons and <math>(\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\})^{2n}</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 3.6}} ===ab-coordinates=== There is a second set of coordinates for the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons defined over a [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]] <math>F</math> satisfying <math>\mathrm{SL}_3(F)\cong \mathbb P\mathrm{GL}_3(F)</math>,{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=remark 3.8}} and such that <math>n</math> is not divisible by <math>3</math>.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=section 4.1}} The vertices <math>v_k</math> in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P^2(F)</math> can be [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lifted]] to [[w:Vector space|vectors]] <math>V_k</math> in the [[w:affine space|affine space]] <math>F^3</math> so that each consecutive triple of vectors spans a [[w:parallelepiped|parallelepiped]] having [[w:determinant|determinant]] equal to <math>1</math>. This leads to the relation{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 4.1}} : <math>V_{k+3} = a_k V_{k+2} + b_k V_{k+1} + V_k.</math> This bring out an analogy between twisted polygons and solutions of third order linear [[w:ordinary differential equations|ordinary differential equations]], normalized to have unit [[w:Wronskian|Wronskian]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=remark 6.6}} They are linked to the corner coordinates by:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=lemma 4.5}} : <math>x_k=\frac{a_{k-2}}{b_{k-2}b_{k-1}},</math> : <math>y_k=-\frac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-2}a_{k-1}}.</math> ==Formulas on the moduli space== ===As a birational map === The pentagram map is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] on the moduli space, because it can be decomposed as the [[w:Function composition|composition]] of two [[w:Birational geometry|birational]] [[w:Involution (mathematics)|involutions]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=§1.2 The Pentagram Map}} The corner invariants change in the following way:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|loc=lemma 2.4|Tabachnikov|2010}} : <math>x_k'=x_k\frac{1-x_{k-1} y_{k-1}}{1-x_{k+1}y_{k+1}},</math> : <math>y_k'=y_{k+1}\frac{1-x_{k+2} y_{k+2}}{1-x_k y_k}.</math> === The scaling symmetry === The [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] <math>F\smallsetminus\{0\}</math> [[w:One-parameter group|acts]] on the moduli space in the following way: : <math>R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,x_n,y_1,\dots,y_n)=(sx_1,\dots,sx_n,s^{-1}y_1,\dots,s^{-1}y_n),</math> where <math>R</math> is called the scaling action and <math>s</math> is the scaling parameter. This action commutes with the pentagram map on the moduli space (as presented in the previous formulas). This property is called the scaling symmetry, and is instrumental in proving the [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]] of the dynamics.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.5}} An [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]] <math>Q</math> is said to have weight <math>k</math> if{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|p=5}} : <math>Q(R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,y_n))=s^kQ(x_1,\dots,y_n).</math> ==Invariant structures== ===Monodromy invariants=== The monodromy invariants, introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|2008}}, are a collection of [[w:Function (mathematics)|functions]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] that are invariant under the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} The simplest example of them are :<math> O_n= x_1x_2\cdots x_{n}, \quad E_n = y_1y_2\cdots y_n. </math> The other monodromy invariants can be retrieved through different points of view: through the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]], as [[w:Combinatorics|combinatorial]] objects, or as some [[w:determinant|determinant]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=§2 The Monodromy Invariants}} The one involving scaling symmetry is presented here. Let <math>M\in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> be a [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lift]] of the monodromy of a twisted <math>n</math>-gon. The quantities : <math>\Omega_1=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M)}{\det(M)}, \quad \Omega_2=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M^{-1})}{\det(M^{-1})},</math> are independent of the choice of lift and are invariant under [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]], so they are well defined for the projective class of the polygon. They are invariant under the pentagram map, since the monodromy matrix doesn't change.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} Now, the quantities : <math>\tilde{\Omega}_1=O_n^2E_n\Omega_1, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=O_nE_n^2\Omega_2,</math> have the same properties, but turn out to be polynomials in the corner invariants.{{Efn|Some papers consider the cube roots of this functions, but it doesn't change the following definitions of the monodromy invariants.}} They can be written as{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} : <math> \tilde{\Omega}_1=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}O_k\biggr)^3, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}E_k\biggr)^3, </math> where each <math>O_k,E_k</math> are [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]]s respectively of weight <math>k</math> and <math>-k</math> (with respect to the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]]).{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=11}} The quantities <math>O_1,\dots,O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},O_n, E_1,\dots,E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},E_n,</math> are unchanged by the dynamics, and are called the monodromy invariants. Moreover, they are [[w:algebraically independent|algebraically independent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} ==== Polygons on conics ==== Whenever <math>P</math> is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] on a [[w:conic section|conic section]], one has <math>O_k(P)=E_k(P)</math> for all <math>k</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=theorem 1.1}} Moreover, if <math>P</math> is circumscribed about another conic,{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Poncelet polygons|Poncelet polygons]].}} then its monodromy invariants are characterized by the pair of conics.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.2}} For such odd-gons, the translation on the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]]{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebraic integrability]].}} is restricted to the [[w:Prym variety|Prym variety]] (which is a half-dimensional torus in the Jacobian).{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=theorem 1.3}} ===Poisson bracket=== An invariant [[w:Poisson bracket|Poisson bracket]] on the space of twisted polygons was found in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. The monodromy invariants [[w:Poisson bracket#Constants of motion|commute]] with respect to it: <math display="block"> \{O_i,O_j\}=\{O_i,E_j\}=\{E_i,E_j\}=0 </math> for all <math>i,j</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} The Poisson bracket is defined in terms of the corner coordinates by: <math display="block"> \begin{align} \{x_i,x_{i\pm1}\} &= \mp x_i x_{i+1}, \\ \{y_i,y_{i\pm 1}\} &= \mp y_i y_{i+1}, \\ \{x_i,x_j\} &= \{y_i,y_j\} = \{x_i,y_j\} = 0 \end{align}</math> for all other <math> i,j.</math>{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 2.16}} === The spectral curve === Let <math>\zeta</math> be an element of the [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] and <math>P_\zeta</math> be the polygon obtained by applying the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]] <math>R_\zeta</math> on <math>P</math>. A [[w:Lax matrix|Lax matrix]] <math>\hat{T}(\zeta) \in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> is a lift of the monodromy of <math>P_\zeta</math> satisfying a [[w:Lax pair#Zero-curvature equation|zero-curvature equation]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§5 The Lax representation}} Then, the spectral function is the [[w:Bivariate polynomial|bivariate]] [[w:characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] <math display="block"> Q(\lambda,\zeta) := \det(\lambda\operatorname{Id}-\hat{T}(\zeta)),</math> or some renormalization of it. The [[w:spectral curve|spectral curve]] is the [[w:Projective variety#projective completion|projective completion]] of the [[w:Algebraic curve|affine curve]] defined by the equation <math>Q(\lambda,\zeta)=0</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§6. The geometry of the spectral curve}} It is invariant under the pentagram map, and the monodromy invariants appear as the [[w:coefficient|coefficient]]s of <math>Q</math>.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem 6.4}} Its [[w:geometric genus|geometric genus]] is <math>n-1</math> if <math>n</math> is odd, and <math>n-2</math> if <math>n</math> is even.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|p=|loc=theorem 6.4}} It was first introduced in {{Harv|Soloviev|2013|ps=|p=}} for his proof of [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebro-geometric integrability]].{{sfn|Soloviev|2013}} ==Complete integrability== The pentagram map on the moduli space has been proved to be a [[w:completely integrable|completely integrable]] [[w:discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]], both in the [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|Arnold-Liouville]]{{Efn|Over the [[w:real number|real number]]s.}} and the [[w:Integrable system#Complete integrability over the complex numbers|algebro-geometric]]{{Efn|Over [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]]s of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2.}} senses. In any case, this means that the moduli space is [[w:almost everywhere|almost everywhere]] [[w:Foliation|foliated]] by [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] (or in the algebraic setting, [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian varieties]]), where the motion is a [[w:Translation (geometry)|translation]]. This [[w:Generic property|generically]] makes a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} ===Arnold–Liouville integrability=== The proof of the integrability of the pentagram map on a real twisted polygon was achieved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. This is done by noticing that the monodromy invariants <math>O_n</math> and <math>E_n</math> are [[w:Casimir invariant|Casimir invariant]]s for the bracket, meaning (in this context) that <math display="block"> \{O_n,f\}=\{E_n,f\} = 0 </math> for all functions <math>f</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} When <math>n</math> is even, this is also true for the monodromy invariants <math>O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math> and <math>E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} This allows to consider the Casimir [[w:level set|level set]], where each Casimir has a specified value. Because of [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], any generic level set is a [[w:smooth manifold|smooth manifold]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2017|p=44}} They form a [[w:foliation|foliation]] in [[w:Poisson manifold#Symplectic leaves|symplectic leaves]], on which the Poisson bracket gives rise to a [[w:symplectic form|symplectic form]].{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.13}} Each of these symplectic leaves has an iso-monodromy [[w:foliation|foliation]], namely, a decomposition into the common level sets of the remaining monodromy functions. By using again [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], they are generically [[w:Symplectic manifold#Lagrangian submanifolds|Lagrangian manifolds]].{{Sfn|Schwarz|2017|p=45}} Moreover, they are compact.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwarz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§3.3. Compactness of the level sets}} Since the monodromy invariants Poisson-commute and there are enough of them, the discrete [[w:Liouville–Arnold theorem|Liouville–Arnold theorem]] can be applied to prove that the level sets are [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] over which the dynamics is a translation.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=412}} The integrability for real closed polygons was proved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} by restricting the [[w:Hamiltonian vector field|Hamiltonian vector field]]s of monodromy functions to smaller dimensional tori, and showing that enough of them are still independent.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} ===Algebro-geometric integrability=== In {{Harvard citation|Soloviev|2013}}, it was shown that the pentagram map admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]] with a spectral parameter, which allows to prove its algebro-geometric integrability. This means that the space of polygons (either twisted or closed) is parametrized by its spectral data, consisting of [[w:Pentagram map#The spectral curve|its spectral curve]], with marked points and a [[w:Divisor (algebraic geometry)|divisor]] given by a [[w:Floquet theory|Floquet]]–[[w:Bloch's theorem|Bloch]] equation. This gives an embedding to the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]] through the [[w:Abel–Jacobi map|Abel–Jacobi map]], where the motion is expressed in terms of translation.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorems A, B and C}} The previously defined Poisson bracket is also retrieved.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem D}} This integrability was generalized in {{Harvard citation|Weinreich|2022}} from the field of [[w:complex number|complex number]]s to any [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]] of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2. The translation on a torus is replaced by a translation on an [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian variety]] (in fact, a Jacobian variety again).{{sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} === Dimension of the invariant manifold === For twisted <math>n</math>-gons, the [[w:dimension|dimension]] of the invariant tori (or Jacobian varieties) is{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=421}} : <math>\begin{cases} n-1 & \text{when }n \text{ is odd,}\\ n-2 & \text{when }n \text{ is even,} \end{cases}</math> and drops by <math>3</math> for closed <math>n</math>-gons.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem C}} Moreover, when <math>n</math> is even, there are two isomorphic Jacobians on which the iterates of the pentagram map alternate. But on each of them, the second iterate of the pentagram is a translation.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} ==Connections to other topics== ===The Boussinesq equation=== The continuous limit of a convex polygon is a parametrized convex curve in the plane. When the time parameter is suitably chosen, the [[w:Discretization|continuous limit]] of the pentagram map is the classical [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]]. This equation is a classical example of an [[w:integrable|integrable]] [[w:partial differential equation|partial differential equation]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 5}} Here is a description of the geometric action of the Boussinesq equation. Given a [[w:locally convex|locally convex]] curve <math> C:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R^2 </math> and real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>t</math>, consider the [[w:chord (geometry)|chord]] connecting <math> C(x-t) </math> to <math> C(x+t) </math>. The [[w:Envelope (mathematics)|envelope]] of all these chords is a new curve <math> C_t(x) </math>. When <math>t</math> is extremely small, the curve <math> C_t(x) </math> is a good model for the time <math>t</math> evolution of the original curve <math> C_0(x) </math> under the Boussinesq equation. This construction is also similar to the pentagram map. Moreover, the pentagram invariant bracket is a discretization of a well known invariant Poisson bracket associated to the Boussinesq equation.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§6.4 Discretization}} ===Cluster algebras=== The pentagram map{{Sfn|Glick|2011}} and some of its generalizations{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012}} are identified as special cases of discrete dynamical systems powered by [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]. This provides a link with the [[w:Poisson–Lie group|Poisson–Lie group]]s, [[w:dimer model|dimer model]]s and other so-called cluster-integrable systems.{{Sfn|Fock|Marshakov|2016}} These methods allow to retrieve the Poisson-bracket and Hamiltonians used to prove complete integrability{{Sfn|Affolter|George|Ramassamy|2025|loc=§5 The pentagram map}} and provide [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]]s.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b}} === Singularity theory === The pentagram map exhibit a property called singularity confinement, which is typical from [[w:integrable system|integrable system]]s.{{Sfn|Grammaticos|Ramani|Papageorgiou|1991}} It states that if a polygon <math>P</math> is [[w:Singular point of an algebraic variety|singular]] for the pentagram map <math>T</math>, then there exists an integer <math>m</math> such that <math>P</math> not singular for the iterate map <math>T^m</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2012}} Moreover, the pentagram map (along with some of its generalizations and other discrete dynamical systems) exhibit the Devron property.{{Efn|The name comes from an episode of [[w:Star Trek|Star Trek]].{{Sfn|Glick|2015|loc=§1 Introduction}}}} This means that if a polygon <math>P</math> is singular for some iterate of the pentagram map <math>T^m</math>, then it will also be singular for some iterate of the inverse map <math>T^{-m'}</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2015}} == Generalizations == The definition of twisted polygons still makes sense in any [[w:projective space|projective space]] <math>\mathbb P^d</math>, under the action of the [[w:Projective linear group|projective group]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{d+1}</math>. The pentagram map can be generalized in many ways, and some of them are presented here. Not all of them are integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} Some are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of [[w:PDEs|PDEs]] from the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]], seen as higher dimensional version of [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq]] or [[w:Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation|KP]] equations.{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2012}}{{Sfn|Wang|2023}} The description of all generalized pentagram maps in terms of [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]s is still an open question.{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} === Polygons in general positions === Let <math>d \geq 2</math> and <math>P</math> be a twisted polygon of <math>\mathbb P^d</math> in [[w:general position|general position]]. ==== Short diagonal pentagram maps ==== The <math>k</math>-th ''short diagonal hyperplane'' <math>H_k^{sh}</math> is uniquely defined by passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+2},\dots,v_{k+2d-2}</math>. [[w:Generic property#In algebraic geometry|Generically]], the intersection of <math>d</math> consecutive hyperplanes uniquely defines a new point : <math>T_{sh}v_k:=H_k^{sh}\cap H_{k+1}^{sh}\cap \dots \cap H_{k+d-1}^{sh}.</math> Doing this for every vertex defines a new twisted polygon. This map, denoted by <math>T_{sh}</math>, is again projectively equivariant.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2013}} ==== Generalized pentagram maps ==== The previous procedure can be generalized. Let <math>I=(i_1,\dots,i_{d-1}),~J=(j_1,\dots,j_{d-1})</math> be two sets of integers, respectively called the jump tuple and the intersection tuple. Define the <math>k</math>-th hyperplane <math>H_k^I</math> to be passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+i_1},\dots,v_{k+i_1+\dots+i_{d-1}}</math>. A new point is given by the intersection : <math>T_{I,J}v_k:=H_k^I \cap H_{k+j_1}^I \cap \dots \cap H_{k+j_1+\dots +j_{d-1}}^I.</math> The map <math>T_{I,J}</math> is called a generalized pentagram map.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} The original pentagram map is recovered by considering<math>d=2,~I=(2),~J=(1)</math>. Integrability can be numerically tested by picking a random polygon <math>P</math> with [[wikipedia:Rational_point|rational coordinates]] and studying the growth rate of the [[wikipedia:Height_function|height]] of its iterates. This is called the [[wikipedia:Integrable_system#Diophantine_integrability|diophantine integrability]] test, and some generalized pentagram maps don't seem to pass it.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a|loc=§5 and §6}} However, it is conjectured that the maps <math>T_{I,I}</math> are integrable for any <math>I</math>.{{Sfn|Bolsinov|Matveev|Miranda|Tabachnikov|2018|loc=conjecture 4.13 (B. Khesin, F. Soloviev)}} Some of these maps are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of higher dimensional counterpart of the [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]] in the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]].{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 4.1}}{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b|loc=theorem 4.1}} ==== Dented pentagram maps ==== Fix an integer <math>m\in \{1,\dots ,d-1\}</math>. Consider the jump tuple <math>I_m:=(1,\dots,1,2,1,\dots,1)</math>, where the <math>2</math> is at the <math>m</math>-th place, and the intersection tuple <math>J:=(1,\dots,1)</math>. The dented pentagram map is <math>T_m :=T_{I_m,J}</math>. They are proved to be integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 2.14}} For an integer <math>p \geq 2</math>, the deep dented pentagram map (of depth <math>p</math>) <math>T_m^p</math> is the same map as before, but the number <math>2</math> in the definition of <math>I_m</math> is replaced by <math>p</math>. This kind of pentagram maps are again integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 6.2}} === Corrugated polygons === A twisted polygon <math>P</math> lying in <math>\mathbb P^d</math> is said to be corrugated if for any <math>k\in \mathbb Z</math>, the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+1},v_{k+d},v_{k+d+1}</math> span a projective two-dimensional plane. Such polygons are not in [[w:general position|general position]]. A new point is defined by : <math>T_\text{cor}v_k:=\overline{v_k v_{k+d}}\cap \overline{v_{k+1} v_{k+d+1}}.</math> The map <math>T_\text{cor}</math> yields a new corrugated polygon. They are [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|completely Liouville-integrable]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012|loc=theorem 4.4}} In fact, they can be retrieved as some dented pentagram map applied on corrugated polygons.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 5.3}} === Grassmannian polygons === Let <math>d \geq 3, m \geq 1</math> be integers. The pentagram map can also be generalized to the [[w:Grassmannian|Grassmannian]] space <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>, which consists of <math>m</math>-[[w:Dimension (vector space)|dimensional]] [[w:linear subspace|linear subspace]]s of an <math>md</math>-dimensional [[w:vector space|vector space]]. When <math>m=1</math>, the linear subspaces are [[w:Vector space#vector line|lines]], which retrieves the definition of [[w:projective space|projective space]]s <math>\mathbb P^d</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} A point <math>v\in\operatorname{Gr}(m,md)</math> is represented by an <math>m \times md</math> matrix <math>X_v</math> such that its columns form a [[w:Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] of <math>v</math>. Consider the diagonal [[w:Group action|action]] of the [[w:general linear group|general linear group]] <math>\mathrm{GL}_{md}</math> on each column of <math>X_v</math>. This defines an action on the Grassmannian, even though it's not [[w:Faithful action|faithful]].{{Efn|Because there can be many lifts for <math>v</math>, and because some matrices act trivially.}} Hence, the polygons of <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math> and their moduli spaces are defined as before, after the change of underlying group.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} Depending on the parity of <math>d</math>, one can define linear subspaces spanned by some <math>X_{v_k}</math>'s such that taking their intersection generically defines a new point <math>v\in\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=sections 4 and 5}} This generalization of the pentagram map is integrable in a [[w:noncommutative|noncommutative]] sense.{{Sfn|Ovenhouse|2020}} === Over rings === The pentagram map admits a generalization by considering [[w:Projective space#Generalizations|projective planes]] over [[w:stably finite ring|stably finite ring]]s, instead of [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]]s. In particular, this retrieves the pentagram map over Grassmanians. 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|pages=3460–3505 |volume=43 |issue=10 |doi=10.1017/etds.2022.82 |first=Max H. |last=Weinreich}} 95ruwiuu1r1pkezo8s540cgvos1hysc 2812528 2812525 2026-06-02T10:03:50Z Regliste 3029369 /* The scaling symmetry */ typo 2812528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | last1 = Stiegler | orcid1 = 0009-0001-5789-6923 | first1 = Jean-Baptiste | affiliation1 = Université Paris-Saclay | correspondence1 = jean-baptiste.stiegler@universite-paris-saclay.fr | journal = WikiJournal of Science | et_al = true | w1 = Pentagram map | from w1 = true | keywords = Pentagram map, Dynamical system, Projective geometry, Moduli space, Integrable systems | license = CC-BY-SA 4.0 | submitted = 2025-12-08 | abstract = In [[w:mathematics|mathematics]], the '''pentagram map''' is a [[w:Dynamical system#Discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]] acting on [[w:polygons|polygons]] in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]]. It defines a new polygon whose vertices are obtained as the intersection points of the shortest [[w:Diagonal|diagonals]] of the initial polygon. This is a [[w:Projective linear group|projectively]] [[w:Equivariant map|equivariant]] procedure, hence it [[w:Quotient space (topology)|descends]] to the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of polygons and defines another dynamical system (which is also referred to as the pentagram map). It was first introduced by [[w:Richard Schwartz (mathematician)|Richard Schwartz]] in 1992{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992}}. The pentagram map on the moduli space is famous for its [[w:Completely integrable|complete integrability]] and its interpretation as a [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} It admits many generalizations in [[w:Projective space|projective spaces]] and other settings. }} == Introduction == === Informal definition === ==== On polygons ==== [[File:Pentagram pentagon nolabel big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Convex set|convex]] [[w:pentagon|pentagon]].]] Initially, the pentagram map was defined for [[w:convex polygon|convex polygon]]s (with at least five sides) on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. Given such a polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, one can draw the "shortest [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s", meaning the [[w:Line segment|segments]] whose endpoints are a [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertex]] and one of its second neighbors (as in Figure 1). The intersections of the shortest diagonals are then taken as the vertices of a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)</math>; this new polygon is the output of the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} The same construction can be done on [[w:Concave polygon|non-convex polygons]], but there are several complications. First, some consecutive short diagonals may not intersect, so one must extend the segments to [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]]. Second, the image <math>T(P)</math> can fail to be a new <math>n</math>-gon because some consecutive vertices could coincide. However, this [[w:Generic property|generically]] doesn't happen.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|p=411|2009}} Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are [[w:Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] and don't intersect on the [[w:euclidean plane|Euclidean plane]]. This is resolved by extending the Euclidean plane to the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]] by the addition of a [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], where the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection point]] lies (see Figure 3). Hence, the pentagram map is defined for generic polygons on the real projective plane.{{Sfn|Berger|2005|p=25}} More generally, the construction of the pentagram map is well defined whenever the concepts of lines and their intersections make sense. This is encompassed by the notion of a general [[w:projective plane|projective plane]], of which the real projective plane is one example; but the pentagram map can also be considered over other [[w:Field (mathematics)|fields]], for instance the [[w:complex number|complex number]]s, which give the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§3.1.1}} ==== On the moduli space of polygons ==== Since the pentagram map is defined by taking lines and their intersections, it [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with any transformation that maps lines to lines. Such maps are called [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]]. This allows to identify polygons [[w:up to|up to]] [[w:Perspectivity#Projectivity|projective transformations]]. This identification gives a [[w:Quotient space (topology)|quotient space]] (technically called a [[w:moduli space|moduli space]]) of [[w:Equivalence class|classes]] of polygons. The pentagram map on polygons induces another dynamical system on the moduli space,{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} whose behavior differs quite a lot from the initial one.{{Efn|Compare the paragraph about the [[w:Pentagram map#Collapsing of convex polygons|collapsing of convex polygons]] and the one about [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]].}} === Historical elements === The pentagram map for general polygons was introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|1992}}, but the simplest case is the one of [[w:pentagons|pentagons]], hence the name "[[w:pentagram|pentagram]]".{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2014|p=1}} Their study goes back to {{Harvard citation|Clebsch|1871}},{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}} {{Harvard citation|Kasner|1928}}{{Sfn|Tabachnikov|2019}} and {{Harvard citation|Motzkin|1945}}.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2013|p=1}} The pentagram map is similar in spirit to the constructions underlying [[w:Desargues' theorem|Desargues's theorem]], [[w:Pappus's hexagon theorem|Pappus's theorem]] and [[w:Poncelet's porism|Poncelet's porism]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}{{Sfn|Berger|2005}} ==Definitions and first properties== === Definition of the map === [[File:Pentagram pentagon label big.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map on a convex pentagon, with vertices labeled.]] [[File:Pentagram on nonconvex pentagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map applied on a [[w:Self-intersecting polygon|self-intersecting]] (in particular, non-convex) pentagon. The vertex <math>w_2</math> is on the [[w:line at infinity|line at infinity]], because it is the [[w:Vanishing point|intersection of two parallel lines]].]] Let <math>n\geq 5</math> be an integer. A polygon <math>P</math> with <math>n</math> sides, or <math>n</math>-gon, is a tuple of [[w:Vertex (geometry)|vertices]] <math>(v_1,\dots,v_n)</math> lying in some [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P ^2</math>,{{Efn|In the following, the figures represent polygons on the real plane, where the intuition is easier to grasp.}} where the indices are understood [[w:Modular arithmetic|modulo]] <math>n</math>. The [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] of the space of <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.1}} Suppose that the vertices are in sufficiently [[w:general position|general position]], meaning that no consecutive triple of points are [[w:Collinearity|collinear]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=1}} Taking the intersection of two consecutive "shortest" [[w:diagonal|diagonal]]s{{Efn|Meaning the line between a vertex <math>v_k</math> and a "second neighbour" <math>v_{k\pm 2}</math>.}} defines a new point <math display="block"> w_k := \overline{v_{k-1} v_{k+1}} \cap \overline{v_{k} v_{k+2}}. </math>This procedure defines a new <math>n</math>-gon <math>T(P)=(w_1,\dots,w_n)</math>, as on Figure 2.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|p=71}} The labeling of the indices of <math>T(P)</math> is not [[w:canonical|canonical]]. In most papers, a choice is made at the beginning of the paper and the formulas are tuned accordingly.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=remark 1.5}} The pentagram map on polygons is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] <math>T:(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>{{nowrap|{{font|size=145%|⇢}}}}<math>(\mathbb P^2)^n</math>. Indeed, each [[w:Homogeneous coordinates|coordinate]] of <math>w_k</math> is given as a [[w:rational function|rational function]] of the coordinates of <math>v_{k-1},\dots,v_{k+2}</math>, since it is defined as the intersection of lines passing by them. Moreover, the [[w:inverse map|inverse map]] is given by taking the intersections <math>\overline{w_{k-2} w_{k-1}} \cap \overline{w_{k} w_{k+1}} </math>, which is rational for the same reason.{{Sfnp|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.2}} === Moduli space === The pentagram map is defined by taking [[w:Line (geometry)|lines]] and intersections of them. The biggest [[w:Group (mathematics)|group]] which maps lines to lines is the one of [[w:projective transformations|projective transformations]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{3}</math>. Such a transformation <math>M</math> [[w:Group action|acts]] on a polygon <math>P</math> by sending it to <math>M \cdot P:=(Mv_1,\dots,Mv_n)</math>. The pentagram map [[w:Commutative property|commutes]] with this action, and thereby induces another [[w:dynamical system|dynamical system]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] of projective [[w:equivalence classes|equivalence classes]] of polygons. Its [[w:Dimension of an algebraic variety|dimension]] is <math>2n-8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§1 Projective geometry}} ===Twisted polygons=== [[File:Twisted heptagon.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|An example of twisted [[w:heptagon|heptagon]] on the real plane.]] The pentagram map naturally generalizes on the larger space of twisted polygons (see example on Figure 4). For any integer <math>n\geq5</math>, a twisted <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> is the data of: * a [[w:Sequence#Indexing|bi-infinite sequence]] of points <math>(v_k)_{k\in\mathbb Z}</math> in the projective plane (called the vertices), * a [[w:projective transformation|projective transformation]] <math>M \in \mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_3</math> (called the [[w:monodromy|monodromy]]), such that for any <math>k \in \mathbb Z</math>, the property <math>v_{k+n}=Mv_k</math> is satisfied. The dimension of the space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons is <math>2n+8</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008}} When <math>M=\mathrm{Id}</math>, this gives back the initial definition of polygons (which are said to be closed). The space of closed <math>n</math>-gons is of [[w:codimension|codimension]] <math>8</math> in the space of twisted ones.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|p=2816}} The action of projective transformations over the space of closed polygons generalizes to the space of twisted ones (the monodromy is changed by [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]]). This provides again a moduli space, of dimension <math>2n</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=definition 1.3}} == Collapsing of convex polygons == === Exponential shrinking === [[File:Pentagram map convex heptagon iterate.svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|The pentagram map iterated on a convex [[w:heptagon|heptagon]], exhibiting the convergence.]] Let <math>P</math> be a closed [[w:Convex polygon#Strictly convex polygon|strictly convex polygon]] lying on the real plane. One of the first results proved by Richard Schwartz it that its iterates under the pentagram map shrink [[w:Exponential growth|exponentially fast]] to a point, as illustrated in Figure 5. This follows from two facts. # The image of a strictly convex polygon is contained in its [[w:Interior (topology)|interior]], and is also strictly convex.{{Sfn|Glick|2020|p=2818}} # There exists a constant <math>0< \eta_P<1</math>, depending on <math>P</math>, such that for any <math>N \in \mathbb N</math>, the diameters of the iterates verify the inequality <math display="inline">\operatorname{diam}(T^N(P))\leq\eta_P^N \operatorname{diam}(P). </math>{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 3.1}} Hence, by [[w:Cantor's intersection theorem#Variant in complete metric spaces|Cantor's intersection theorem]], the sequence of polygons collapses toward a point.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§3 Convex polygons}} The behavior on the moduli space is very different, since the dynamics is [[w:Recurrent point|recurrent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=theorem 1.1}} It is even a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]],{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} as discussed in [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|the section about integrability]]. === Coordinates of the limit point === The limit point coordinates are found in {{Harvard citation|Glick|2020}}. They satisfy some [[w:Degree of a polynomial|degree]] 3 [[w:polynomial equation|polynomial equations]], whose coefficients are [[w:rational function|rational function]]s in the coordinates of the vertices of the starting polygon. The proof relies on the fact that the limit point must be an [[w:eigenline|eigenline]] of a certain [[w:linear operator|linear operator]] of <math>\mathbb R^3</math>.{{sfn|Glick|2020}} This operator was reinterpreted in {{Harvard citation|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} as the infinitesimal monodromy of the polygon. The [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]] is used to [[w:Deformation (mathematics)|deform]] a closed polygon <math>P</math> into a family of twisted ones '''<math>(P_z)_{z\in \mathbb C^*}</math>''' with monodromy <math>M_z</math>. The infinitesimal monodromy is defined to be:{{sfn|Aboud|Izosimov|2022}} <math display="block">\left.\frac{dM_z}{dz}\right|_{z=1}.</math> === Generalization === The collapsing of polygons may also happen in some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|generalization of the pentagram map]], when considering some specific configurations of polygons in the real plane. The coordinates of the collapse point are given by a formula analogous to the one for the original pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2026}} == Periodic orbits on the moduli space == For some configurations of closed polygons, the iterate of the pentagram map will send <math>P</math> to a projectively equivalent polygon (up to some shift of the indices). This means that, on the moduli space, the orbit of the class of <math>P</math> is [[w:Periodic orbit|periodic]]. ===Pentagons and hexagons=== [[File:penta hexagon.svg|300px|thumb|The outward hexagon is projectively equivalent to the inward one, with respect to their labeling.]]The following facts are proved by checking [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] equalities, so they are true for polygons in any [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] (not just the [[w:Real projective plane|real one]]).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=§2 Pentagons and hexagons}} The pentagram map <math>T</math> is the identity on the moduli space of [[w:pentagon|pentagon]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.1}}{{Sfn|Clebsch|1871}}{{Sfn|Motzkin|1945}} The second iterate <math>T^2</math> is the identity on the space of labeled [[w:hexagon|hexagon]]s, up to a shift of labeling (see Figure 6).{{Sfn|Schwartz|1992|loc=theorem 2.3}} This phenomenon doesn't generalize to generic polygons with at least seven sides, for which the motion is [[w:Quasiperiodic motion|quasi-periodic]].{{Sfn|Tupan|2022}} The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in [[w:projective geometry|projective geometry]] such as [[w:Pascal's theorem|Pascal's theorem]], [[w:Desargues's theorem|Desargues's theorem]] and others.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}} ==== Generalization ==== The result about pentagons and hexagons generalizes to some [[w:Pentagram map#Generalizations|higher pentagram maps]] in <math>\mathbb P ^k</math>, for polygons with <math>k+3</math> or <math>2k+2</math> sides. The proof uses a generalization of the [[w:Gale transform|Gale transform]].{{Sfn|Dirdak|2024}} === Poncelet polygons === A polygon is said to be Poncelet{{Efn|The name comes from [[w:Jean-Victor Poncelet|Jean-Victor Poncelet]] and [[w:Poncelet porism|his porism]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|p=1085}}}} if it is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] in a [[w:Conic section|conic]] and circumscribed about another one.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}{{Efn|In particular, pentagons are Poncelet since [[w:five points determine a conic|five points determine a conic]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=|p=433}}}} For a convex Poncelet <math>n</math>-gon <math>P</math> lying on the [[w:real projective plane|real projective plane]], the polygon <math>T^2(P)</math> is projectively equivalent to <math>P</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.1}} In fact, when <math>n</math> is odd, the converse is also true.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=corollary 1.1}} However, this converse statement is no longer true when the polygons are considered over the [[w:complex projective plane|complex projective plane]].{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022a|loc=remark 1.3}} ==Coordinates for the moduli space== === Corner coordinates === [[File:Corner coordinates big.svg|thumb|300x300px|The geometric construction of the points defining the corner invariants.]] Define the [[w:cross-ratio|cross-ratio]] of four [[w:Collinearity|collinear]] points to be : <math> [a,b,c,d]=\frac{(a-b)(c-d)}{(a-c)(b-d)}. </math> The corner invariants are a system of coordinates on the space of twisted polygons, constructed by taking intersections as on Figure 7.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2001|loc=figure 2}} The left and right invariants are respectively defined{{Efn|The ordering of the vertices in the cross-ratios can differ from a paper to another one, which slightly changes the formulas in the following sections.}} as the following cross-ratios: : <math>x_k:=[v_{k-2},v_{k-1},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k}v_{k+1}},\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}\cap\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}],</math> : <math>y_k:=[\overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-2}v_{k-1}}, \overline{v_{k+1}v_{k+2}}\cap\overline{v_{k-1}v_{k}},v_{k+1},v_{k+2}].</math> Since the cross-ratio is [[w:Cross-ratio#Projective geometry|projective invariant]], the sequences <math>(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> and <math>(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb Z}</math> associated to a twisted <math>n</math>-gon are <math>n</math> periodic.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=415}} The corner invariants are elements of <math>\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\}</math>, and they realize an [[w:Isomorphism_of_varieties|isomorphism of variety]] between the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons and <math>(\mathbb{P}^1\smallsetminus\{0,1,\infty\})^{2n}</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 3.6}} ===ab-coordinates=== There is a second set of coordinates for the moduli space of twisted <math>n</math>-gons defined over a [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]] <math>F</math> satisfying <math>\mathrm{SL}_3(F)\cong \mathbb P\mathrm{GL}_3(F)</math>,{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=remark 3.8}} and such that <math>n</math> is not divisible by <math>3</math>.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=section 4.1}} The vertices <math>v_k</math> in the [[w:projective plane|projective plane]] <math>\mathbb P^2(F)</math> can be [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lifted]] to [[w:Vector space|vectors]] <math>V_k</math> in the [[w:affine space|affine space]] <math>F^3</math> so that each consecutive triple of vectors spans a [[w:parallelepiped|parallelepiped]] having [[w:determinant|determinant]] equal to <math>1</math>. This leads to the relation{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 4.1}} : <math>V_{k+3} = a_k V_{k+2} + b_k V_{k+1} + V_k.</math> This bring out an analogy between twisted polygons and solutions of third order linear [[w:ordinary differential equations|ordinary differential equations]], normalized to have unit [[w:Wronskian|Wronskian]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=remark 6.6}} They are linked to the corner coordinates by:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=lemma 4.5}} : <math>x_k=\frac{a_{k-2}}{b_{k-2}b_{k-1}},</math> : <math>y_k=-\frac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-2}a_{k-1}}.</math> ==Formulas on the moduli space== ===As a birational map === The pentagram map is a [[w:birational map|birational map]] on the moduli space, because it can be decomposed as the [[w:Function composition|composition]] of two [[w:Birational geometry|birational]] [[w:Involution (mathematics)|involutions]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=§1.2 The Pentagram Map}} The corner invariants change in the following way:{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|loc=lemma 2.4|Tabachnikov|2010}} : <math>x_k'=x_k\frac{1-x_{k-1} y_{k-1}}{1-x_{k+1}y_{k+1}},</math> : <math>y_k'=y_{k+1}\frac{1-x_{k+2} y_{k+2}}{1-x_k y_k}.</math> === The scaling symmetry === The [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] <math>F\smallsetminus\{0\}</math> [[w:One-parameter group|acts]] on the moduli space in the following way: : <math>R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,x_n,y_1,\dots,y_n)=(sx_1,\dots,sx_n,s^{-1}y_1,\dots,s^{-1}y_n),</math> where <math>R</math> is called the scaling action and <math>s</math> is the scaling parameter. This action commutes with the pentagram map on the moduli space (as presented in the previous formulas). This property is called the scaling symmetry, and is instrumental in proving the [[w:Pentagram map#Complete integrability|complete integrability]] of the dynamics.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.5}} A [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]] <math>Q</math> is said to have weight <math>k</math> if{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|p=5}} : <math>Q(R_s\cdot(x_1,\dots,y_n))=s^kQ(x_1,\dots,y_n).</math> ==Invariant structures== ===Monodromy invariants=== The monodromy invariants, introduced in {{Harvard citation|Schwartz|2008}}, are a collection of [[w:Function (mathematics)|functions]] on the [[w:moduli space|moduli space]] that are invariant under the pentagram map.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} The simplest example of them are :<math> O_n= x_1x_2\cdots x_{n}, \quad E_n = y_1y_2\cdots y_n. </math> The other monodromy invariants can be retrieved through different points of view: through the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|scaling symmetry]], as [[w:Combinatorics|combinatorial]] objects, or as some [[w:determinant|determinant]]s.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=§2 The Monodromy Invariants}} The one involving scaling symmetry is presented here. Let <math>M\in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> be a [[w:Lift (mathematics)|lift]] of the monodromy of a twisted <math>n</math>-gon. The quantities : <math>\Omega_1=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M)}{\det(M)}, \quad \Omega_2=\frac{\operatorname{trace}^3(M^{-1})}{\det(M^{-1})},</math> are independent of the choice of lift and are invariant under [[w:Matrix similarity|conjugation]], so they are well defined for the projective class of the polygon. They are invariant under the pentagram map, since the monodromy matrix doesn't change.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} Now, the quantities : <math>\tilde{\Omega}_1=O_n^2E_n\Omega_1, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=O_nE_n^2\Omega_2,</math> have the same properties, but turn out to be polynomials in the corner invariants.{{Efn|Some papers consider the cube roots of this functions, but it doesn't change the following definitions of the monodromy invariants.}} They can be written as{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=|p=5}} : <math> \tilde{\Omega}_1=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}O_k\biggr)^3, \quad \tilde{\Omega}_2=\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}E_k\biggr)^3, </math> where each <math>O_k,E_k</math> are [[w:homogeneous polynomial|homogeneous polynomial]]s respectively of weight <math>k</math> and <math>-k</math> (with respect to the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]]).{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013|p=11}} The quantities <math>O_1,\dots,O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},O_n, E_1,\dots,E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor},E_n,</math> are unchanged by the dynamics, and are called the monodromy invariants. Moreover, they are [[w:algebraically independent|algebraically independent]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2008|loc=theorem 1.2}} ==== Polygons on conics ==== Whenever <math>P</math> is [[w:Inscribed figure|inscribed]] on a [[w:conic section|conic section]], one has <math>O_k(P)=E_k(P)</math> for all <math>k</math>.{{Sfn|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2011|loc=theorem 1.1}} Moreover, if <math>P</math> is circumscribed about another conic,{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Poncelet polygons|Poncelet polygons]].}} then its monodromy invariants are characterized by the pair of conics.{{Sfn|Schwartz|2015|loc=theorem 1.2}} For such odd-gons, the translation on the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]]{{Efn|See the paragraph about [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebraic integrability]].}} is restricted to the [[w:Prym variety|Prym variety]] (which is a half-dimensional torus in the Jacobian).{{Sfn|Izosimov|2016|loc=theorem 1.3}} ===Poisson bracket=== An invariant [[w:Poisson bracket|Poisson bracket]] on the space of twisted polygons was found in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. The monodromy invariants [[w:Poisson bracket#Constants of motion|commute]] with respect to it: <math display="block"> \{O_i,O_j\}=\{O_i,E_j\}=\{E_i,E_j\}=0 </math> for all <math>i,j</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} The Poisson bracket is defined in terms of the corner coordinates by: <math display="block"> \begin{align} \{x_i,x_{i\pm1}\} &= \mp x_i x_{i+1}, \\ \{y_i,y_{i\pm 1}\} &= \mp y_i y_{i+1}, \\ \{x_i,x_j\} &= \{y_i,y_j\} = \{x_i,y_j\} = 0 \end{align}</math> for all other <math> i,j.</math>{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=equation 2.16}} === The spectral curve === Let <math>\zeta</math> be an element of the [[w:multiplicative group|multiplicative group]] and <math>P_\zeta</math> be the polygon obtained by applying the [[w:Pentagram map#The scaling symmetry|rescaling action]] <math>R_\zeta</math> on <math>P</math>. A [[w:Lax matrix|Lax matrix]] <math>\hat{T}(\zeta) \in \mathrm{GL}_3</math> is a lift of the monodromy of <math>P_\zeta</math> satisfying a [[w:Lax pair#Zero-curvature equation|zero-curvature equation]].{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§5 The Lax representation}} Then, the spectral function is the [[w:Bivariate polynomial|bivariate]] [[w:characteristic polynomial|characteristic polynomial]] <math display="block"> Q(\lambda,\zeta) := \det(\lambda\operatorname{Id}-\hat{T}(\zeta)),</math> or some renormalization of it. The [[w:spectral curve|spectral curve]] is the [[w:Projective variety#projective completion|projective completion]] of the [[w:Algebraic curve|affine curve]] defined by the equation <math>Q(\lambda,\zeta)=0</math>.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=§6. The geometry of the spectral curve}} It is invariant under the pentagram map, and the monodromy invariants appear as the [[w:coefficient|coefficient]]s of <math>Q</math>.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem 6.4}} Its [[w:geometric genus|geometric genus]] is <math>n-1</math> if <math>n</math> is odd, and <math>n-2</math> if <math>n</math> is even.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|p=|loc=theorem 6.4}} It was first introduced in {{Harv|Soloviev|2013|ps=|p=}} for his proof of [[w:Pentagram map#Algebro-geometric integrability|algebro-geometric integrability]].{{sfn|Soloviev|2013}} ==Complete integrability== The pentagram map on the moduli space has been proved to be a [[w:completely integrable|completely integrable]] [[w:discrete dynamical system|discrete dynamical system]], both in the [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|Arnold-Liouville]]{{Efn|Over the [[w:real number|real number]]s.}} and the [[w:Integrable system#Complete integrability over the complex numbers|algebro-geometric]]{{Efn|Over [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]]s of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2.}} senses. In any case, this means that the moduli space is [[w:almost everywhere|almost everywhere]] [[w:Foliation|foliated]] by [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] (or in the algebraic setting, [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian varieties]]), where the motion is a [[w:Translation (geometry)|translation]]. This [[w:Generic property|generically]] makes a [[w:quasiperiodic motion|quasiperiodic motion]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2009}} ===Arnold–Liouville integrability=== The proof of the integrability of the pentagram map on a real twisted polygon was achieved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010}}. This is done by noticing that the monodromy invariants <math>O_n</math> and <math>E_n</math> are [[w:Casimir invariant|Casimir invariant]]s for the bracket, meaning (in this context) that <math display="block"> \{O_n,f\}=\{E_n,f\} = 0 </math> for all functions <math>f</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} When <math>n</math> is even, this is also true for the monodromy invariants <math>O_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math> and <math>E_{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor }</math>.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 1}} This allows to consider the Casimir [[w:level set|level set]], where each Casimir has a specified value. Because of [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], any generic level set is a [[w:smooth manifold|smooth manifold]].{{Sfn|Schwartz|2017|p=44}} They form a [[w:foliation|foliation]] in [[w:Poisson manifold#Symplectic leaves|symplectic leaves]], on which the Poisson bracket gives rise to a [[w:symplectic form|symplectic form]].{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=corollary 2.13}} Each of these symplectic leaves has an iso-monodromy [[w:foliation|foliation]], namely, a decomposition into the common level sets of the remaining monodromy functions. By using again [[w:Sard's theorem|Sard's theorem]], they are generically [[w:Symplectic manifold#Lagrangian submanifolds|Lagrangian manifolds]].{{Sfn|Schwarz|2017|p=45}} Moreover, they are compact.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwarz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§3.3. Compactness of the level sets}} Since the monodromy invariants Poisson-commute and there are enough of them, the discrete [[w:Liouville–Arnold theorem|Liouville–Arnold theorem]] can be applied to prove that the level sets are [[w:Torus#Flat torus|flat tori]] over which the dynamics is a translation.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=412}} The integrability for real closed polygons was proved in {{Harvard citation|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} by restricting the [[w:Hamiltonian vector field|Hamiltonian vector field]]s of monodromy functions to smaller dimensional tori, and showing that enough of them are still independent.{{sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2013}} ===Algebro-geometric integrability=== In {{Harvard citation|Soloviev|2013}}, it was shown that the pentagram map admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]] with a spectral parameter, which allows to prove its algebro-geometric integrability. This means that the space of polygons (either twisted or closed) is parametrized by its spectral data, consisting of [[w:Pentagram map#The spectral curve|its spectral curve]], with marked points and a [[w:Divisor (algebraic geometry)|divisor]] given by a [[w:Floquet theory|Floquet]]–[[w:Bloch's theorem|Bloch]] equation. This gives an embedding to the [[w:Jacobian variety|Jacobian variety]] through the [[w:Abel–Jacobi map|Abel–Jacobi map]], where the motion is expressed in terms of translation.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorems A, B and C}} The previously defined Poisson bracket is also retrieved.{{sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem D}} This integrability was generalized in {{Harvard citation|Weinreich|2022}} from the field of [[w:complex number|complex number]]s to any [[w:algebraically closed field|algebraically closed field]] of [[w:Characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] different from 2. The translation on a torus is replaced by a translation on an [[w:Abelian variety|Abelian variety]] (in fact, a Jacobian variety again).{{sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} === Dimension of the invariant manifold === For twisted <math>n</math>-gons, the [[w:dimension|dimension]] of the invariant tori (or Jacobian varieties) is{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|p=421}} : <math>\begin{cases} n-1 & \text{when }n \text{ is odd,}\\ n-2 & \text{when }n \text{ is even,} \end{cases}</math> and drops by <math>3</math> for closed <math>n</math>-gons.{{Sfn|Soloviev|2013|loc=theorem C}} Moreover, when <math>n</math> is even, there are two isomorphic Jacobians on which the iterates of the pentagram map alternate. But on each of them, the second iterate of the pentagram is a translation.{{Sfn|Weinreich|2022|loc=theorem 1.4}} ==Connections to other topics== ===The Boussinesq equation=== The continuous limit of a convex polygon is a parametrized convex curve in the plane. When the time parameter is suitably chosen, the [[w:Discretization|continuous limit]] of the pentagram map is the classical [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]]. This equation is a classical example of an [[w:integrable|integrable]] [[w:partial differential equation|partial differential equation]].{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=theorem 5}} Here is a description of the geometric action of the Boussinesq equation. Given a [[w:locally convex|locally convex]] curve <math> C:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R^2 </math> and real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>t</math>, consider the [[w:chord (geometry)|chord]] connecting <math> C(x-t) </math> to <math> C(x+t) </math>. The [[w:Envelope (mathematics)|envelope]] of all these chords is a new curve <math> C_t(x) </math>. When <math>t</math> is extremely small, the curve <math> C_t(x) </math> is a good model for the time <math>t</math> evolution of the original curve <math> C_0(x) </math> under the Boussinesq equation. This construction is also similar to the pentagram map. Moreover, the pentagram invariant bracket is a discretization of a well known invariant Poisson bracket associated to the Boussinesq equation.{{Sfn|Ovsienko|Schwartz|Tabachnikov|2010|loc=§6.4 Discretization}} ===Cluster algebras=== The pentagram map{{Sfn|Glick|2011}} and some of its generalizations{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012}} are identified as special cases of discrete dynamical systems powered by [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]. This provides a link with the [[w:Poisson–Lie group|Poisson–Lie group]]s, [[w:dimer model|dimer model]]s and other so-called cluster-integrable systems.{{Sfn|Fock|Marshakov|2016}} These methods allow to retrieve the Poisson-bracket and Hamiltonians used to prove complete integrability{{Sfn|Affolter|George|Ramassamy|2025|loc=§5 The pentagram map}} and provide [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]]s.{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b}} === Singularity theory === The pentagram map exhibit a property called singularity confinement, which is typical from [[w:integrable system|integrable system]]s.{{Sfn|Grammaticos|Ramani|Papageorgiou|1991}} It states that if a polygon <math>P</math> is [[w:Singular point of an algebraic variety|singular]] for the pentagram map <math>T</math>, then there exists an integer <math>m</math> such that <math>P</math> not singular for the iterate map <math>T^m</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2012}} Moreover, the pentagram map (along with some of its generalizations and other discrete dynamical systems) exhibit the Devron property.{{Efn|The name comes from an episode of [[w:Star Trek|Star Trek]].{{Sfn|Glick|2015|loc=§1 Introduction}}}} This means that if a polygon <math>P</math> is singular for some iterate of the pentagram map <math>T^m</math>, then it will also be singular for some iterate of the inverse map <math>T^{-m'}</math>.{{Sfn|Glick|2015}} == Generalizations == The definition of twisted polygons still makes sense in any [[w:projective space|projective space]] <math>\mathbb P^d</math>, under the action of the [[w:Projective linear group|projective group]] <math>\mathbb P \mathrm{GL}_{d+1}</math>. The pentagram map can be generalized in many ways, and some of them are presented here. Not all of them are integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} Some are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of [[w:PDEs|PDEs]] from the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]], seen as higher dimensional version of [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq]] or [[w:Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation|KP]] equations.{{Sfn|Marí-Beffa|2012}}{{Sfn|Wang|2023}} The description of all generalized pentagram maps in terms of [[w:cluster algebra|cluster algebra]]s is still an open question.{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Izosimov|2025|p=14}} === Polygons in general positions === Let <math>d \geq 2</math> and <math>P</math> be a twisted polygon of <math>\mathbb P^d</math> in [[w:general position|general position]]. ==== Short diagonal pentagram maps ==== The <math>k</math>-th ''short diagonal hyperplane'' <math>H_k^{sh}</math> is uniquely defined by passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+2},\dots,v_{k+2d-2}</math>. [[w:Generic property#In algebraic geometry|Generically]], the intersection of <math>d</math> consecutive hyperplanes uniquely defines a new point : <math>T_{sh}v_k:=H_k^{sh}\cap H_{k+1}^{sh}\cap \dots \cap H_{k+d-1}^{sh}.</math> Doing this for every vertex defines a new twisted polygon. This map, denoted by <math>T_{sh}</math>, is again projectively equivariant.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2013}} ==== Generalized pentagram maps ==== The previous procedure can be generalized. Let <math>I=(i_1,\dots,i_{d-1}),~J=(j_1,\dots,j_{d-1})</math> be two sets of integers, respectively called the jump tuple and the intersection tuple. Define the <math>k</math>-th hyperplane <math>H_k^I</math> to be passing through the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+i_1},\dots,v_{k+i_1+\dots+i_{d-1}}</math>. A new point is given by the intersection : <math>T_{I,J}v_k:=H_k^I \cap H_{k+j_1}^I \cap \dots \cap H_{k+j_1+\dots +j_{d-1}}^I.</math> The map <math>T_{I,J}</math> is called a generalized pentagram map.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a}} The original pentagram map is recovered by considering<math>d=2,~I=(2),~J=(1)</math>. Integrability can be numerically tested by picking a random polygon <math>P</math> with [[wikipedia:Rational_point|rational coordinates]] and studying the growth rate of the [[wikipedia:Height_function|height]] of its iterates. This is called the [[wikipedia:Integrable_system#Diophantine_integrability|diophantine integrability]] test, and some generalized pentagram maps don't seem to pass it.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015a|loc=§5 and §6}} However, it is conjectured that the maps <math>T_{I,I}</math> are integrable for any <math>I</math>.{{Sfn|Bolsinov|Matveev|Miranda|Tabachnikov|2018|loc=conjecture 4.13 (B. Khesin, F. Soloviev)}} Some of these maps are [[w:discretization|discretization]]s of higher dimensional counterpart of the [[w:Boussinesq approximation (water waves)|Boussinesq equation]] in the [[w:KdV hierarchy|KdV hierarchy]].{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 4.1}}{{Sfn|Izosimov|2022b|loc=theorem 4.1}} ==== Dented pentagram maps ==== Fix an integer <math>m\in \{1,\dots ,d-1\}</math>. Consider the jump tuple <math>I_m:=(1,\dots,1,2,1,\dots,1)</math>, where the <math>2</math> is at the <math>m</math>-th place, and the intersection tuple <math>J:=(1,\dots,1)</math>. The dented pentagram map is <math>T_m :=T_{I_m,J}</math>. They are proved to be integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 2.14}} For an integer <math>p \geq 2</math>, the deep dented pentagram map (of depth <math>p</math>) <math>T_m^p</math> is the same map as before, but the number <math>2</math> in the definition of <math>I_m</math> is replaced by <math>p</math>. This kind of pentagram maps are again integrable.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 6.2}} === Corrugated polygons === A twisted polygon <math>P</math> lying in <math>\mathbb P^d</math> is said to be corrugated if for any <math>k\in \mathbb Z</math>, the vertices <math>v_k,v_{k+1},v_{k+d},v_{k+d+1}</math> span a projective two-dimensional plane. Such polygons are not in [[w:general position|general position]]. A new point is defined by : <math>T_\text{cor}v_k:=\overline{v_k v_{k+d}}\cap \overline{v_{k+1} v_{k+d+1}}.</math> The map <math>T_\text{cor}</math> yields a new corrugated polygon. They are [[w:Integrable system#Hamiltonian systems and Liouville integrability|completely Liouville-integrable]].{{Sfn|Gekhtman|Shapiro|Tabachnikov|Vainshtein|2012|loc=theorem 4.4}} In fact, they can be retrieved as some dented pentagram map applied on corrugated polygons.{{Sfn|Khesin|Soloviev|2015b|loc=theorem 5.3}} === Grassmannian polygons === Let <math>d \geq 3, m \geq 1</math> be integers. The pentagram map can also be generalized to the [[w:Grassmannian|Grassmannian]] space <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>, which consists of <math>m</math>-[[w:Dimension (vector space)|dimensional]] [[w:linear subspace|linear subspace]]s of an <math>md</math>-dimensional [[w:vector space|vector space]]. When <math>m=1</math>, the linear subspaces are [[w:Vector space#vector line|lines]], which retrieves the definition of [[w:projective space|projective space]]s <math>\mathbb P^d</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} A point <math>v\in\operatorname{Gr}(m,md)</math> is represented by an <math>m \times md</math> matrix <math>X_v</math> such that its columns form a [[w:Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] of <math>v</math>. Consider the diagonal [[w:Group action|action]] of the [[w:general linear group|general linear group]] <math>\mathrm{GL}_{md}</math> on each column of <math>X_v</math>. This defines an action on the Grassmannian, even though it's not [[w:Faithful action|faithful]].{{Efn|Because there can be many lifts for <math>v</math>, and because some matrices act trivially.}} Hence, the polygons of <math>\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math> and their moduli spaces are defined as before, after the change of underlying group.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=§2 definitions and notations}} Depending on the parity of <math>d</math>, one can define linear subspaces spanned by some <math>X_{v_k}</math>'s such that taking their intersection generically defines a new point <math>v\in\mathrm{Gr}(m,md)</math>.{{Sfn|Felipe|Marí-Beffa|2019|loc=sections 4 and 5}} This generalization of the pentagram map is integrable in a [[w:noncommutative|noncommutative]] sense.{{Sfn|Ovenhouse|2020}} === Over rings === The pentagram map admits a generalization by considering [[w:Projective space#Generalizations|projective planes]] over [[w:stably finite ring|stably finite ring]]s, instead of [[w:Field (mathematics)|field]]s. In particular, this retrieves the pentagram map over Grassmanians. Again, it admits a [[w:Lax representation|Lax representation]].{{Sfn|Hand|Izosimov|2025}} == References == {{reflist|25em}} ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ==Works cited== *{{Cite journal |title=The Limit Point of the Pentagram Map and Infinitesimal Monodromy |url=https://academic.oup.com/imrn/article/2022/7/5383/5911460 |journal=International Mathematics Research Notices |date=2022-03-23 |issn=1073-7928 |pages=5383–5397 |volume=2022 |issue=7 |doi=10.1093/imrn/rnaa258 |language=en |first1=Quinton |last1=Aboud |first2=Anton |last2=Izosimov}} *{{Cite journal|title=Integrable Dynamics in Projective Geometry via Dimers and Triple Crossing Diagram Maps on the Cylinder|journal=Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications|date=2025-06-03|issn=1815-0659|doi=10.3842/sigma.2025.040|first1=Niklas Christoph|last1=Affolter|first2=Terrence|last2=George|first3=Sanjay|last3=Ramassamy}} *{{Cite journal |last=Berger |first=Marcel |author-link=w:Marcel Berger |date=2005 |title=Dynamiser la 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|pages=3460–3505 |volume=43 |issue=10 |doi=10.1017/etds.2022.82 |first=Max H. |last=Weinreich}} st5afghf1krlcszzi18j70zrkhda9nq 2 326765 2812443 2812406 2026-06-01T18:31:15Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* The 8-point regular polytopes */ 2812443 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes.]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided we skewed them both in the same direction, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} gzr4rmr0e2y3q91x69m4jghihzk5tlc 2812451 2812443 2026-06-01T18:58:29Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* The 8-point regular polytopes */ 2812451 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided we skewed them both in the same direction, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} eyubyfrwvhvb1j8gfa3qdy6zkrngd7a 2812466 2812451 2026-06-01T19:34:57Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Hypercubes */ 2812466 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} oi4s9cyoyvo9y6c86pwv0g6bj3ovnw4 2812467 2812466 2026-06-01T19:37:35Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 2812467 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} rp8uaioxto80p1urr3fvaqevcsw8h94 2812468 2812467 2026-06-01T19:39:33Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Conclusions */ 2812468 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} qvt144h3kjdwnplp2kfpeh9gpttx3qw 2812469 2812468 2026-06-01T20:06:20Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Conclusions */ 2812469 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, that is not quite necessary or possible, e.g. the Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} sz5q7use95i3q2gkpmt1gciu0vicrrv 2812470 2812469 2026-06-01T20:10:45Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Finally the 120-cell */ 2812470 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, that is not quite necessary or possible, e.g. the Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} 7f2rm3xe3sp11vindclkhryoxl269jp 2812471 2812470 2026-06-01T20:14:34Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Conclusions */ 2812471 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon <s>whose chords include its chords</s>. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible, e.g. the Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} 5byy7hsnf7adwo0bg644tl4ikjbaglw 2812490 2812471 2026-06-01T22:48:02Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Conclusions */ 2812490 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible with respect to the planar polygon chords, e.g. the planar Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord. But perhaps it would work if the fit is to the smallest regular skew polygon in the ''d''-space.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} amjqcvx1z9n74xdz46r6wxwp0hdt2dy 2812500 2812490 2026-06-01T23:35:20Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Conclusions */ 2812500 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. In the table above we saw how Coxeter showed that the regular {30}-gon has 15 distinct complementary chord pairs as it lies skew in 4-space, only 4 of which occur in the planar {30)-gon. ... == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible with respect to the planar polygon chords, e.g. the planar Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord. But perhaps it would work if the fit is to the smallest regular skew polygon in the ''d''-space.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} awrdq2dvp2i49xx29cxo4xqayaptpv0 2812501 2812500 2026-06-02T00:07:43Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Finally the 120-cell */ 2812501 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} ... The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In curved [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == ... The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. In the table above we saw how Coxeter showed that the regular {30}-gon has 15 distinct complementary chord pairs as it lies skew in 4-space, only 4 of which occur in the planar {30)-gon or the 600-cell. What do the 120-cell's 21 additional chords arise from? Originally, from the regular 5-cell, in its interaction with the other 4-polytopes that compound to the 120-cell. Since the 120-cell and the 600-cell have the same symmetry group, the 5-cell's symmetry group is what's new in the 120-cell. ... == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible with respect to the planar polygon chords, e.g. the planar Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord. But perhaps it would work if the fit is to the smallest regular skew polygon in the ''d''-space.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} p7b7onaqvd83nb9kbqoigk0dqt3n24g 2812502 2812501 2026-06-02T00:15:36Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Finally the 120-cell */ 2812502 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - May 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In spherical [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. In the table above we saw how Coxeter showed that the regular {30}-gon has 15 distinct complementary chord pairs as it lies skew in 4-space, only 4 of which occur in the planar {30)-gon or the 600-cell. What do the 120-cell's 21 additional chords arise from? Originally, from the regular 5-cell, in its interaction with the other 4-polytopes that compound to the 120-cell. Since the 120-cell and the 600-cell have the same symmetry group, the 5-cell's symmetry group is what's new in the 120-cell. ... == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible with respect to the planar polygon chords, e.g. the planar Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord. But perhaps it would work if the fit is to the smallest regular skew polygon in the ''d''-space.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} 0uxzp7f5mqtwbw9msp5geeb9a93o47j 2812513 2812502 2026-06-02T04:12:59Z Dc.samizdat 2856930 /* Golden chords of the 120-cell */ 2812513 wikitext text/x-wiki = Golden chords of the 120-cell = {{align|center|David Brooks Christie}} {{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}} {{align|center|Draft in progress}} {{align|center|January 2026 - June 2026}} <blockquote>Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.</blockquote> == Introduction == Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope. == Visualizing the 120-cell == {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell <small><math>\{5,3,3\}</math></small> performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; "Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]]."}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all. |style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]<br>Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] <small><math>\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}</math></small>.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered. |} [[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells. The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}} Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all. Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex. == Compounds in the 120-cell == The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell). The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by 5² non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times 5² (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains 3² times 5² (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and 3³ times 5² (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler & Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}} So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are <math>\phi^6</math> as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside. The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell. == Thirty distinguished distances == The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center" !rowspan=2|<math>c_t</math> !rowspan=2|arc !rowspan=2|<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|<math>\left\{p\right\}</math> !rowspan=2|<small><math>m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}</math></small> !rowspan=2|Steinbach roots !colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell |- !colspan=5|unit-radius length <math>c_t</math> !colspan=2|unit-edge length <math>c_t/c_1</math><br>in 120-cell of radius <math>c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2</math> |- |<small><math>c_{1,1}</math></small> |<small><math>15.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{30\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.270091</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.072949}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>25.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{15\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.437016</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.190983}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{3,1}</math></small> |<small><math>36{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{10\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)</math></small> |<small><math>0.618034</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.381966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.28825</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>41.4{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.707107</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>2.61803</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{5,1}</math></small> |<small><math>44.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.756934</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.572949}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>2.80252</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{6,1}</math></small> |<small><math>49.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>0.831254</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.690983}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.07768</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{7,1}</math></small> |<small><math>56.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>0.93913</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{0.881966}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>3.47709</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>60{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{6\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>1.</math></small> |<small><math>1</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>3.70246</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{9,1}</math></small> |<small><math>66.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.09132</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^3}</math></small> |<small><math>4.04057</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{10,1}</math></small> |<small><math>69.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.14412</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>4.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{11,1}</math></small> |<small><math>72{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{5\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.17557</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3-\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.38197}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.3525</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>75.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.22474</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.53457</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{13,1}</math></small> |<small><math>81.1{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.30038</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>4.8146</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{14,1}</math></small> |<small><math>84.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.345</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>4.9798</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{15,1}</math></small> |<small><math>90.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{4\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{4,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.41421</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.23607</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{16,1}</math></small> |<small><math>95.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.4802</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.19098}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>5.48037</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{17,1}</math></small> |<small><math>98.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.51954</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\psi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>5.62605</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{18,1}</math></small> |<small><math>104.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.58114</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}</math></small> |<small><math>5.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{19,1}</math></small> |<small><math>108.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.61803</math></small> |<small><math>\phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{1+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>5.9907</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{20,1}</math></small> |<small><math>110.2{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.64042</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.69098}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}</math></small> |<small><math>6.07359</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{21,1}</math></small> |<small><math>113.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.67601</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.20537</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{22,1}</math></small> |<small><math>120{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{3\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>1.73205</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{6} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.41285</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{23,1}</math></small> |<small><math>124.0{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.7658</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.11803}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\chi \phi ^5}</math></small> |<small><math>6.53779</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{24,1}</math></small> |<small><math>130.9{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.81907</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.30902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}</math></small> |<small><math>6.73503</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{25,1}</math></small> |<small><math>135.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.85123</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.42705}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^4</math></small> |<small><math>6.8541</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{26,1}</math></small> |<small><math>138.6{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>1.87083</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.5}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{7} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>6.92667</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{27,1}</math></small> |<small><math>144{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>1.90211</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\phi +2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{2+\phi }</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.61803}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}</math></small> |<small><math>7.0425</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{28,1}</math></small> |<small><math>154.8{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>1.95167</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.80902}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}</math></small> |<small><math>7.22598</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{29,1}</math></small> |<small><math>164.5{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math></math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\phi c_{12,1}</math></small> |<small><math>\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)</math></small> |<small><math>1.98168</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi </math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3.92705}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{3} \phi ^3</math></small> |<small><math>7.33708</math></small> |- |<small><math>c_{30,1}</math></small> |<small><math>180{}^{\circ}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>\left\{2\right\}</math></small> |<small><math>2 c_{8,1}</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>2.</math></small> |<small><math>2</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4}</math></small> |<small><math>\sqrt{4.}</math></small> |<small><math>2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2</math></small> |<small><math>7.40492</math></small> |- |rowspan=4 colspan=6| |rowspan=4 colspan=4| <small><math>\phi</math></small> is the golden ratio:<br> <small><math>\phi ^2-\phi -1=0</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi</math></small>, and: <small><math>\phi+1=\phi^2</math></small><br> <small><math>\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2</math></small><br> <small><math>1/\phi</math></small> and <small><math>\phi</math></small> are the golden sections of <small><math>\sqrt{5}</math></small>:<br> <small><math>\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}</math></small> |colspan=2|<small><math>\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>1.618034</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>3.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |- |colspan=2|<small><math>\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)</math></small> |<small><math>2.854102</math></small> |} The list of 30 chords can be rearranged into a table of 16 rows and 2 columns with a pair of 180° complements in each row. This table first appears in [[w:Regular_Polytopes_(book)|''Regular Polytopes'']] (1947),{{Sfn|Coxeter|1973}} where Coxeter identified each row with a distinct pair of congruent [[w:120-cell#Concentric_hulls|polyhedral sections of the 120-cell]] beginning with a vertex. In spherical [[w:3-sphere|3-dimensional space <math>\mathbb{S}^3</math>]], every vertex is the center of a set of concentric polyhedra of increasing radii that nest like Russian dolls. The smallest polyhedral section of radius <math>c_1</math> is a dodecahedron cell, and the largest, central section of radius <math>c_{15}</math> is a non-uniform 60-point [[w:Rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron.]] At radial distances greater than <math>c_{15}</math> the successive complement-radius polyhedra decrease in size, to the antipodal dodecahedron cell at distance <math>c_{29}</math>. ... == The 8-point regular polytopes == In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[16-cell]]. A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.414,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.613</math> The chord ratio <math>r_3=1+\sqrt{2}</math> is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that: :<math>r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.414</math> Note that <math>r_3-2=1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1</math>. If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, at the vertices of a unit-edge cube with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, at the vertices of a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length: :<math>r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}</math> All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius <math>1/\sqrt{2}</math>. [[File:octagon16cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of a regular 16-cell to the [[16-cell#Projections|B₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only its edges are shown; its long diameter chords are not drawn. All 24 edges are the same length and none lie parallel to the projection plane. The octagon circumference is a Petrie polygon. The two disjoint squares lie in completely orthogonal central planes. The blue octagram is a Clifford polygon. ]] The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small>. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron. The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a skew regular octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]].{{Efn|name=Petrie polygon of a honeycomb}} The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell is a construct of 3 Petrie octagons which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each. The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-[[w:Cross-polytope|orthoplex]], the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular convex 4-polytopes are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell. The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges except opposite pairs. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in opposite planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}} Since the unit-radius coordinate system is convenient, let us derive the unit-radius 16-cell by skewing a unit-radius planar octagon, which has chords of length: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.765,r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.848,r_4=2</math> We will need a planar octagon with rigid <math>r_2</math> chords, rather than one with rigid <math>r_1</math> edges. The octagon's <math>r_2</math> chords form two disjoint great squares, visible in the orthogonal projection, which we can reposition in 3-space to form a cube by making them parallel, and in 4-space to form a 16-cell by making them completely orthogonal. Since the edges of the 16-cell are all the same length <math>r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{2}</math>, those chords are distinct only in the context of a rotation. Each chord is a 4-vector with a length and a direction. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 45° turns. [[File:16-cell-orig.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 8-point 16-cell <small><math>\{3,3,4\}</math></small> performing a double rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}}]] [[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a [[W:SO(4)#Double rotations|double rotation]] in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. Two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant planes of the rotation when all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements. The <math>r_1</math> chords of the 16-cell form a Petrie polygon which zig-zags back and forth, in the left and right rotational directions, between two completely orthogonal great squares formed by <math>r_2</math> chords. The <math>r_2</math> chords of two completely orthogonal great squares lie parallel and perpendicular to each other. A ''simple'' rotation of the 16-cell in ''one'' of those two square central planes rotates that square like a wheel, while the other square does not move.{{Efn|name=simple rotations}} The four vertices of the rotating square orbit on a great circle in the plane. The <math>r_3</math> chords of the 16-cell form a circular helix, visible as a blue {8/3} octagram in the orthogonal projection. A ''double'' rotation of the 16-cell, in both of two completely orthogonal invariant <math>r_2</math> square planes at once by equal angles, moves the eight vertices along the circular helix over the <math>r_3</math> chords. The vertex motion is a [[w:Geodesic|geodesic]] circle orbit on the 3-sphere of a special kind: it does not lie in a central plane, its [[w:Winding_number|winding number]] is not 1 (it is 3 in this case), its circumference is not <math>2\pi</math>, and it moves in either a left or right handed circular spiral. We shall refer to such a chiral geodesic orbit as an ''isocline'', and to the skew polygram of its rotational chords as a ''Clifford polygon''. The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every great square to its completely orthogonal great square in a twisting displacement, as the invariant planes tilt sideways 90° into each other's plane while rotating 90° internally. All the vertices move at once along the same circular helix geodesic isocline of <math>r_3</math> chords, displaced 90° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. When the 90° isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 90°, but from the new orientation in a direction orthogonal to its first 90° displacement. The rotational curve over each 90° <math>r_3</math> chord makes three 45° turns. In 360° of isoclinic rotation over four <math>r_3</math> chords, each vertex makes six 90° turns and reaches its antipodal position. The trajectory of each vertex over each 90° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-eighth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over eight <math>r_3</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the four <math>r_2</math> edges of a great square in one of the two moving invariant rotation planes. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 16-cell returns to its original orientation. == Hypercubes == The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension <math>n</math> is <math>\sqrt{n}</math>, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The [[w:Cuboctahedron|cuboctahedron]] and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral. [[File:8-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation about a plane in 4-space.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The stationary plane bisects the figure from front-left to back-right and top to bottom.]] The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] <small><math>\{4,3,3\}</math></small>. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube. The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two 4-point regular tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-edge, unit-radius tesseract are the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, also the edges of the square central planes. We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate-position 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The two skew {8/3} octagram Clifford polygons lie on two disjoint isoclines of the same chirality. Two [[w:Clifford_parallel|Clifford parallel]] octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular double helix which visits each vertex once. The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew octagon, but the tesseract is a construct of 4 Petrie octagons with disjoint sets of 8 tesseract edges each. We can construct the tesseract by skewing two planar octagons. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), we use two octagons of unit-edge length to build the unit-radius tesseract. To start we embed the planar octagons in 4-space at the same point and make them completely orthogonal. Then we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes, provided we skewed them both in the same direction. The 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half its 32 edges missing. Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of square central planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.|name=simple rotations}} A pair of square central planes from alternate-position 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate-position 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects. More generally, multiple disjoint instances of a 4-polytope which compound to make a larger 4-polytope are Clifford parallel objects. == The 24-cell == [[File:24-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the radially equilateral 24-cell, showing its 3 great circle polygons and its 4 chord lengths.]] In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 12 cuboctahedron central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes. The [[24-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small>. It has 24 vertices, 96 edges, 96 equilateral triangle faces, and 24 octahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cuboctahedron. The 24-cell has the same chord set as the 4-hypercube tesseract: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}</math> [[File:dodecagon24cell.png|thumb|Orthogonal projection of half a 24-cell to the [[24-cell#Geodesics|F₄ Coxeter plane]]. Only one Petrie dodecagon {12} of the 24-cell is shown. In a unit-radius 24-cell, all black lines are 24-cell edges of unit length, also tesseract edges. The two disjoint hexagons lie in Clifford parallel central planes. Blue chords are <math>\sqrt{2}</math> 16-cell edges, also isocline chords in square rotations. Green chords are <math>\sqrt{3}</math> distances between corresponding vertices of two 16-cells, also isocline chords in hexagonal rotations.]] The 24-cell is [[W:Dual polytope|self-dual]], like the regular polygons and regular simplexes. It is the maximal regular construct of triangles and squares (with no pentagons). It is the convex hull of a compound of three disjoint 8-point 16-cells, rotated 60° isoclinically with respect to each other. Each of the three pairs of 16-cells is a tesseract. Each 24-cell edge is also a tesseract edge. The corresponding vertices of two 16-cells or two tesseracts are 120° apart by a <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chord. Each tesseract has 8 cube cells, and each cube has four <math>\sqrt{3}</math> long diameters. The <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords joining the corresponding vertices of two tesseracts belong to the third tesseract as cell long diameters. The 24-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular dodecagon {12}, which has chords: :<math>r_1=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}-1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518,r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\tfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932,r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> The <math>r_1</math> and <math>r_5</math> chords of the planar dodecagon do not occur in the 24-cell, which is a construct of eight skew dodecagons with disjoint sets of twelve <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges each. In the skew dodecagons the chord lengths are: :<math>r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{1},r_3=\sqrt{2},r_4=\sqrt{3},r_5=\sqrt{3},r_6=\sqrt{4}</math> [[Image:24-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 24-point 24-cell <small><math>\{3,4,3\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2007}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 24 octahedra is visible.]] Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 30° turns. We can rotate the 24-cell isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on all three 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cells. Three Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular triple helix that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 24-cell isoclinically by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. A complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like a complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in 12 isoclinic displacements of 60° each rather than 8 isoclinic displacements of 90° each. The Clifford polygon of the hexagon rotation is a skew {12/5} dodecagram of green <math>r_5</math> chords, visible in the orthogonal projection. The rotational curve over each 120° <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 30° turns. Two Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular double helix that visits each vertex once. In the 24-cell an isoclinic rotation by 60° in any invariant hexagon central plane takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 60° while rotating 60° internally. It also takes every great square to a Clifford parallel great square in a different 16-cell. All 24 vertices move at once on two Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 120° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 60° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-twelfth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over twelve <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane twice, over the six <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of a great hexagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 24-cell returns to its original orientation. == The 600-cell == [[Image:600-cell.gif|thumb|Orthographic projection of the 120-point 600-cell <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small> performing a simple rotation.{{Sfn|Hise|2011}} The 3-dimensional surface made of 600 tetrahedra is visible. Invisible in this rendering are 25 inscribed instances of the 24-cell (above), which occur in the 600-cell as interior boundary envelopes.]] The [[600-cell]] is the regular convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol <small><math>\{3,3,5\}</math></small>. It has 120 vertices, 720 edges, 1200 equilateral triangle faces, and 600 tetrahedron cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the icosahedron. The 600-cell rounds out the 24-cell by adding 96 more vertices between the 24-cell's existing 24 vertices, in effect adding twenty-four more 24-cells inscribed in the 600-cell. The new surface thus formed is a honeycomb of smaller, more numerous cells: tetrahedra of edge length <math>\phi^{-1} \approx 0.618</math> instead of octahedra of edge length <math>\sqrt{1}</math>. It encloses the <math>\sqrt{1}</math> edges of the 24-cells, which become invisible interior chords in the 600-cell, like the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords. Since the tetrahedra are made of shorter triangle edges than the octahedra (by a factor of <math>\phi^{-1}</math>, the inverse golden ratio), the 600-cell is not radially equilateral like the 24-cell and the tesseract. Like them it is radially triangular in a special way, but one in which [[w:Golden_triangle_(mathematics)|golden triangles]] rather than equilateral triangles meet at the center. In 2-space we have the ''radially golden'' [[W:Decagon#The golden ratio in decagon|regular decagon]]. In 3-space we have the radially golden 30-point [[W:icosidodecahedron|icosidodecahedron]], with 6 decagon central planes. In 4-space we have the radially golden 120-point 600-cell, with 60 icosidodecahedron central hyperplanes and 72 decagon central planes. [[File:600-cell vertex geometry.png|thumb|Planar geometry of the 600-cell, showing its 5 regular great circle polygons and its 8 chord lengths with angles of arc. The golden ratio governs the fractional roots of every other chord, and the radial golden triangles which meet at the center.|400x400px]] The 600-cell's Petrie polygon is the regular [[w:Triacontagon|triacontagon {30}]]. The unit-radius planar {30}-gon has these distinct chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.209</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.416</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 0.813</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.338</math> :<math>r_8=2 \cos (\tfrac{7\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.486</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \cos (\tfrac{4\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.827</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \cos (\tfrac{2\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.956</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \cos (\tfrac{\pi}{15}/2) \approx 1.989</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Only the chord lengths <math>r_3</math>, <math>r_5</math>, <math>r_6</math>, <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, <math>r_9</math>, <math>r_{10}</math>, <math>r_{12}</math>, <math>r_{15}</math> occur in the 600-cell, which is a construct of 24 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>r_3</math>, six of which intersect in each icosahedral vertex figure. The skew {30}-gons have these chords: :<math>r_1=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_2=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_3=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_4=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{5}/2)=1/\phi \approx 0.618</math> :<math>r_5=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{1}</math> :<math>r_6=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{3-\phi} \approx 1.176</math> :<math>r_7=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_8=2 \sin (\tfrac{\pi}{2}/2)=\sqrt{2}</math> :<math>r_9=2 \sin (\tfrac{3\pi}{5}/2)=\phi \approx 1.618</math> :<math>r_{10}=2 \sin (\tfrac{2\pi}{3}/2)=\sqrt{3}</math> :<math>r_{11}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{12}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{13}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{14}=2 \sin (\tfrac{4\pi}{5}/2)=\sqrt{2+\phi} \approx 1.902</math> :<math>r_{15}=2 \sin (\pi/2)=\sqrt{4}</math> Where chords are the same length, they are distinct only in the context of a rotation. The rotational curve over each <math>r_i</math> chord makes <math>i</math> 12° turns. We can rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 16-cell edges, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on 15 disjoint 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 16-cell vertex positions. Fifteen Clifford parallel octagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>6\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chords form a circular helix of fifteen twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing 24-cell edges, by 60° in an invariant hexagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane, with the same effect on 5 disjoint 24-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 12 vertex positions of its 24-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit other 24-cell vertex positions. Ten Clifford parallel dodecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>10\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{3}</math> chords form a circular helix of ten twisted strands that visits each vertex once. We can also rotate the 600-cell isoclinically in invariant planes containing its own edges, by 36° in an invariant decagon central plane and its completely orthogonal invariant central plane. The Clifford polygon of the decagon rotation is a skew {15/4} pentadecagram of <math>r_5</math> chords. Successive <math>r_5</math> chords are edges of different 24-cells. The rotational curve over each <math>r_5</math> chord makes five 12° turns. Eight Clifford parallel pentadecagon geodesic isoclines of circumference <math>5\pi</math> over <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords form a circular helix of eight twisted strands that visits each vertex once. In the 600-cell an isoclinic rotation by 36° in any invariant decagon central plane takes every great decagon to a Clifford parallel great decagon in a twisting displacement, as all the central planes tilt sideways 36° while rotating 36° internally. It also takes every great hexagon to a Clifford parallel great hexagon, and every great square to a Clifford parallel great square. All 120 vertices move at once on eight Clifford parallel geodesic isoclines, displaced 60° in different directions. The trajectory of each vertex over each 36° isoclinic rotational displacement is a one-fifteenth segment of its geodesic orbit. Its entire orbit traces an isocline circle in 4-space over 15 <math>\sqrt{1}</math> chords, and also traces an ordinary great circle in the plane 3 times, over the 5 edges of a great pentagon in a moving invariant rotation plane. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from 15 vertex positions just once and returns to its original position, and the 600-cell returns to its original orientation. == Finally the 120-cell == The 120-cell is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 600-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular skew triacontagon {30}, but the 120-cell is a construct of 40 Petrie {30}-gons of edge length <math>c_1</math>, two of which intersect in each tetrahedral vertex figure. In the table above we saw how Coxeter showed that the regular {30}-gon has 15 distinct complementary chord pairs as it lies skew in 4-space, only 4 of which occur in the planar {30)-gon or the 600-cell. What do the 120-cell's 21 additional chords arise from? Originally, from the regular 5-cell, in its interaction with the other 4-polytopes that compound to the 120-cell. Since the 120-cell and the 600-cell have the same symmetry group, the 5-cell's symmetry group is what's new in the 120-cell. ... == Conclusions == Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a geometric formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords. [If what is meant by this is its Petrie polygon, it is not quite necessary or possible with respect to the planar polygon chords, e.g. the planar Petrie polygon of the 600-cell does not contain the <math>\sqrt{2}</math> chord. But perhaps it would work if the fit is to the smallest regular skew polygon in the ''d''-space.] The discovery of a chordal construction for discrete isoclinic rotations generally closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden chord sequences in polygons, to Clifford polygon sequences in isoclinic rotations, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact. == Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes == {{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}} == Notes == {{Notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == References == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }} * {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson & Sazdanovich|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff & Adamson|2004}} }} * {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }} {{Refend}} gs4dzva2otcpmlydiaxdaxfm45oncnz 1 326949 2812498 2784939 2026-06-01T23:32:38Z OhanaUnited 18921 peer review 1 2812498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Slight modifications of the article == Hello,<br> I imported this page from the Wikipedia article, which I revamped. But since the import, some contributors made helpful comments and edits. I tried to update them all here, but now I stopped and I will just re-import the Wikipedia article when the peer-review process will start. Please notify me when it happens, or re-import it yourself {{=)}}. [[User:Regliste|Regliste]] ([[User talk:Regliste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Regliste|contribs]]) 09:48, 13 January 2026 (UTC) ==Peer review 1== "{{review |reviewer =Sanjay Ramassamy |Q =Q102641962 |affiliation=Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Physique Théorique |link =https://www.normalesup.org/~ramassamy/index.html.en |date = 2 June 2026 |text = This review article is very well-written, mathematically sound and accessible to people outside the field. I only have minor comments below, most of them typos. I recommend publishing the article once the comments are taken into account. General comment: There are several figures next to the text, but the figures don't seem to be cited in the text. I don't know if this is a journal policy, but it looks a bit unusual to me. Second sentence of the abstract: there is twice ""a new polygon"". Maybe you could rephrase it in a way to eliminate one of the occurrences. E.g. something like ""It defines a new polygon whose vertices are obtained as the intersection points of the shortest diagonals of the initial polygon."" End of first paragraph of the abstract: maybe you could already reference Schwartz's original paper here. Euclidean plane: please capitalize the first letter of ""Euclidean"" throughout the article Section ""On polygons"": ""Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are parallel and not intersect"" -> ""and don't intersect"" Section ""On the moduli space of polygons"": it is the first time that I see the term ""projectivity"". I checked that it was indeed correct, but in all the talks/articles that I have seen on the topic, people rather used ""up to projective transformations"". Section ""Historical elements"", last sentence: it is not too clear what that sentence means. The pentagram map pertains to the field of incidence geometry, like these 3 theorems. What are the further similarities ? Further down in the article, in the section ""Pentagons and hexagons"", there is a similar sentence: ""The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in projective geometry such as Pascal's theorem, Desargues's theorem and others"". Is it just the case of pentagons and hexagons that resembles these theorems ? Section ""Definition of the map"", first paragraph: it looks strange to cite Weinreich's paper to justify the rather obvious fact that the dimension of the space of n-gons is 2n. More generally, for review articles in WikiJournal, what is the purpose of citations ? Providing a source where something is nicely explained ? Or providing the first source to show some result ? In this article, it seems to be rather the former. Section ""Definition of the map"", second paragraph: ""Taking the intersection of the two..."" -> ""Taking the intersection of two..."" Section ""Twisted polygons"": ""space of twisted n-gon"" -> ""space of twisted n-gons"" ""the dynamic"" -> ""the dynamics"" It comes with a final s even though it is singular, e.g. ""the dynamics is integrable"" Section ""Pentagons and hexagons"": ""The two following facts"" -> ""The following two facts"" Section ""Poncelet polygons"": circumbscribed -> circumscribed Section ""Poncelet polygons"": ""For a convex Poncelet n-gons"" -> n-gon Section ""ab-coordinates"": I would write ""vertices v_k"" and ""vectors V_k"" rather than ""vertices v_k's"" and ""vectors V_k's"" Section ""As a birational map"": you have twice in a row the word pentagram in the first line Section ""The scaling symmetry"": ""an s"" -> ""and s"". Section ""The scaling symmetry"": ""An homogeneous"" -> ""A homogeneous"". Why do you define the notion of weight in this section ? It looks weird because you don't use it immediately, but only towards the end of the next section. It would suggest moving it much closer to the place where you first use it. Section ""The spectral curve"", last sentence: here you write ""algebraic integrability"". In the next sentence it is called ""algebro-geometric integrability"". I prefer the latter formulation. Section ""The spectral curve"": ""some renormalization it"" -> missing ""of"" Section ""Algebro-geometric integrability"": ""in term of"" -> terms Section ""Dimension of the invariant manifold"": ""For a twisted n-gons"" -> ""For twisted n-gons"" Section ""Dimension of the invariant manifold"": what does it mean that the dimension of the invariant tori drops by 3 for closed n-gons ? That it is always n-3 regardless of the parity of n ? Shouldn't invariant tori always be even-dimensional ? Maybe make a separate sentence discussing the closed n-gons case. Section ""Cluster algebras"": rather than ""special cases of cluster algebra"", I would suggest something like ""special cases of discrete dynamical systems powered by cluster algebras"". Because the pentagram map itself is not a cluster algebra. Also, the mutations of the underlying cluster algebra induced by the pentagram map are only a subset of all possible mutations. Section ""Generalizations"": ""description ... as cluster algebras"" -> maybe ""in terms of cluster algebras"" ? Section ""Generalized pentagram maps"": it could be helpful to write that one recovers the original pentagram map by taking d=2, I={2}, J={1}. What surprises me is that for this original pentagram map the set I and J are not equal and yet it is integrable. How is that compatible with the statement that ""the general case is not integrable"" ? Also, just below, the dented pentagram maps provide another class of integrable examples where I and J are not equal. How do you quantify that most cases are not integrable. Section ""Corrugated polygons"": ""they can retrieved"" -> ""they can be retrieved"" ""Grassmannians polygons"" -> ""Grassmannian polygons"" ""the space of Grassmannians Gr(m,md)"" -> ""the Grassmannian space Gr(m,md)"" ""A point in v"" -> ""A point v"" ""general linear group Gl_{md}"" -> ""general linear group GL_{md}"" ""faithfull"" -> faithful ""generically define"" -> ""generically defines"" ""a new point of v"" -> ""a new point v"" }} obunfy4jxd9kpjdzs7xsbnix074ccqm 2812499 2812498 2026-06-01T23:34:03Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Peer review 1 */ 2812499 wikitext text/x-wiki == Slight modifications of the article == Hello,<br> I imported this page from the Wikipedia article, which I revamped. But since the import, some contributors made helpful comments and edits. I tried to update them all here, but now I stopped and I will just re-import the Wikipedia article when the peer-review process will start. Please notify me when it happens, or re-import it yourself {{=)}}. [[User:Regliste|Regliste]] ([[User talk:Regliste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Regliste|contribs]]) 09:48, 13 January 2026 (UTC) ==Peer review 1== {{review |reviewer =Sanjay Ramassamy |Q =Q102641962 |affiliation=Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Physique Théorique |link =https://www.normalesup.org/~ramassamy/index.html.en |date = 2 June 2026 |text = This review article is very well-written, mathematically sound and accessible to people outside the field. I only have minor comments below, most of them typos. I recommend publishing the article once the comments are taken into account. General comment: There are several figures next to the text, but the figures don't seem to be cited in the text. I don't know if this is a journal policy, but it looks a bit unusual to me. Second sentence of the abstract: there is twice ""a new polygon"". Maybe you could rephrase it in a way to eliminate one of the occurrences. E.g. something like ""It defines a new polygon whose vertices are obtained as the intersection points of the shortest diagonals of the initial polygon."" End of first paragraph of the abstract: maybe you could already reference Schwartz's original paper here. Euclidean plane: please capitalize the first letter of ""Euclidean"" throughout the article Section ""On polygons"": ""Finally, it is possible that two diagonals are parallel and not intersect"" -> ""and don't intersect"" Section ""On the moduli space of polygons"": it is the first time that I see the term ""projectivity"". I checked that it was indeed correct, but in all the talks/articles that I have seen on the topic, people rather used ""up to projective transformations"". Section ""Historical elements"", last sentence: it is not too clear what that sentence means. The pentagram map pertains to the field of incidence geometry, like these 3 theorems. What are the further similarities ? Further down in the article, in the section ""Pentagons and hexagons"", there is a similar sentence: ""The action of the pentagram map on pentagons and hexagons is similar in spirit to classical configuration theorems in projective geometry such as Pascal's theorem, Desargues's theorem and others"". Is it just the case of pentagons and hexagons that resembles these theorems ? Section ""Definition of the map"", first paragraph: it looks strange to cite Weinreich's paper to justify the rather obvious fact that the dimension of the space of n-gons is 2n. More generally, for review articles in WikiJournal, what is the purpose of citations ? Providing a source where something is nicely explained ? Or providing the first source to show some result ? In this article, it seems to be rather the former. Section ""Definition of the map"", second paragraph: ""Taking the intersection of the two..."" -> ""Taking the intersection of two..."" Section ""Twisted polygons"": ""space of twisted n-gon"" -> ""space of twisted n-gons"" ""the dynamic"" -> ""the dynamics"" It comes with a final s even though it is singular, e.g. ""the dynamics is integrable"" Section ""Pentagons and hexagons"": ""The two following facts"" -> ""The following two facts"" Section ""Poncelet polygons"": circumbscribed -> circumscribed Section ""Poncelet polygons"": ""For a convex Poncelet n-gons"" -> n-gon Section ""ab-coordinates"": I would write ""vertices v_k"" and ""vectors V_k"" rather than ""vertices v_k's"" and ""vectors V_k's"" Section ""As a birational map"": you have twice in a row the word pentagram in the first line Section ""The scaling symmetry"": ""an s"" -> ""and s"". Section ""The scaling symmetry"": ""An homogeneous"" -> ""A homogeneous"". Why do you define the notion of weight in this section ? It looks weird because you don't use it immediately, but only towards the end of the next section. It would suggest moving it much closer to the place where you first use it. Section ""The spectral curve"", last sentence: here you write ""algebraic integrability"". In the next sentence it is called ""algebro-geometric integrability"". I prefer the latter formulation. Section ""The spectral curve"": ""some renormalization it"" -> missing ""of"" Section ""Algebro-geometric integrability"": ""in term of"" -> terms Section ""Dimension of the invariant manifold"": ""For a twisted n-gons"" -> ""For twisted n-gons"" Section ""Dimension of the invariant manifold"": what does it mean that the dimension of the invariant tori drops by 3 for closed n-gons ? That it is always n-3 regardless of the parity of n ? Shouldn't invariant tori always be even-dimensional ? Maybe make a separate sentence discussing the closed n-gons case. Section ""Cluster algebras"": rather than ""special cases of cluster algebra"", I would suggest something like ""special cases of discrete dynamical systems powered by cluster algebras"". Because the pentagram map itself is not a cluster algebra. Also, the mutations of the underlying cluster algebra induced by the pentagram map are only a subset of all possible mutations. Section ""Generalizations"": ""description ... as cluster algebras"" -> maybe ""in terms of cluster algebras"" ? Section ""Generalized pentagram maps"": it could be helpful to write that one recovers the original pentagram map by taking d=2, I={2}, J={1}. What surprises me is that for this original pentagram map the set I and J are not equal and yet it is integrable. How is that compatible with the statement that ""the general case is not integrable"" ? Also, just below, the dented pentagram maps provide another class of integrable examples where I and J are not equal. How do you quantify that most cases are not integrable. Section ""Corrugated polygons"": ""they can retrieved"" -> ""they can be retrieved"" ""Grassmannians polygons"" -> ""Grassmannian polygons"" ""the space of Grassmannians Gr(m,md)"" -> ""the Grassmannian space Gr(m,md)"" ""A point in v"" -> ""A point v"" ""general linear group Gl_{md}"" -> ""general linear group GL_{md}"" ""faithfull"" -> faithful ""generically define"" -> ""generically defines"" ""a new point of v"" -> ""a new point v"" }} ane83unnh62m3qkfxpqvf0zsmbz3lds 0 327882 2812518 2807608 2026-06-02T08:37:36Z Mrchristian 281704 /* Linked Open Exhibition */ 2812518 wikitext text/x-wiki DE (EN Below) {{TOCleft}} ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE ''Materialien und Aufgaben für das Modul „BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel” für Studierende der Hochschule Hannover. Die Materialien werden gemeinsam mit mehreren Kollegen aus dem [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab] der TIB Hannover erstellt.'' Projekt-GitHub-Repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Zusammenfassung ==== Der achtteilige Kurs bietet eine Einführung in Linked Open Data (LOD) im Kontext von: # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM) und # der Nutzung von Plattformen der Wikimedia Foundation. Die folgenden Plattformen der Wikimedia Foundation werden verwendet: Wikidata, Wikibase, MediaWiki und Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM wird in den folgenden Workflows verwendet: Code Assistant ''Copilot'' und eine Vielzahl von AI LLM-Chat-Diensten für die Dateierstellung und Konfigurationen zur Erstellung von SPARQL-Abfragen, Jinja 2.0-Vorlagen usw. Das „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) kann für unbegrenztes ChatGPT5 genutzt werden: https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat Die verwendeten Methoden sind: Open-Source-Software, Open Science und Rapid Prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== Die Frage, die in diesem Kurs untersucht wird, lautet: Wie kann LOD genutzt werden, um Museumsausstellungen als Linked Open Exhibitions zu verbessern – als Aufzeichnung der Ausstellung, als Katalog der Ausstellungsstücke und für andere wichtige Daten? Als Beispiele '''dienen die Steigerung der Besucherzahlen von Ausstellungen und die Schaffung einer größeren Tiefe des Engagements'''. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Frage, wie LOD-Aufzeichnungen von '''Exponaten in einer Ausstellung''' erstellt werden können. ==== Lernpunkte – in der Reihenfolge ihrer Priorität ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD-Konzepte:''' Objekte, Eigenschaften, Werte, Qualifikatoren, Wikibase-Schemas, Klassen, Lexeme, Wissensbasis und Wissensgraphen. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic Web, 5-Sterne-Bewertung, RDF/Triples, Ontologien, Taxonomien und kontrollierte Vokabulare. # '''Verwendung von LOD-Quellen:''' Identifikatoren, PIDs, Informationsquellen, Medienquellen sowie Import- und Export-Tools. # '''Datenmodellierung:''' Methodiken, Schemaverwendung, Visualisierung und Testen. # '''Daten-Workflow-Tools:''' Git, IDE, KI-Code-Assistent (Copilot), KI-Chat, Verwendung von Wikimedia Foundation-Tools, Datenimport- und -export-Tools, Generierung von PIDs und Hinterlegung in einem wissenschaftlichen Repositorium. # '''Datenpräsentation und Datennutzung:''' Ergebnisse des Wikidata Query Service, MediaWiki-Infoboxen, Verarbeitung von SPARQL-Abfragen durch KI-Chat. # '''Open-Science-Praxis:''' Open-Source-Software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licensing, PIDs, FAIR-Datenprinzipien sowie ethische und bewährte Verfahren bei der Nutzung von KI. ==== Sitzungen ==== Die Sitzungen befassen sich mit der Katalogisierung von Ausstellungen des Sprengel Museums unter Verwendung von LOD und der Erstellung von Visualisierungen und Präsentationen. '''Das Ziel des Lernens ist es, den Umgang''' mit '''LOD''' zu '''erlernen.''' Die Methode besteht darin, ausgehend von einem Kern einer „Ausstellung” „Exponate in einer Ausstellung” hinzuzufügen. Von Anfang an sind es die Studierenden, die die LOD erstellen. Dies beginnt mit minimalen Einträgen der Studierenden, die dann mit Identifikatoren, LOD-Medienquellen, Schemata usw. ergänzt werden. Schließlich wird gezeigt, wie die Daten so präsentiert werden können, dass sie dem „Anwendungsfall” entsprechen: '''die Besucherzahlen der Ausstellungen zu steigern und ein tieferes Engagement zu erreichen'''. Hier kommen Präsentationstechnologien zum Einsatz: MediaWiki-Infoboxen, Ergebnisse des Wikidata Query Service, KI-Chat-SPARQL-Abfragen und andere Funktionen usw. ==== Sitzung 1: Erstellung einer Ausstellung-Zeitleiste – Aufbau, Hinzufügen von Ausstellungen ==== # Erfassen Sie minimale Informationen zu einer Ausstellung in Wikidata als Linked Open Data: Titel, Museum, Datum usw. Beispiel: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – Siehe: Tabelle1 : ''Minimale Dateneinträge für eine Ausstellung'' # Zeigen Sie den Ausstellungseintrag in Wikidata an Ergebnisse des Abfragedienstes anzeigen Link (Zeitleiste und Grafik https://w.wiki/J8NJ | https://w.wiki/J8aS ) # Überprüfen Sie die Ausstellungseinträge. # Behandeln Sie Themen, die durch die Erstellung eines LOD-Eintrags aufgeworfen werden: Wikidata-Grundlagen, bewährte Verfahren für Wikidata, Konsultation von Schemata, Bedeutung der Überprüfung und Verwendung von GitHub Issues, Vergleich der verfügbaren Daten – vorher und nachher. ==== Sitzung 2: Ausstellungskatalogisierung – Aufbau, Hinzufügen von Objekten, Künstlern, Katalogen ==== ==== Sitzung 3: Museumsbesuch – Sprengel Museum (noch zu bestätigen) ==== ==== Sitzung 4: Ausstellungskatalogisierung – Massenhinzufügungen: Hinzufügen von Objekten, Künstlern, Katalogen ==== ==== Sitzung 5: Prototypenerstellung: Dateneingabe, Visualisierung und Präsentation ==== ==== Sitzung 6: Prototypenerstellung: Dateneingabe, Visualisierung und Präsentation ==== ==== Sitzung 7: Prototypenerstellung: Dateneingabe, Visualisierung und Präsentation ==== ==== Sitzung 8: Prototypenerstellung: Dateneingabe, Visualisierung und Präsentation ==== --- ==== Sitzung 1: Erstellung eines Ausstellungskalenders – Aufbau, Hinzufügen von Ausstellungen ==== Die Übung: Erstellen Sie einen Linked-Open-Data-Datensatz für eine Ausstellung mit Wikidata (Mindestangaben). A. '''Erstellen des Ausstellungseintrags in Wikidata.''' # Anmeldung bei Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Halten Sie eine Quelle bereit, um Daten einzugeben, z. B. #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Überprüfen Sie, ob es bereits einen Eintrag für die Ausstellung auf Wikidata gibt. Verwenden Sie dazu die Suchfunktion. # Erstellen Sie einen Eintrag oder bearbeiten Sie einen bestehenden Eintrag. #* Hinweis: Überprüfen Sie, welche Sprache Sie verwenden. Wir werden Einträge in Deutsch und Englisch hinzufügen (beginnend mit Deutsch). # Erstellen Sie die folgenden Dateneinträge in Wikidata, siehe: Tabelle 1: ''Minimale Dateneinträge für eine Ausstellung.'' # Überprüfen Sie die Wikidata-Einträge zur Ausstellung. Die Überprüfung erfolgt anhand von drei Fragen. Fügen Sie bei Bedarf Kommentare hinzu, Korrekturen können vorgenommen werden. Ergebnisse und Anmerkungen können auf der Diskussionsseite des Eintrags hinzugefügt werden, z. B. #* Alle Einträge vorhanden [ ] #* Alle Einträge sind korrekt [ ] #* Einträge sind in Deutsch und Englisch – im Rahmen des Zumutbaren [ ] ''Tabelle2 : Mindestdaten für einen Ausstellungseintrag'' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Felder, die zur Erstellung eines Ausstellungseintrags verwendet werden. Siehe Beispiel: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Beschriftung | colspan="5" |Hinweis: Kurz halten. Titel der Ausstellung verwenden |- |B |Beschreibung | colspan="5" |Hinweis: Zur Unterscheidung von anderen Einträgen verwenden. Folgen Sie diesem Beispiel: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Eigentum (P) und Objekt (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' | |'''Hinzufügen''' |'''Anmerkung''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |Instanz von |Q464980 |Element hinzufügen |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Ausstellung | |(oben verwendet) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Titel |Titel |Klartext |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Standort |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Artikel hinzufügen |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Startzeit |Datum |JJJJ-MM-TT |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |Endzeit |Datum |JJJJ-MM-TT |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Kurator |Person |Element hinzufügen (falls nicht vorhanden, muss erstellt werden/kann derzeit weggelassen werden) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Teilnehmer |Person (der Künstler) |Element hinzufügen (falls nicht vorhanden, muss erstellt werden/kann derzeit weggelassen werden) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |Offizielle Website |Offizielle Website |URL |URL |} Ende von Sitzung 1. ==== Hausaufgabenübungen ==== 1. Vervollständigen Sie Ihre zugewiesene Ausstellung. Stellen Sie sicher, dass alle Felder aus Tabelle 1 ausgefüllt sind. Wenn etwas nicht hinzugefügt werden kann, haben Sie zwei Möglichkeiten: A. Machen Sie eine Notiz in der Tabelle zur Ausstellungszuweisung oder B. Senden Sie eine E-Mail an [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] , damit ich Ihnen bei der Lösung Ihres Problems helfen kann. '''Hinweis: Wenn Sie während des Unterrichts keinen Ausstellungseintrag erstellt haben, stellen Sie sicher, dass dieser vor der nächsten Unterrichtsstunde fertiggestellt ist.''' 2. Erstellen Sie ein GitHub-Konto und fügen Sie Ihren GitHub-Namen neben Ihrem Namen in der Spalte „GitHub-Name” in der Tabelle zur Zuweisung der Ausstellungen hinzu. 3. Überprüfen Sie die Ausstellungseinträge Ihrer Klassenkameraden. Ihnen wurde allen ein Eintrag zur Überprüfung zugewiesen, siehe Tabelle zur Zuweisung der Ausstellungen. Ihr Name steht in Spalte G. Diese erste Überprüfung umfasst drei Fragen – kreuzen Sie die Kästchen an, um anzuzeigen, ob jeder Punkt ausgefüllt wurde, und fügen Sie entweder Kommentare hinzu oder korrigieren Sie den Wikidata-Ausstellungseintrag. '''Hinweis: Wenn der Ihnen zugewiesene Ausstellungseintrag nicht von Ihrem Klassenkameraden erstellt wurde, kontaktieren Sie ihn bitte und bitten Sie ihn, den Eintrag zu vervollständigen.''' Die Fragen lauten: 1. Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? 2. Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? 3. Gibt es einen deutschen und einen englischen Eintrag? --- === Sitzung 2: Ausstellungskatalogisierung – Aufbau, Hinzufügen von Objekten, Künstlern, Katalogen === ==== Die Sitzung umfasst fünf Übungen: ==== # Ausstellungsaktualisierung # Künstler # Ausstellungskatalog # AI LLM SPARQL-Experimente # <s>Kunstwerk</s> ==== Die Übungen umfassen die folgenden Konzepte: ==== ==== Übungen ==== ==== 1. Aktualisierung der Ausstellung ==== * Hausaufgabenüberprüfung: Füllen Sie alle Felder für eine Ausstellung aus. Überprüfen Sie die Ihnen zugewiesene Ausstellung, indem Sie die folgenden drei Fragen beantworten: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * Für das Label. Wandeln Sie Wörter in Großbuchstaben in Satzschrift um. Verwenden Sie: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Ändern Sie z. B. ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN in Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Fügen Sie die englischen Versionen hinzu. Verwenden Sie DeepL zum Übersetzen: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Titel: Fügen Sie den englischen Titel hinzu * Fügen Sie Folgendes hinzu. Ändern Sie P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) in P921 zentrales Thema artists name. ** Qualifier zum zentralen Thema, um anzugeben, dass die Person Kunstwerke beisteuert. * Verwenden Sie: Qualifier P170 creator und fügen Sie artist Q483501 hinzu (geben Sie „Künstler” ein, es wird automatisch vervollständigt) * Referenz: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID für eine Person, z. B. Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Suchen Sie den Namen der Person und kopieren Sie den letzten Teil der Nummer 134184963 * Diskussionsseite: Fügen Sie die Überprüfungsfragen für Ihren Wikidata-Eintrag hinzu: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Beachten Sie die nützlichen Links, die Ihnen mehr über verbundene Linked Open Data verraten! Hinweis: SPARQL-Abfrage zur Anzeige des Datenmodells. Eigenschaften und Werte. Ergebnisse: https://w.wiki/JMLX Erstellt mit Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Konzepte ==== * Wikidata-Teile – siehe Informationen und Diagramm: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Anwendung eines Überprüfungsprozesses mithilfe von Diskussionsseiten * Hinzufügen von Referenzen * Verwendung einer LOD-Quelle – Ein Normdatensatz Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID <nowiki>https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm</nowiki> * SPARQL-Abfrage --- ==== 2. Künstler ==== Das Ziel hierbei ist es, sicherzustellen, dass alle Künstler in die Ausstellungsliste aufgenommen wurden, und anschließend die bestehenden Künstlereinträge zu überprüfen. Später wird eine SPARQL-Abfrage durchgeführt, um Aussagen über alle Künstler in unserem Datensatz zu vergleichen. Bevor Sie die Künstereinträge überprüfen, stellen Sie sicher, dass alle Künstler im Ausstellungseintrag aufgeführt sind, mit dem Qualifikationsmerkmal „Künstler” und einem Verweis auf ihren GND-Datensatz. ==== Wichtige Aussagen ==== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} Aus Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ==== Schemas und Communities benötigen Beratung. ==== '''Aus Wikimedia:''' WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions '''Halbformell''' Generisches Wikibase-Modell für Kulturdaten: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ '''Formell:''' CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) – https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (basierend auf CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Konzepte ==== * Datenmodellierung * Schemas * Anwendungsfall * Bottom-up-Design * Identifikatoren --- ==== 3. Ausstellungskatalog ==== Suchen Sie an beiden Orten nach Informationen zum Katalog Ihrer zugewiesenen Ausstellung. Sprengel Museum Publikationskatalog – https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised DND (Beispiel) Sie können nach dem Namen der Ausstellung oder dem Sprengel Museum suchen – https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true Hinweis: Notieren Sie sich alle Links, die Sie in der Tabelle mit den Ausstellungslisten finden. ===== Erstellen Sie einen Wikidata-Eintrag für den Katalog. ===== Hinweis: Suchen Sie zunächst nach der Veröffentlichung, bevor Sie einen Wikidata-Eintrag erstellen. Verwenden Sie den Titel, die ISBN und die GND. Ein Beispiel für eine Veröffentlichung aus DNB und Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Geben Sie diese Angaben ein ===== Hinweis: Denken Sie an die Bezeichnung und Beschreibung {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Beispiel für eine Eingabe: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ==== Verlinken Sie den Datensatz zurück zur Ausstellung. ==== P972 > Titel ==== Konzepte ==== * Datenmodellierung * Identifikator * Daten als CC Zero / Urheberrecht der Daten --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL-Experimente ==== Wikidata verfügt über eine SPARQL-Schnittstelle, über die die LOD in Wikidata durchsucht (abgefragt) und auf verschiedene Arten, in verschiedenen Formaten und Visualisierungen ausgegeben werden kann. Außerdem kann sie im Web gespeichert werden. Wir werden den AI LLM-Chat verwenden, um SPARQL-Abfragen zu generieren. Später werden wir die Grundlagen des Schreibens einer SPARQL-Abfrage lernen. Aber zunächst wollen wir sehen, wie sie generiert werden, welche Optionen es gibt und wie sie kreativ eingesetzt werden können. Die Verwendung von Chat-Diensten oder Code-Assistenten kann eine wertvolle Möglichkeit sein, um neue Technologien kennenzulernen. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Einige davon können auch über KISSKI genutzt werden. Das „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) kann für unbegrenztes ChatGPT5 genutzt werden: https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat ==== Die Übung ==== Die Gruppe wird in mehrere Zoom-Breakout-Gruppen aufgeteilt und verbringt dann 20 Minuten damit, SPARQL-Abfragen und andere kreative Anwendungen zu generieren. Fügen Sie die Ergebnisse hier ein: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Jedem Raum wird eine Chat-Engine zugewiesen. Es gibt maximal vier Gruppen. · Gruppe Nr. 1: ChatGPT · Gruppe Nr. 2: Claude · Gruppe Nr. 3: Google Gemini · Gruppe Nr. 4: Meta AI ==== Beispielübung ==== Chatbots können eine SPARQL-Abfrage oder eine Wikidata-Adresse lesen. z. B. * Artikel https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 * Abfragegrafik https://w.wiki/JPNc * Abfragetidsachse https://w.wiki/JPPN * Artikel Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Anschließend kann der Chatbot angewiesen werden, auf Grundlage der bereitgestellten Informationen bestimmte Aktionen auszuführen. Sie sollten den Chatbot bitten, Wikidata-SPARQL-Abfragen zu generieren, und diese Abfragen dann in die SPARQL-Abfrageoberfläche einfügen. https://query.wikidata.org/ Verwenden Sie diese Beispiele und entwickeln Sie Ihre eigenen: # Dashboard erstellen (Anzahl der Dinge) # Inventar erstellen (Tabelle) # Graphdatenmodell erstellen Einige SPARQL-Abfragen · Karte der Geburtsorte von Künstlern – https://w.wiki/JPT3 · Liste der Ausstellungen – https://w.wiki/JPR3 · Als Darstellung der Ausstellungen – https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Hausaufgabe: Sitzung 2 ==== Erstellen Sie ein Bottom-up-Datenmodell eines Kunstwerks in einer Ausstellung. Fügen Sie nur die minimal erforderlichen Informationen hinzu. Das Ergebnis sollte eine Tabelle sein, wie sie für Ausstellung, Künstler und Katalog dargestellt wird. Die Tabelle sollte Eigenschaften und Attribute enthalten. Sie sollten die oben genannten Schemata zu Rate ziehen. Sie können KI verwenden, aber geben Sie die KI an und verlinken Sie sie mit Ihrer Frage. Wenn Sie KI verwenden, überprüfen Sie die Ergebnisse und machen Sie sich Notizen darüber, was Sie geändert haben. Hinweis: Überlegen Sie, wie die Teile miteinander in Beziehung stehen, was Sie hinzufügen müssen und was bereits in Wikidata vorhanden ist. Reichen Sie Ihre Ergebnisse als Tabelle oder Spreadsheet ein. --- ==== Sitzung 3: Museumsbesuch – Sprengel Museum ==== 19 März 2026 ENDE ==== Sitzung Nr. 4: Schemata und Prototyping (Abschlussprojekt) ==== ===== Zusammenfassung und Überblick ===== Erledigt * Erstellen von Ausstellungs-Einträgen in Wikidata * Befüllen unserer Datenmodelle für „Künstler“ und „Katalog“ * Erkundung des Museums und seiner Aktivitäten, um den Prototyp zu steuern Zu erledigen * Entscheidung über die Ideen für den Prototyp * Datenmodell für Objekte in einer Ausstellung (Kunstwerk und Ausstellung) * Erstellen eines Datenmodells zum Projektende, das von Museen genutzt werden kann und den Branchenstandards – CIDOC und Wikidata – entspricht. ===== Was haben wir über die „Geschichte des Museums“ gelernt? ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== Eine Gelegenheit, sich mit der Struktur von Linked Open Data anhand gemeinsamer Vereinbarungen zu Arbeitspraktiken vertraut zu machen. Im Laufe des Kurses wird ein Datenmodell entwickelt und fertiggestellt, um „Objekte in einer Ausstellung“ zu beschreiben. Das Datenmodell wird zur Konsultation und zum Testen durch die Community veröffentlicht. ===== Schemas und Schlüsselkonzepte ===== Tabelle: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminologiedienst * Kontrolliertes Vokabular * Taxonomie * Ontologie * Wissensgraph Tabelle X: Link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP In Linked Open Data (LOD) verwendete Terminologie DE {| class="wikitable" ! Konzept ! Wikidata-Link (Konzept) ! Hauptschwerpunkt ! Analogie ! Beispielressource ! URL ! Anwendungsbeispiel ! URL |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Datenstruktur | Die Vorlage. Konzeptionelles Schema / Datenmodell | Schema.org | [https://schema.org/] | VisualArtwork | [https://schema.org/VisualArtwork] |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) „In der Sierra Nevada, Kalifornien“ | [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372] |- | Terminologiedienst | Q22692845 | Verbreitung | Eine Bibliothek mit Vokabularen, Schemata, Ontologien usw. | TIB-Terminologiedienst | [https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/] | NFDI4CULTURE | [https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE] |- | Kontrolliertes Vokabular | Q1469824 | Konsistenz | Das Wörterbuch | Integrierte Normdatei / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | [https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList] | Personen: Dürer, Albrecht | [https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669] |- | Taxonomie | Q8269924 | Hierarchie | Sortierung nach Typ (allgemeine Klassifizierung) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | [https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/] | Deutscher Surrealist Max Ernst (verwendete Maltechniken) |[https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20und%20Grattage,in%20seinen%20Zeichnungen%20von%201925]. |- | | | | | Iconclass | [https://iconclass.org/] | Max Ernsts „Die Jungfrau, die das Christkind versohlt“ (Parady) | [https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926] |- | Ontologie | Q324254 | Semantik: Bedeutung & Logik (Informationswissenschaft) | Das Regelwerk oder der Stilführer | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / Internationales Komitee für Dokumentation) | [https://cidoc-crm.org/] | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base – Zusammenführung von 3 Sammlungen | [https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start] |- | Wissensgraph | Q33002955 | Netzwerk von Dingen und Beziehungen | Eine Navigationskarte | Verzeichnis antiker Kunstwerke und architektonischer Bauwerke, die in der Renaissance bekannt waren | [https://www.census.de/] | Artemis-Suche | [https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099] |- | | | | | Forschungsbereich | [https://researchspace.org/] | Hokusai: Das große Bilderbuch von allem |[https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start] |} EN {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schema-Übung ===== Zu bearbeitende Tabelle: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (Passwort: bim2026) Wir werden uns mit folgenden Themen befassen: Ausstellung, Künstler und Katalog. '''''Geben Sie die gefundenen URLs ein. Fügen Sie bei Bedarf neue Zeilen, Spalten und Kommentare hinzu. Führen Sie sowohl manuelle als auch KI-Suchen durch, um die Ergebnisse zu vergleichen.''''' ===== Übung Nr. 1: Trage Links zu passenden Elementen aus den folgenden Quellen in die Tabelle ein: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generisches Wikibase-Modell für Kulturdaten – Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (vollständig) * Terminologiedienst (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Übung Nr. 2: Verwenden Sie KI-LLM, um passende Elemente zu finden ===== * <nowiki>https://gemini.google.com/</nowiki> ==== Prototyping ==== Entweder in dieser oder in der nächsten Sitzung wird die Gruppe in Teams aufgeteilt. ===== Schema ===== # Entwicklung eines Datenmodells: „Objekte in einer Ausstellung“ ===== Teile der Quarto-Publikation ===== # Ein Katalog einer Ausstellung des Sprengel Museums # Ein Katalog aller Ausstellungen und Ausstellungskataloge # Katalog der Ausstellungsbeiträge # Ein Glossar mit Begriffen – Personen und benannte Entitäten – aus Wikidata --- ===== Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags ===== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace, Copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Voraussetzungen''' # Ein Laptop oder Computer, auf dem Sie VScode installieren können # Sie benötigen 2FA auf Ihrem Mobilgerät # Erstellen Sie ein GitHub-Konto # Installiere VScode # Verbinden Sie Ihr GitHub-Konto mit VScode # Erstellen Sie ein GitHub-Repository '''Klonen:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Modell: Auto''' '''So wurde das Repo eingerichtet. Agent-Eingabeaufforderungen:'''<blockquote>Ich möchte ein Quarto-Website-Projekt ausführen, bitte richte die Grundlagen ein. Das Projekt wird auf GitHub Pages veröffentlicht. Lege das Ausgabeverzeichnis auf „docs“ fest.</blockquote>Erstellen Sie eine Seite für das Quarto-Projekt, die die für diesen Wikidata-Eintrag verwendeten Daten abruft und als professionelle Webseite rendert <Fügen Sie hier Ihre Ausstellung ein – oder verwenden Sie diese> https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 Der Ansatz sollte eine SPARQL-Abfrage für die Daten erstellen und diese dann mithilfe eines Jupyter-Notebooks als HTML rendern. Alle Einträge: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Aufgaben ===== * Ausstellung ändern * Notebook ausführen * Quarto ausführen und Vorschau anzeigen * Auf Ihren GitHub Pages veröffentlichen ===== Schritt für Schritt ===== '''Teil 1: Arbeitsumgebung''' '''''HINWEIS: Sollten bei der lokalen Ausführung Probleme auftreten, nutzen Sie bitte die Online-Option von Codespace.''''' # Erstelle ein GitHub-Konto – https://github.com/ # Richte die Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung (2FA) ein – in der Regel auf dem Handy (Google Authenticator) # Installiere VSCode – https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Installiere GitHub Desktop – https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Füge dein GitHub-Konto hinzu, wenn du dazu aufgefordert wirst, und verwende die 2FA Schritt 2: Der Prototyp # Forken Sie das Repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Wenn Sie lokal arbeiten, fahren Sie fort – wenn Sie Codespace verwenden, starten Sie Codespace (siehe unten und fahren Sie dann fort) # Testen Sie Quarto im Terminal: ## quarto check ## quarto render ## quarto preview (Strg+C – zum Beenden) # Falls es nicht funktioniert, führen Sie Quarto über den Agent aus # Ändern Sie die Wikidata-Ausstellung im Notebook # Notebook ausführen # quarto render und quarto preview ausführen # Alles speichern # Git: Nachricht, Commit und Push # Auf GitHub.com dein Repository ## Seiten aktivieren: GitHub Actions ## Code: Über das Zahnrad – Klicke auf „Meine GitHub Pages verwenden“ ## Registerkarte „Actions“: Quarto-Projekt veröffentlichen # ENDE – Wiederholen :-) ===== Codespace-Option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace ist eine virtuelle Maschine, die über GitHub gestartet werden kann. Das Repository enthält eine Dev-Container-Konfiguration, sodass du vollständig im Browser arbeiten kannst, ohne etwas lokal installieren zu müssen. 1.    Klicke auf der Repository-Seite auf GitHub auf „Code“ → „Codespaces“ → „Codespace erstellen“ auf der Hauptseite. 2.    Warte, bis der Container erstellt ist – Python-Pakete aus der Datei „requirements.txt“ werden automatisch installiert – dies dauert etwa 5 Minuten. 3.    Sobald alles installiert ist, kann der Codespace jederzeit genutzt werden. Er fährt automatisch herunter, wenn er nicht genutzt wird, und kann jederzeit neu gestartet werden. 4.    In Codespace geleistete Arbeit muss zurück ins Repository gepusht werden. 5.    Wenn Codespace 28 Tage lang nicht genutzt wird, wird der Codespace gelöscht. --- ===== Hausaufgabe – Sitzung Nr. 4 ===== * Hol alle Bücher aus der HsH-Bibliothek, die Ausstellungskataloge des Sprengel Museums sind. Bring sie zur nächsten Vorlesung mit * Erstelle einen Ausstellungs-Eintrag, falls noch nicht geschehen * Arbeite mit VSCode und dem Agent und experimentiere ==== Sitzung 5: Prototypenerstellung: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - wie oben - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Suche ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''Über die Dienstleistungen von DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''AUCH''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB-Daten * Katalog durchsuchen * Ausstellungsbeiträge * Vollständiges Datenmodell (alle) == Sitzung 6: Kursprojekt – Prototypenentwicklung: ''Vernetzte offene Ausstellungen'' == URL des Prototyps (derzeit 29.04.2026, ein Shell-Framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ === Programm: === 11:30 – 11:50 Uhr (20 Min.) ''' Überblick: Klassenprojekt – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' Was ist das und was muss geliefert werden? Zuweisung zu Teilprojekten und Aufgabenübersicht. '''Aktivität Nr. 1: Bottom-up-Datenmodellierung: Datenabgleich''' 11:50 – 12:20 Uhr (30 Min.) Datenermittlung und -auswertung (Breakout-Räume) 12:20 – 12:40 Uhr (20 Min.) Besprechung der Datenergebnisse (Klassendiskussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 Min.) Pause '''Aktivität Nr. 2: Top-down-Datenmodellierung: Schema-Mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 Min.) Daten anhand von Schemata abbilden (Arbeitsgruppen) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 Min.) Besprechung der Ergebnisse (Klassendiskussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 Min.) Arbeitszeit: Offener Zeitblock zur Überprüfung des laufenden „Tech Stack“ oder zur Beantwortung weiterer Fragen''' --- === Wichtige Links === ·  '''Haupt-Prototyp-Repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ · Quarto-Einrichtung: ''„BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website“:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ ·  Anleitungen für den „Tech Stack“: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] ·  Früherer Prototyp (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ === ''Übersicht: Klassenprojekt – Prototypenentwicklung: Vernetzte offene Ausstellungen'' === Prototyp: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Warum? ·      Rapid Prototyping wird in diesem Zusammenhang genutzt, um mehr über „Datenmodellierung mit Linked Open Data“ zu lernen. '''''Anmerkung: Die hier erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen im Bereich der Datenmodellierung sind eine Kernkompetenz, die eine Grundlage für die Erstellung von Datenmodellen in einer Vielzahl von beruflichen Kontexten bildet.''''' ◦  Wie man Datenmodellierung durchführt ◦  Zu verwendende Methoden: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ◦  Bewertung und Validierung ◦  Ein Datenmodell operationalisieren ◦  Benutzertests ◦  Bewährte Verfahren, einschließlich Open-Science-Praktiken, z. B. die FAIR-Datenprinzipien ◦  Experimente mit KI-LLMs und agentischer Programmierung im Arbeitsablauf ·      Rapid Prototyping ist eine Design-Forschungsmethodik – das heißt, Wissen durch praktisches Tun zu schaffen oder zu entdecken. Was? Erstellen Sie mit der ganzen Klasse einen Website-Prototyp: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Die Website besteht aus drei datengesteuerten Teilprojekten: 1.    Manuelle Wikidata-Einträge für die Website des Sprengel Museums – Einträge der Klasse bereits erstellt 2.    Massen-Ausstellungseinträge, abgeleitet aus über 600 DNB-Einträgen zum „Sprengel Museum“ – importiert 3.    HsH-Bibliotheksdatensätze für eine Suche zum Sprengel Museum und ein Scan eines Sprengel-Museum-Katalogs für Text- und Daten-Mining (TDM) – noch zu erledigen Wie? Simon Worthington wird als Publikationsmanager fungieren. Dies umfasst die Ausführung oder Steuerung komplexer Softwareteile. Für einige Teile wird agentische Codierung mit Copilot verwendet (erprobt). Die Klasse ist in drei Teams für die Teilprojekte aufgeteilt: 1.    Website zu den Ausstellungen des Sprengel Museums; 2.    DNB-Einträge „Sprengel Museum“ 3.    Text- und Data-Mining: Bibliothekskatalog Sprengel Museum Jedes Team führt für seinen Teil die gleichen Aufgaben durch, um eine Runde der Datenmodellierung abzuschließen: 1.    Daten sammeln – Bottom-up-Methode 2.    Validierung der Daten – Top-down-Methode 3.    Präsentation der Daten – Quarto-Website „Linked Open Exhibitions“ Ziel: Definition of Done (DoD) ''Anmerkung: Entwicklerjargon'' ·      Ein dokumentiertes Datenmodell (Tabelle) mit Diagramm (Mermaid, GraphVis oder Draw.io) ·      Zuordnung des Datenmodells zu Schemata (Tabelle) ·      Idee zur Darstellung der Daten für jeden Unterabschnitt im Prototyp und Umsetzung mit Unterstützung des Publication Managers, z. B. für DNB eine chronologische Liste von Ausstellungen mit Bildern. ·      Dokumentation der Nutzung von KI-LLM als Assistent, Quellenangaben und Kommentare zu bewährten Verfahren ·      Datenherkunft und Ausfüllen der Checkliste für bewährte Praktiken ·      Das Endergebnis „Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions“ wird als institutionelle Hinterlegung bei [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo] veröffentlicht. === --- === === Aktivität Nr. 1: Datenerhebung und Bottom-up-Datenmodellierung === Bestätigen, erstellen oder erweitern Sie bestehende Datenmodelle, indem Sie die Quelle betrachten. Jedes Projekt hat eine Quelle: * ·      Team Nr. 1: Website des Sprengel Museums, Ausstellungslisten: ◦  https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ und ◦  CSV-Tabelle mit den eingegebenen Ausstellungen GitHub | [https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq Tabelle TIB Cloud] (passwortgeschützt) ◦  Prototyp: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * ·      Team Nr. 2: DNB-Einträge zur Suche nach „Sprengel Museum“: ◦  https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ◦  CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ◦  Bilder von Buchumschlägen https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * ·       Team Nr. 3: Informationen der HsH-Bibliothek zu Katalogen für das „Sprengel Museum“ : ◦  https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ◦  Team 3 muss bei Null anfangen, da wir bislang noch keinen Bibliotheksdatensatz oder Eintrag in einem Ausstellungsdatenmodell haben. Tipp: Schaut euch die anderen Modelle an, um mit dem Aufbau eurer Datenmodelle zu beginnen. '''>>> Hier zum Datenmodell hinzufügen:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passwortgeschützt) ==== ZIEL ==== Sicherstellen, dass das Datenmodell die Quelle abbilden kann. Gibt es genügend Einträge, um die Bestandteile der Quelle zu beschreiben? Der Prozess ist iterativ, das heißt, er wird immer wieder wiederholt, wobei Verbesserungen und Änderungen vorgenommen werden. ==== AUFGABEN ==== ·      Bearbeiten Sie den violett-grauen Bereich; der grüne Bereich wird in der nächsten Aktivität bearbeitet ·      Überprüfen und korrigieren Sie vorhandene Informationen ·      Fügen Sie neue Konzepte hinzu, falls die Quelle dies erfordert ·      Orangefarbene Bereiche müssen ausgefüllt werden. Die Zellen müssen möglicherweise bearbeitet oder ergänzt werden. ·      Datentypen finden Sie ausschließlich auf den Eigenschaftsseiten. Elemente (QIDs) haben keine Datentypen, unter „https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476<nowiki/>“ unter der Bezeichnung „ “ ''Datentyp'' ·      URI entspricht einer URL === Tipps === * Schau dir andere Beispiele auf Wikidata an: Künstler, Ausstellungen, Kataloge, bibliografische Einträge oder Objekte in einer Ausstellung. * Verwenden Sie eine KI, um Schemaerklärungen oder Optionen nachzuschlagen. Registrieren Sie sich bei KISSKI, um eine bessere KI-Datenschutznutzung zu erhalten. === Aktivität Nr. 2: Validierung der Top-Down-Datenmodellierung === ·      Team 1: Website des Sprengel Museums ·      Team 2: DNB-Einträge zur Suche nach „Sprengel Museum“   ·      Team 3: Informationen der HsH-Bibliothek zu Katalogen zum „Sprengel Museum“ ==== ZIEL ==== Alle Konzepte abbilden ==== AUFGABEN ==== Das Konzept in den verschiedenen Ressourcen nachschlagen und Verknüpfungen hinzufügen, === Arbeitszeit: Zeitfenster zur Überprüfung des laufenden „Tech Stack“ oder zur Klärung sonstiger Fragen === --- == Hausaufgabe == ·      Führen Sie die Bottom-up- und Top-down-Modellierung durch ·      Team #3: Besuche die Bibliothek und erstelle einen digitalen Scan auf einem Kopierer, speichere ihn als PDF. Der Scan wird für Text- und Data-Mining verwendet und die Datei anschließend gelöscht und vernichtet. Wir werden nur Metadaten aus dem Scan extrahieren. ·      Kommt zur nächsten Unterrichtsstunde mit Ideen und Vorschlägen, was ihr aus euren Daten und Datenmodellen im Prototyp dargestellt haben möchtet. ---- == Abgabe und Beitrag zum Klassenprojekt: Prototypenentwicklung: „Linked Open Exhibitions“. == „Linked Open Exhibitions“ (Prototyp): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Von den Studierenden zu erledigende Aufgaben, die bewertet werden und in die Gesamtnote einfließen: # Erstellen Sie den Wikidata-Eintrag für eine Ausstellung des Sprengel Museums # Erledigung der GitHub-Aufgabe zum Forken des Repositorys und Veröffentlichen des Wikidata-Eintrags https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Hinzufügen der Datenmodell-Zuordnung zu Standards zum geforkten Repository (wird noch im Unterricht behandelt) # Hinzufügen des SPARQL-Abfrage-Netzwerkdiagramms zum geforkten Repository (wird noch im Unterricht behandelt) # Hinzufügen der ORCID-ID zum geforkten Repository (wird noch im Unterricht behandelt) # KI-LLMs: ## Agentische Programmierung: VSCode-Copilot-Übung – planen, ausführen (wird noch im Unterricht vermittelt) ## Dokumentation der Nutzung von KI-LLMs mit einer Liste der Anwendungsfälle, Vor- und Nachteile sowie Quellenangaben – Richtlinien werden bereitgestellt # Erledigung einer Teamaufgabe für das Klassenprojekt: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (wird noch im Unterricht vermittelt, wird über GitHub-Issue zugewiesen). ## Die drei Teams sind: ### Ausstellungshandbuch Wikidata-Einträge ### Sortierung von DNB-Einträgen ### Ausstellungskatalog der HsH-Bibliothek – Text- und Data-Mining ENDE --- == EN == ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ===== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ===== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link (timeline and graph https://w.wiki/J8NJ | https://w.wiki/J8aS ) # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. ===== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ===== ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== ===== Session 4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Session 5: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 6: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 7: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 8: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== --- ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). A. '''Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata.''' # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} '''''End of Session 1.''''' ==== Homework exercises ==== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] 0jgmyfb3pupviytn5edhsccj7w9ktw7 2812526 2812518 2026-06-02T09:52:03Z Mrchristian 281704 2812526 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE- See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ===== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ===== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link (timeline and graph https://w.wiki/J8NJ | https://w.wiki/J8aS ) # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. ===== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ===== ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== ===== Session 4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Session 5: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 6: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 7: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== ===== Session 8: Prototype Creation: Data entry, visualisation, and presentation ===== --- ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). A. '''Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata.''' # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} '''''End of Session 1.''''' ==== Homework exercises ==== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] 2hc9qt9fqadhyiq4xt1dkpnz31sd4uj 2812527 2812526 2026-06-02T09:59:58Z Mrchristian 281704 2812527 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE- See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ===== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ===== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link (timeline and graph https://w.wiki/J8NJ | https://w.wiki/J8aS ) # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. --- ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). A. '''Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata.''' # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} '''''End of Session 1.''''' ==== Homework exercises ==== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] fuektx18c1qjfndhda8u064xboatxab 2812529 2812527 2026-06-02T10:04:09Z Mrchristian 281704 session 1 clean up 2812529 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE- See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== '''A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata.''' ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} ===== Homework exercises: Session #1 ===== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? END of SESSION 1 --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] p5bbabu0u3nlj60cphpmgg0wpqxx03u 2812530 2812529 2026-06-02T10:04:51Z Mrchristian 281704 /* A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. */ 2812530 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE- See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} ===== Homework exercises: Session #1 ===== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? END of SESSION 1 --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] 8cneck8yl5ztrvhb3cicunmzi4x9po7 2812532 2812530 2026-06-02T10:16:29Z Mrchristian 281704 2812532 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE - See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' * Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Single exhibition entry example: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE * Exercise: [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exercise]] ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} ===== Homework exercises: Session #1 ===== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? END of SESSION 1 --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] hdmzta80dtc80u8h4lko5qcll8obnsj 2812536 2812532 2026-06-02T10:48:50Z Mrchristian 281704 /* Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions */ 2812536 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== DE - See language switch - top right ''Materials and Tasks for the module "BIM-126-02, SoSe 2026, Worthington/Blümel" for students at Hochschule Hannover. The materials are prepared with several colleagues from the [https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science Open Science Lab at TIB] Hannover.'' * Project GitHub repo: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Single exhibition entry example: https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE * Exercise: [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exercise]] ==== Summary ==== The eight session course covers an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD) in the context of : # Open Galleries Libraries Archives and Museums (GLAM), and; # The use of Wikimedia Foundation platforms. The Wikimedia Foundation platforms that will be used are: Wikidata; Wikibase, MediaWiki, and Wikimedia Commons. AI LLM will be used in the workflows: Code assistant ''copilot'', and a variety of AI LLM chat services for file generation and configurations to create SPARQL queries, Jinja 2.0 templates, etc. „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat The Methodologies employed are: Open-source software, Open Science, and rapid prototyping. ==== Linked Open Exhibition ==== The question being explored for the class is how can LOD be uséd to benefit museum exhibitions as Linked Open Exhibitions – a record of the exhibition, a catalogues of items in an exhibition, and other important data? As examples '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. With a focus of the question on how to make LOD records of '''items in an exhibition'''. ==== Learning points – In order of priority ==== # '''Wikidata/Wikibase LOD concepts:''' Items, Properties, Values, Qualifiers, Wikibase schemas, Classes, Lexemes, Knowledge Base, and Knowledge Graphs. # '''Linked Open Data (LOD):''' Semantic web, 5 star, RDF/Triples, Ontologies, Taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies. # '''Using LOD source:''' Identifiers, PIDs, information sources, media sources, and import and export tooling. # '''Data modelling:''' Methodologies, schema use, visualisation, and testing. # '''Data workflow tools:''' Git, IDE, AI code assistant (copilot), AI Chat, using Wikimedia Foundation tooling, data import and export tools, generating PIDs and making deposits in a scholarly repository. # '''Data presentation and data use:''' Wikidata Query Service results, MediaWiki infoboxes, AI Chat SPARQL query processing. # '''Open Science practice:''' Open-source software, Open Notebook Science, Open Licencing, PIDs, FAIR Data Principles, and ethical and good practice AI use. ==== Sessions ==== The sessions would be about cataloguing Sprengel Museum exhibitions using LOD and how to make visualisations and presentations. '''Learning to use LOD is the goal of the learning.''' The method will be to build out from a kernel of an ‘exhibition’ and add ‘item in an exhibition’. From the start the students will be the ones who make the LOD. This will start with minimal entries my by the students, then layering these up with – Identifiers, LOD Media sources, schemas, etc. And finally moving onto how to present the data in a way that satisfies the ‘use case’: '''to gain exhibitions increased visitors numbers and create greater depth of engagement'''. Here presentation technologies are used: MediaWiki infoboxes, Wikidata Query Service results, AI Chat SPARQL queries and other features, etc. ==== Session 1: Exhibition timeline creation - build out, add exhibitions ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} ===== Homework exercises: Session #1 ===== # Complete your allocated exhibition. Make sure all fields are complete from Table 1. If something cannot be added, either: A. Make a note in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet, or B. Send and email to [mailto:Simon.worththington@tib.eu simon.worththington@tib.eu] and I will help resolve your issue. '''Note: If you did not create an exhibition entry during the class make sure one is complete before the next class.''' # Create a GitHub account and add your GitHub handle next to your name, column ‘GitHub handle’, in the exhibition allocation spreadsheet. # Review your classmates exhibition entries. You have all been allocated a entry to review, see the Exhibition Allocation spreadsheet. Your name will be in column G. This first review has three questions – tick the boxes to show if each item has been complete and either add comments or correct the Wikidata exhibition entry. '''Note: If your allocated Exhibition entry hasn’t been made by you classmate then please contact them and ask them to complete the entry.''' Questions are: ## Are all the required fields present? ## Are all the fields correct? ## Is there an Deutsch and English entry? END of SESSION 1 --- ==== Session 2: Exhibition cataloguing - build up, add items, artists, catalogues ==== The session has five exercies: # Exhibition update # Artist # Exhibition catalogue # AI LLM SPARQL experiments # <s>Artwork</s> The exercises include the following concepts: ==== Exercises ==== ==== 1. Exhibition updates ==== * Homework review: Complete all fields for an exhibition. Review your assigned review exhibition answering the three questions: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch</blockquote> * For the label. Convert words in all caps to sentence case. Use: https://convertcase.net/title-case-converter/ | Change from, e.g., ADRIAN SAUER: TRUTH TABLESPECTRUM INTERNATIONALER PREIS FÜR FOTOGRAFIE DER STIFTUNG NIEDERSACHSEN to Adrian Sauer: Truth Tablespectrum Internationaler Preis Für Fotografie Der Stiftung Niedersachsen. * Add the English language versions. Use DeepL to translate: https://www.deepl.com/en/translator ** Title: Add English title * Add the following. Change P710 Teilnehmer (Participant) to P921 zentrales Thema '''artists name.''' ** Qualifier on central theme to indicate the person is contributing artwork. * Use: Qualifier P170 creator and add artist Q483501 (type artists and it will automcomplete) * Reference: Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID for a person, e.g., Gabriela Jolowicz https://d-nb.info/gnd/134184963 | Search your persons name and copy in the last part of number 134184963 * Talk page: Add in the review questions for your Wikidata entry: <blockquote>[ ] Sind alle erforderlichen Felder vorhanden? [ ] Sind alle Felder korrekt ausgefüllt? [ ] Gibt es einen Eintrag in Deutsch und Englisch?</blockquote>Notice the useful links that tell you more about connected Linked Open Data! Note: SPARQL query showing data model. Properties and and values. Results: https://w.wiki/JMLX Made with Gemini AI: https://gemini.google.com/share/c43f34a67f67 ==== Concepts ==== * Wikidata parts – see about and diagram: ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction/de ** https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction#/media/File:Datamodel_in_Wikidata.svg * Applying a review process using Talk pages * Adding References * Using a type of LOD source – '''An authority record''' Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) ID https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm * SPARQL query --- ==== 2. Artists ==== The objective here is to ensure all artists have been included in exhibition listing and to then review the existing artists entry. Later a SPARQL query will be made to compare statements about all the artists in our dataset. * Before reviewing artists items make sure all artists have been listed in the exhibition item, with qualifier of being an artist and a reference to their GND record. ===== Important statements ===== {| class="wikitable" |Concept |CIDOC CRM (Full) |Linked Art (Selection) |Wikidata Equivalent |Note |- |Entity |E21 Person |Person |Q5 (human) |The base instance. |- |Label/Name |P1 is identified by → E33_E41 |identified_by (Name) | |Linked Art flattens this into a simple list of names. |- | | | |P735 Given name | |- | | | |P734 Family name | |- |Profession |P2 has type → E55 Type |classified_as |P106 (occupation) |Map to AAT 300025103 (artist). |- |Birth |P98i was born → E67 Birth |born (Birth) |P569 (date of birth) |CRM treats birth as an event; Wikidata as a property. |- |Death |P100i died in → E69 Death |died (Death) |P570 (date of death) |If the artist is still living, this is omitted. |- |Nationality |P107i member of → E74 Group |classified_as (Type) |P27 (citizenship) |Linked Art often models nationality as a Type. |- |Reference |P1 identifies ← E42 Identifier |identified_by (Identifier) |QID (The URI itself) |Used to link to external authorities (ULAN, VIAF). |- |Commons category |? |? |P373 search name |<nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/</nowiki> |} From Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/share/578cc1b886d0 --- ===== Schemas and communities need consulting. ===== From Wikimedia: * WikiProject Visual Arts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts * Wikiproject Exhibitions: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Exhibitions Semi-formal Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data: https://kgi4nfdi.github.io/Guidelines/guide/wikibase/data_modelling_import/ Formal: CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) - https://cidoc-crm.org/ Linked Art (based on CIDOC) https://linked.art/model/actor/ ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Schemas * Use case * Bottom up design * Identifiers --- ==== 3. Exhibition Catalogue ==== Search in both of these two places to find information about the catalogue for your assigned exhibition. * Sprengel Museum publication catalogue - https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised * DND (example) you can search for the exhibition name or Sprengel Museum '''-''' https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung&cqlMode=true ''Note: Make a note of any links you find in the exhibition listings spreadsheet.'' ===== Make a Wikidata entry for the catalogue ===== Note: first search for publication before making Wikidata entry. Use title, use ISBN, use GND. An example publication from DNB and Sprengel Shop. * https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=Gabriela+and+Jolowicz%26any&currentPosition=0 * https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised ===== Enter these statements ===== Note: Remember Label and Description {| class="wikitable" |Property |Label |Description/Example |- |P31 |instance of |catalogue (Q2352616) |- |P1476 |title |The official title of the catalogue (e.g., Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting) |- |P50 |author |The main curator or art historian (item link) |- |P123 |publisher |The museum or publishing house (e.g., Louvre Museum) |- |P577 |publication date |Year of release (e.g., 2024) |- |P212 |ISBN-13 |The 13-digit standard book identifier |- | |GND |ID |- |P973 |described at URL |A link to the catalogue's page on the museum’s website |} Google Gemini https://gemini.google.com/share/9a21f5522192 Example input: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138646145 ===== Link the record back to the exhibition ===== P972 Title ==== Concepts ==== * Data modeling * Identifier * Data as CC Zero / Copyright of data --- ==== 4. AI LLM SPARQL experiments ==== The Wikidata has a SPARQL interface where the LOD in Wikidata can be searched (queried) and outputted in a number of ways, formats, and a visualisations. As well as being saved on the web. We will us AI LLM chat to generate SPARQL queries. Later we will learn the fundamentals of writing a SPARQL query. But for the moment we want to see how they have be generated, the options, and creative applications. Using chat services or code assistants can be a valuable way to learn about new technologies. {| class="wikitable" |Service |Best For |Standout Feature |Key Model(s) |- |'''ChatGPT''' |General Use & Tasks |Deep Research & Agent Mode |GPT-5.4, GPT-5 |- |'''Claude''' |Coding & Writing |Artifacts (interactive workspace) |Claude 4.5, 4.6 |- |'''Google Gemini''' |Google Ecosystem |Nano Banana (native image/video) |Gemini 3.1 Pro |- |Perplexity |Real-time Research |Native Citations & Search Labs |Sonar, GPT-5, Claude |- |MS Copilot |Office Productivity |Copilot Vision & 365 Integration |GPT-5.2, Prometheus |- |DeepSeek |Logical Reasoning |High-tier performance at low cost |DeepSeek-V3, R1 |- |Grok |Real-time Social Info |Unfiltered X (Twitter) integration |Grok 4.1 |- |'''Meta AI''' |Social Media |Seamless integration in WhatsApp/IG |Llama 4 (Scout) |- |Poe |Model Testing |Access multiple LLMs in one app |Multi-model aggregator |- |Mistral (Le Chat) |Privacy & Developers |European-hosted, GDPR-focused |Mistral Large 3 |} Some of these can also be used via KISSKI „KI-Servicezentrum für Sensible und Kritische Infrastrukturen“ (KISSKI) can be used for unmetered ChatGPT5 https://kisski.gwdg.de/leistungen/2-02-llm-service/ | https://chat-ai.academiccloud.de/chat  === The exercise === The group will be split into a number of Zoom breakout groups and then the group spends 20 minutes experimenting generating SPARQL queries and other creative applications. Paste in results here: https://tib.cloud/apps/files/files/8251374?dir=/NFDI4Culture/HsH/BIM26/bim26-shared&editing=false&openfile=true Each room is assigned a Chat engine. Maximum there will be four groups. ·      Group #1: '''ChatGPT''' ·      Group #2: '''Claude''' ·      Group #3: '''Google Gemini''' ·       Group #4: '''Meta AI''' === Example exercise === Chat bots can read  a SPARQL query or a Wikidata address. e.g., Item https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 query graph https://w.wiki/JPNc query timeline https://w.wiki/JPPN Item Sprengel Museum https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510144 Then the chatbot can be instructed to do things based on the information provided. You should ask the chat bot to generate Wikidata SPARQL queries and then paste the queries into the SPARQL querie interface. https://query.wikidata.org/ Use these examples and invent your own: # Create dashboard (count of things) # Create inventory (table) # Create graph data model Some output SPARQL queries ·       Map of artists place of birth - https://w.wiki/JPT3 ·       List of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/JPR3 ·       As plot of exhibitions - https://w.wiki/J8aS ==== Homework: Session 2 ==== Create a bottom up data model of an artwork in an exhibition. Include only the minimum information needed. The result should be a table like the ones presented for exhibition, artist, and catalogue. The table should include properties and attributes. You should consult the schemas mentioned above. You can use AI but attribute the AI and link to your question. If you use AI review the results and make notes about what you changed. Note: Think about how parts are related and what you need to add and what already exists in Wikidata. Submit your results as a spreadsheet or table. ===== Session 3: Museum visit - Sprengel Museum ===== 19 March 2026 ===== Session #4: Schemas and Prototyping (the end of class project) ===== ===== Recap and outline ===== Done * Creating exhibition entries in Wikidata * Filling our data models for Artist and Catalogue * Exploring the museum and its activities to help steer the prototype To do * Decide on the ideas for the prototype * Data model for items in an exhibition (Artwork and Exhibition) * Complete a data model for the end of the project that can be used by museums and complies to the sector standards – CIDOC and Wikidata. ===== What have we learned about the ‘Museum’s Story’ ===== TBC ===== Schemas ===== An opportunity to become familiar with how Linked Open Data is structured using common agreements on working practices. Over the period of the course a data model will be developed and finalised to describe ‘items in an exhibition’. The data model will be published for community consultation and testing. ===== Schemas and key concepts ===== Table: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP * Schema * Terminology Service * Controlled Vocabulary * Taxonomy * Ontology * Knowledge Graph Table X: link: https://tib.cloud/s/ZKNAAo3B8ATXsAP Terminology used in Linked Open Data (LOD) {| class="wikitable" |- ! **Concept** ! **Wikidata link (Concept)** ! **Primary Focus** ! **Analogy** ! **Example resource** ! **URL** ! **Example use** ! **URL** |- | Schema | Q1397073 | Data Structure | The Template. Conceptual schema / data model | Schema.org | https://schema.org/ | VisualArtwork | https://schema.org/VisualArtwork |- | | | | | | | Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM) "Among the Sierra Nevada, California" | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20475372 |- | Terminology Service | Q22692845 | Distribution | A Library of Vocabularies, Schemas, Ontologies, etc | TIB Terminology Service | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ | NFDI4CULTURE | https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies?and=false&page=1&sortedBy=title&size=10&collection=NFDI4CULTURE |- | Controlled Vocabulary | Q1469824 | Consistency | The Dictionary | Integrated Authority File / die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) | https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showShortList | Persons: Dürer, Albrecht | https://d-nb.info/gnd/117751669 |- | Taxonomy | Q8269924 | Hierarchy | Sorting things by type (general classification) | Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) | https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ | German Surrealist Max Ernst (painting techniques used) | https://www.guggenheim-venice.it/en/art/conservation-department-new/technical-studies-and-conservation-campaigns/portrait-of-an-artist-at-work-max-ernsts-surrealist-techniques/#:~:text=Frottage%20and%20Grattage,in%20his%20drawings%20in%201925. |- | | | | | Iconclass | https://iconclass.org/ | Max Ernst’s "The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child" (Parady) | https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-virgin-spanking-the-christ-child-before-three-witnesses-andre-breton-paul-eluard-and-the-1926 |- | Ontology | Q324254 | Semantics: Meaning & logic (information science) | The Rulebook or Writing Style Guide | CIDOC (Comité International pour la DOCumentation / International Committee for Documentation) | https://cidoc-crm.org/ | Sloane Lab Knowledge Base - unifying 3 collections | https://knowledgebase.sloanelab.org/resource/Start |- | Knowledge Graph | Q33002955 | Network of things and relations | A Navigational Map | Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance | https://www.census.de/ | Artemis search | https://database.census.de/#/detail/10013099 |- | | | | | Research Space | https://researchspace.org/ | Hokusai: The Great Picture Book of Everything | https://hokusai-great-picture-book-everything.researchspace.org/resource/rsp:Start |} ===== Schemas exercise ===== Spreadsheet to work on: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (password: bim2026) We will be looking at: Exhibition, Artist, and Catalogue. '''''Enter the URLs found. Add new rows, columns, comments if needed. Keep manual searches as well as AI searches for comparison.''''' ===== Exercise #1: Enter links into the spreadsheet of matching items from the following: ===== * Wikidata:WikiProject Exhibitions/Properties * Generic Wikibase Model for Cultural Data - Wikibase4Research NFDI4Culture * CIDOC CRM (Full) * Terminology Service (NFDII4Culture) * Wikidata ===== Exercise #2: Use AI LLM to find matching items ===== * https://gemini.google.com/ ==== Prototyping ==== Either in this session or in the next session the group will be divided into teams. ===== Schema ===== # Data model development: ‘items in an exhibition’ ===== Quarto publication parts ===== # A catalogue of a Sprengel Museum exhibition # A catalogue of all exhibitions and exhibition catalogues # Catalogue of exhibition entries --- ==== Learning to use Quarto and inserting an exhibition entry ==== Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- ===== Homework - session #4 ===== * Get all books from HsH library that are Sprengel Museum exhibition catalogues. Bring to the next class * Make an exhibition entry if not done * Work with VSCode and the Agent and experiment * Add entries from existing ontologies: https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp?dir=/&editing=false&openfile=true ==== Sitzung 5: Prototyping: Running Quarto Prototype, Federation, Prototype Teams ==== * Running Quarto Prototype - https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype * DNB data download https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition * Data Federation - WB4R ===== Links ===== https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page Glossar - https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/Documentation/glossary ===== DNB Search ===== https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books Sprengel Museum, 602 Artikel '''About the DNB''' https://www.dnb.de/librarylab https://deutsche-nationalbibliothek.github.io/jupyterlite/lab/ '''Also''' https://wiki.dnb.de/spaces/LINKEDDATASERVICE/pages/449878933/DNB+SPARQL+Service+BETA ===== Prototype Teams ===== * DNB Data * Katalog scan * Exhibition entries * Datenmodell (alle) ===== --- ===== == Session 6: Class Project – Prototyping: ''Linked Open Exhibitions'' == Prototype URL (currently 2026-04-29 a shell framework): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ ==== Program: ==== 11:30 – 11:50 (20 min) '''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions.''' What is it and what needs to be delivered. Allocation to sub-project and tasks outline. '''Activity #1: Bottom-up data modeling: Data mapping''' 11:50 – 12:20 (30 min) Data finding and exploration (break out rooms) 12:20 – 12:40 (20 min) Review data findings (class discussion) 12:40 – 12:55 (15 min) Pause Break '''Activity #2: Top-down data modeling: Schema mapping''' 12:55 – 13:35 (40 min) Map data against schemas (break out rooms) 13:35 – 13:55 (20 min) Review findings (class discussion) '''13:55 – 14:15 (20 min) Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions''' --- ==== Important links ==== * '''Main Prototype repository:''' https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ * Quarto setup: ‘''BIM Prototype 02 Quarto Website’:'' https://mrchristian.github.io/prototype/ * Instructions for ‘Tech Stack’: ''Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags'' [[BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einführung in Quarto und Einfügen eines Ausstellungsbeitrags|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/BIM-126-02-Data-Science-Linked-Open-Exhibition#Einf%C3%BChrung_in_Quarto_und_Einf%C3%BCgen_eines_Ausstellungsbeitrags]] * Earlier Prototype (2025): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/open-museum/ ==== ''Outline: Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions'' ==== Prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Repo: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Why? * Rapid Prototyping in this context is used to learn about ‘Data Modeling using Linked Open Data’. '''''NB: The data modeling skills and experience learned here is a core competence that gives a foundation to be able to create data models in a wide set of professional contexts.''''' ** How to do data modeling ** To use method: Bottom-up; KISS (Keep it Short and Simple); Top-down ** Evaluation and validation ** Operationalize a data model ** User testing ** Good practice, including Open Scholarship (Open Science) practice. e.g. FAIR Data Principles ** Experiment with AI LLMs and agentic coding in the workflow * Rapid Prototyping is a Design Research methodology – meaning to create or discover knowledge by doing. What? Create a website prototype a the whole class: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ The website is made of three data driven sub-projects: # Manual Wikidata entries for Sprengel Museum website – class entries already made # Bulk exhibition entries derived from 600+ DNB records for ‘Sprengel Museum’ - imported # HsH Library information records for a search on the Sprengel Museum and one scan of a Sprengel Museum catalogue for Text and Data Mining (TDM) – to do How? Simon Worthington will act as Publication Manager. This involves running or guiding complex software parts. Copilot agentic coding will be used (experimented with) for some parts. Class is divided into three teams of the sub-projects: # Sprengel Museum exhibitions website; # DNB records ‘Sprengel Museum’ # Text and Data Mining: Library catalogue Sprengel Museum Each team carries out the same tasks for their parts to complete a round of data modeling: # Collect data – bottom-up method # Validate the data – top-down method # Presentation of data – Quarto website ‘[https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Linked Open Exhibitions]’ Goal: Definition-of-done (DoD) ''NB: Developer speak'' * A documented data model (Table) with diagram (Mermaid, GraphVis, or Draw.io) * Mapping of data model to schemas (Table) * Idea for presentation of data for each sub-section in the prototype and implementation with Publication Manager assistance, e.g., for DNB a chronological list of exhibitions with images. * Documentation of AI LLM use as an assistant, attribution, and comments on good practice * Data provenance and good practice checklist completion * The final result ‘Class Project – Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions’ will be made as an institutional deposit with [https://zenodo.org/ Zenodo]. --- ==== Activity #1: Collecting data and bottom up data modeling ==== Confirm, create, or expand existing data models by looking at the source. Each project has a source: * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website, exhibition listings: ** https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ and ** spreadsheet of entered exhibitions CSV GitHub | Spreadsheet TIB Cloud (passworded) ** In prototype: https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/exhibitions.html * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://portal.dnb.de/opac/moveDown?currentResultId=Sprengel+and+Museum%26any&categoryId=books | https://wikibase.wbworkshop.tibwiki.io/ ** CSV https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/blob/main/catalogues/sprengel_exhibitions.csv ** Images of book covers https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/linked-open-exhibition/tree/main/catalogues/images * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’: ** https://katalog.bib.hs-hannover.de/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=Sprengel%2BMuseum ** Team 3 have to start from scratch as as yet we don’t have a library record or item in an exhibition data model. Tip: look back at the other models to start building up your data models. '''>>> Add to data model here:''' https://tib.cloud/s/PicTdwCEqCQ6pBp (passworded) ==== OBJECTIVE ==== To ensure that the data model can represent the source. Are there enough entries to describe the things that make up the source. The process is iterative, meaning it keeps on being repeated with improvements and changes being made. ==== TASKS ==== * Edit the purple grey area, thje green are will be edited in the next activity * Review and correct existing information * Add new concepts if the source needs it * Orange areas need filling in. The cells might need editing or added to. * Data types can be found on Property Pages only Items (QIDs) don’t have data types, in <nowiki>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476</nowiki> under the Label - ''Data type'' * URI is equivelent to URL Tips * Look at other examples on Wikidata: Artists, exhibitions, catalogues, bibliographic, or items in an exhibition. * Use an AI to lookup schema explanations or options. Register with KISSKI to get better AI privacy use. ==== Activity #2: Top down data modeling validation ==== * Team #1: Sprengel Museum website * Team #2: DNB records of search for ‘Sprengel Museum’ * Team #3: HsH Library information on catalogues for ‘Sprengel Museum’ ===== OBJECTIVE ===== Map all concepts ==== TASKS ==== Look up the concept in the different resources and add mapping links, Work time: Open time-slot to review running ‘Tech Stack’ or address any other questions --- ===== Homework ===== * Complete the Bottom-up and Top-down modelling * Team #3: Visit the library and make a digital scan on a copier machine, store as PDF. The scan will be used for text and data mining and the file deleted and destroyed after. We will only be extracting metadata from the scan. * Come along to the next class with ideas and suggestions for what you would like to have displayed from your data and data models in the prototype. --- == Delivery and contribution to the Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions. == Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/   Tasks to be to be completed by students and that will be evaluated and contribute to the assessment: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining [[Category:Wikidata]] idaczw7awxw8cvgh2aaphirxsevossn 0 328204 2812454 2812383 2026-06-01T19:04:42Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812454 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | Editing for this human researched and human written article was provided by [[https://gemini.google.com/app|Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]] Google Terms Opens in a new window and the Google Privacy Policy Opens in a new window apply. Gemini is AI and can make mistakes. |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] 725go8ir5c3xa7dlhwh8d2phrdjq11i 2812456 2812454 2026-06-01T19:05:34Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812456 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | Editing for this human researched and human written article was provided by [[https://gemini.google.com|Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]] Google Terms Opens in a new window and the Google Privacy Policy Opens in a new window apply. Gemini is AI and can make mistakes. |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] 6z7lkqih7vuhnmn7fssmnhel5sia3sk 2812457 2812456 2026-06-01T19:07:02Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812457 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | This is a human researched and human written article, which recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com|Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"] Google Terms Opens in a new window and the Google Privacy Policy Opens in a new window apply. Gemini is AI and can make mistakes. |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] 1etzo2izqu82l6j3lu7upvur86gtcx3 2812458 2812457 2026-06-01T19:07:35Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812458 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com | Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"] Google Terms Opens in a new window and the Google Privacy Policy Opens in a new window apply. Gemini is AI and can make mistakes. |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] dkx230csb77pg93h6k5psw8du444dt9 2812459 2812458 2026-06-01T19:08:24Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812459 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"] } Google Terms Opens in a new window and the Google Privacy Policy Opens in a new window apply. Gemini is AI and can make mistakes. |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] pcma6tvgmdmdly4ipqovzafde3vez84 2812460 2812459 2026-06-01T19:09:11Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812460 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"] } This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] qm9674rbnypd1m90kxcka4osbhh2iw4 2812462 2812460 2026-06-01T19:10:12Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812462 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"] |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] hioy45731oyq9qpwk00n4hv6zthk22x 2812463 2812462 2026-06-01T19:11:46Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812463 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | {{RoundBoxTop}} This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]{{RoundBoxBottom}} |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] ts16fnlsptizm4vk9okpzh5ja7tbzgq 2812464 2812463 2026-06-01T19:18:19Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 2812464 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | {{RoundBoxTop}} Notice: This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]{{RoundBoxBottom}} |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] mgexgoi9vlt2s7p4dhavjkhllzbtmgg 2812491 2812464 2026-06-01T22:59:57Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* */ 2812491 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} |- | {{RoundBoxTop}} Notice: This human researched and human written article recieved extensive editing support from [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]{{RoundBoxBottom}} |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] 27siyjsqpj2yt37qvf5k4h18x3bv030 2812493 2812491 2026-06-01T23:05:30Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* */ The "notice" text was edited by Google Gemini and reworded. 2812493 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} |- | {{RoundBoxTop}} Notice: This article was researched and written by a human author, with editing assistance provided by Google Gemini. [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]{{RoundBoxBottom}} |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] 38zw3d2wudjzwjq1iozto172wmytyzx 2812494 2812493 2026-06-01T23:05:55Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* */ 2812494 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} |- | {{RoundBoxTop}} Notice: This article was researched and written by a human author, with editing assistance provided by [https://gemini.google.com Google "Gemini, your personal AI assistant"]{{RoundBoxBottom}} |} This page extends the mathematical insights presented in the 2017 article, [https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ ''Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs''] by Paul D. While the original article offers compelling arguments, this analysis provides additional evidence and demonstrates that the underlying numerical data is even more robust and systematic than initially identified. == Summary of Main Arguments == The ages of the patriarchs in Genesis are not historical records, but are a symbolic mathematical structure. Key points include: * '''Artificial Mathematical Design:''' Patriarchal lifespans and event years are based on symbolic or "perfect" numbers (such as 7, 49, and 60) rather than biological or historical reality. * '''The Universal Flood as a Later Insertion:''' Evidence suggests the universal scope of Noah's Flood was a later addition to a patriarchal foundation story. This insertion disrupted the original timelines, forcing recalibrations in the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX) to avoid chronological contradictions. * '''Chronological Overlaps:''' In the original numerical framework (prior to recalibration for a universal flood), four patriarchs survived beyond the date of the Flood. * '''Alignment with Sacred Cycles:''' The chronologies are designed to align significant events—such as the Exodus and the dedication of Solomon’s Temple—with specific "years of the world" (''Anno Mundi''), synchronizing human history with a divine calendar. = ''Arichat Yamim'' (Long Life) = Most of the patriarchs' lifespans in the Hebrew Bible exceed typical human demographics, and many appear to be based on rounded multiples of 101 years. For example, the combined lifespans of Seth, Enosh, and Kenan total '''2,727 years''' (27 × 101). Likewise, the sum for Mahalalel, Jared, and Enoch is '''2,222 years''' (22 × 101), and for Methuselah and Noah, it is '''1,919 years''' (19 × 101). This phenomenon is difficult to explain, as no known ancient number system features "101" as a significant unit. However, a possible explanation emerges if we assume the original chronographer arrived at these figures through a two-stage process: an initial prototype relying on Mesopotamian sexagesimal numbers, followed by a refined prototype rounded to the nearest Jubilee cycle. In his 1989 London Bible College thesis, ''The Genealogies of Genesis: A Study of Their Structure and Function'', Richard I. Johnson argues that the cumulative lifespans of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses derive from a "perfect" Mesopotamian value: seven ''šar'' (7 × 3,600) or 420 ''šūši'' (420 × 60), divided by two. Using the sexagesimal (base-60) system, the calculation is structured as follows: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7\,\text{šar}}{2} &= \frac{420\,\text{šūši}}{2} \\ &= 210\,\,\text{šūši} \\ &= \left(210 \times 60 \,\text{years} \right) \\ &= 12,600 \, \text{years} \end{aligned} </math> This 12,600-year total was partitioned into three allotments, each based on a 100-Jubilee cycle (4,900 years) but rounded to the nearest Mesopotamian ''šūši'' (multiples of 60). ==== Prototype 1: Initial "Mesopotamian" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> The initial "PT1" framework partitioned the 12,600-year total into three allotments based on 100-Jubilee cycles (rounded to the nearest ''šūši''): * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Six patriarchs allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. This approximates 100 Jubilees (82 × 60 ≈ 100 × 49). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' These 17 patriarchs were also allotted a combined sum of '''82 ''šūši'' (4,920 years)'''. * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah were allotted the remaining '''46 ''šūši'' (2,760 years)''' (12,600 − 4,920 − 4,920). </div> ---- ==== Prototype 2: Refined "Jubilee" Allocation ==== ---- <div style="background-color: #fdf7ff; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #9c27b0;"> Because the rounded Mesopotamian sums in Prototype 1 were not exact Jubilee multiples, the framework was refined by shifting 29 years from the "Remainder" to each of the two primary groups. This resulted in the "PT2" figures as follows: * '''Group 1 (Seth to Enoch):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 2 (Adam, plus Shem to Moses):''' Increased to '''4,949 years''' (101 × 49-year Jubilees). * '''Group 3 (The Remainder):''' Decreased by 58 years to '''2,702 years''' (12,600 − 4,949 − 4,949). </div> ---- '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="width:100%; color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in a patriarch surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Prototype Chronologies (Age at death) |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e0f2f1; border-bottom:2px solid #009688;" | PROTOTYPE 1<br/>(PT1) ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PROTOTYPE 2<br/>(PT2) |- | rowspan="6" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 1}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|45 šūši}}<br/><small>(2700)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2727</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|37 šūši}}<br/><small>(2220)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 15 <small>(900)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2222</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 6 <small>(360)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 365 |- | rowspan="3" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 3}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|46 šūši}}<br/><small>(2760)</small></div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|32 šūši}}<br/><small>(1920)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2702</div> | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1919</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 14 <small>(840)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 783 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 |- | rowspan="18" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|Group 2}}</div> | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|82 šūši}}<br/><small>(4920)</small></div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|40 šūši}}<br/><small>(2400)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 16 <small>(960)</small> | rowspan="18" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">4949</div> | rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">2401</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 10 <small>(600)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 438 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 7 <small>(420)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 433 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|25 šūši}}<br/><small>(1500)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 8 <small>(480)</small> | rowspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1525</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 464 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 4 <small>(240)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 239 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 230 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 148 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">{{nowrap|17 šūši}}<br/><small>(1020)</small></div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | rowspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | <div style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(270deg);">1023</div> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 3 <small>(180)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 147 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Levi | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 137 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kohath | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 133 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Amram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 131 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 2 <small>(120)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | 120 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="6" | 210 šūši<br/><small>(12,600 years)</small> |} ==Mesopotamian Derived Lifespans== [[File:Diagram of the Supplementary Hypothesis.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Diagram of the [[w:supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary hypothesis]], a popular model of the [[w:composition_of_the_Torah|composition of the Torah]]. The Priestly source is shown as '''P'''.]] Many scholars believe the biblical chronology was developed by an individual or school of scribes known as the [[w:Priestly_source|Priestly source]] (see diagram). Deprived of a physical Temple, the Judean elite focused on transforming oral traditions into a permanent, 'portable' written Law. To do so, scribes likely adopted the prestigious sexagesimal (base-60) mathematical system of their captors, codifying a history that would command respect within a Mesopotamian intellectual context. The presence of these mathematical structures provides strong evidence that these lifespans were integrated into the biblical narrative during or shortly after the Babylonian captivity (c. 586–538 BCE). The following comparison illustrates how the '''Prototype 1''' chronology utilized timespans found in the [[w:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List (SKL)]]. The longest lifespans in this chronology—960 and 900 years—are figures well-represented as Sumerian kingship durations. * '''16 ''šūši'' (960 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Kullassina-bel|Kullassina-bel]], [[w:Kalibum|Kalibum]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Adam, Jared, Methuselah, Noah * '''15 ''šūši'' (900 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Zuqaqip|Zuqaqip]], [[w:Melem-Kish|Melem-Kish]], [[w:Ilku|Ilku]], [[w:Enmebaragesi|Enmebaragesi]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel * '''10 ''šūši'' (600 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:Atab|Atab]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Shem * '''7 ''šūši'' (420 years)''' ** SKL: [[w:En-tarah-ana|En-tarah-ana]], [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]] ** '''Prototype 1''': Arpachshad, Shelah The precise alignment of these four distinct groupings suggests that the Prototype 1 Chronology was not merely inspired by Mesopotamian traditions, but was mathematically calibrated to synchronize with them. Notably, in his work ''[[w:Antiquities_of_the_Jews|Antiquities of the Jews]]'', [[w:Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] characterizes several pre-flood (antediluvian) patriarchs as having explicit leadership or ruling roles, further mirroring the regal nature of the Sumerian list. ==The Grouping of Adam== The placement of Adam in Group 2 for lifespan allotments is surprising given his role as the first human male in the Genesis narrative. Interestingly, Mesopotamian mythology faces a similar ambiguity regarding the figure Adapa. In [[w:Apkallu#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?|some inscriptions (click here)]], the word "Adapa" is linked to the first sage and associated with the first pre-flood king, Ayalu (often identified as [[w:Alulim|Alulim]]). In [[w:Adapa#Other_myths|other myths (click here)]], Adapa is associated with the post-flood king, [[w:Enmerkar|Enmerkar]]. In the [[w:Apkallu#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages|"Uruk List of Kings and Sages"]] (165 BC), discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid-era temple of Anu in Bīt Rēš, the text documents a clear succession of divine and human wisdom. It consists of a list of seven antediluvian kings and their associated semi-divine sages (apkallū), followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see [[w:Gilgamesh_flood_myth|Gilgamesh flood myth]]). After this break, the list continues with eight more king-sage pairs representing the post-flood era, where the "sages" eventually transition into human scholars. A tentative translation reads: *During the reign of [[w:Alulim|'''Ayalu''', the king, '''Adapa''' was sage]]. *During the reign of [[w:Alalngar|'''Alalgar''', the king, '''Uanduga''' was sage]]. *During the reign of '''Ameluana''', the king, '''Enmeduga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Amegalana''', the king, '''Enmegalama''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeusumgalana''', the king, '''Enmebuluga''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Dumuzi''', the shepherd, the king, '''Anenlilda''' was sage. *During the reign of '''Enmeduranki''', the king, '''Utuabzu''' was sage. *After the flood, during the reign of '''Enmerkar''', the king, '''Nungalpirigal''' was sage . . . *During the reign of '''Gilgamesh''', the king, '''Sin-leqi-unnini''' was scholar. . . . This list illustrates the traditional sequence of sages that parallels the biblical patriarchs, leading to several specific similarities in their roles and narratives. ==== Mesopotamian Similarities ==== *[[w:Adapa#As_Adam|Adam as Adapa]]: Possible parallels include the similarity in names (potentially sharing the same linguistic root) and thematic overlaps. Both accounts feature a trial involving the consumption of purportedly deadly food, and both figures are summoned before a deity to answer for their transgressions. *[[w:En-men-dur-ana#Myth|Enoch as Enmeduranki]]: Enoch appears in the biblical chronology as the seventh pre-flood patriarch, while Enmeduranki is listed as the seventh pre-flood king in the Sumerian King List. The Hebrew [[w:Book of Enoch|Book of Enoch]] describes Enoch’s divine revelations and heavenly travels. Similarly, the Akkadian text ''Pirišti Šamê u Erṣeti'' (Secrets of Heaven and Earth) recounts Enmeduranki being taken to heaven by the gods Shamash and Adad to be taught the secrets of the cosmos. *[[w:Utnapishtim|Noah as Utnapishtim]]: Similar to Noah, Utnapishtim is warned by a deity (Enki) of an impending flood and tasked with abandoning his possessions to build a massive vessel, the Preserver of Life. Both narratives emphasize the preservation of the protagonist's family, various animals, and seeds to repopulate the world. Utnapishtim is the son of [[w:Ubara-Tutu|Ubara-Tutu]], who in broader Mesopotamian tradition was understood to be the son of En-men-dur-ana, who traveled to heaven. Similarly, Noah is a descendant (the great-grandson) of Enoch, who was also taken to heaven. ==== Conclusion ==== The dual association of Adapa—as both the first antediluvian sage and a figure linked to the post-flood king Enmerkar—provides a compelling mythological parallel to the numerical "surprise" of Adam’s grouping. Just as Adapa bridges the divide between the primordial era and the post-flood world, Adam’s placement in Group 2 suggests a similar thematic ambiguity. This pattern is further reinforced by the figure of Enoch, whose role as the seventh patriarch mirrors Enmeduranki, the seventh king; both serve as pivotal links between humanity and the divine realm. Together, these overlaps imply that the biblical lifespan allotments were influenced by ancient conventions that viewed the progression of kingship and wisdom as a fluid, structured tradition rather than a strictly linear history. ==The Universal Flood== In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, four pre-flood patriarchs—[[w:Jared (biblical figure)|Jared]], [[w:Methuselah|Methuselah]], [[w:Lamech (Genesis)|Lamech]], and [[w:Noah|Noah]]—are attributed with exceptionally long lifespans, and late enough in the chronology that their lives overlap with the Deluge. This creates a significant anomaly where these figures survive the [[w:Genesis flood narrative|Universal Flood]], despite not being named among those saved on the Ark in the biblical narrative. It is possible that the survival of these patriarchs was initially not a theological problem. For example, in the eleventh tablet of the ''[[w:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the hero [[w:Utnapishtim|Utnapishtim]] is instructed to preserve civilization by loading his vessel not only with kin, but with "all the craftsmen." Given the evident Mesopotamian influences on early biblical narratives, it is possible that the original author of the biblical chronology may have operated within a similar conceptual framework—one in which Noah preserved certain forefathers alongside his immediate family, thereby bypassing the necessity of their death prior to the deluge. Alternatively, the author may have envisioned the flood as a localized event rather than a universal cataclysm, which would not have required the total destruction of human life outside the Ark. Whatever the intentions of the original author, later chronographers were clearly concerned with the universality of the Flood. Consequently, chronological "corrections" were implemented to ensure the deaths of these patriarchs prior to the deluge. The lifespans of the problematic patriarchs are detailed in the table below. Each entry includes the total lifespan with the corresponding birth and death years (Anno Mundi, or years after creation) provided in parentheses. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Bible Chronologies: Lifespan (Birth year) (Death year) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | 847 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1307)</small> | 962 <br/><small>(460)<br/>(1422)</small> | colspan="2" | 962 <br/><small>(960)<br/>(1922)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1556)</small> | 720 <br/> <small>(587)<br/>(1307)</small> | 969 <br/> <small>(687)<br/>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 969 <br/><small>(1287)<br/>(2256)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 783 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1437)</small> | 653 <br/> <small>(654)<br/>(1307)</small> | 777 <br/> <small>(874)<br/>(1651)</small> | 753 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2207)</small> | 723 <br/> <small>(1454)<br/>(2177)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(707)<br/>(1657)</small> | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1056)<br/>(2006)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 950 <br/> <small>(1642)<br/>(2592)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | The Flood | colspan="2" | <small>(1307)</small> | <small>(1656)</small> | colspan="2" |<small>(2242)</small> |} === Samaritan Adjustments === As shown in the table above, the '''Samaritan Pentateuch''' (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech while leaving their birth years unchanged (460 AM, 587 AM, and 654 AM respectively). This adjustment ensures that all three patriarchs die precisely in the year of the Flood (1307 AM), leaving Noah as the sole survivor. While this mathematically resolves the overlap, the solution is less than ideal from a theological perspective; it suggests that these presumably righteous forefathers were swept away in the same judgment as the wicked generation, perishing in the same year as the Deluge. === Masoretic Adjustments === The '''Masoretic Text''' (MT) maintains the original lifespan and birth year for Jared, but implements specific shifts for his successors. It moves Methuselah's birth and death years forward by exactly '''one hundred years'''; he is born in year 687 AM (rather than 587 AM) and dies in year 1656 AM (rather than 1556 AM). Lamech's birth year is moved forward by '''two hundred and twenty years''', and his lifespan is reduced by six years, resulting in a birth in year 874 AM (as opposed to 654 AM) and a death in year 1651 AM (as opposed to 1437 AM). Finally, Noah's birth year and the year of the flood are moved forward by '''three hundred and forty-nine years''', while his original lifespan remains unchanged. These adjustments shift the timeline of the Flood forward sufficiently so that Methuselah's death occurs in the year of the Flood and Lamech's death occurs five years prior, effectively resolving the overlap. However, this solution is less than ideal because it creates significant irregularities in the ages of the fathers at the birth of their successors (see table below). In particular, Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech are respectively '''162''', '''187''', and '''182''' years old at the births of their successors—ages that are notably higher than the preceding patriarchs Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, and Enoch, who are respectively '''130''', '''105''', '''90''', '''70''', '''65''', and '''65''' in the Masoretic Text. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" | 67 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="2" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" | 53 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 |} === Septuagint Adjustments === In his article ''[https://isthatinthebible.wordpress.com/2017/08/24/some-curious-numerical-facts-about-the-ages-of-the-patriarchs/ Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]'', the author Paul D makes the following statement regarding the Septuagint (LXX): <blockquote>“The LXX’s editor methodically added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begat his son. Adam begat Seth at age 230 instead of 130, and so on. This had the result of postponing the date of the Flood by 900 years without affecting the patriarchs’ lifespans, which he possibly felt were too important to alter. Remarkably, however, the editor failed to account for Methuselah’s exceptional longevity, so old Methuselah still ends up dying 14 years after the Flood in the LXX. (Whoops!)”</blockquote> The Septuagint solution avoids the Samaritan issue where multiple righteous forefathers were swept away in the same year as the wicked. It also avoids the Masoretic issue of having disparate fathering ages. However, the Septuagint solution of adding hundreds of years to the chronology subverts mathematical motifs upon which the chronology was originally built. Abraham fathering Isaac at the age of 100 is presented as a miraculous event within the post-flood Abraham narrative; yet, having a long line of ancestors who begat sons when well over a hundred and fifty significantly dilutes the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. {{RoundBoxTop}} ====The "Whoops Theory": A Digression==== Paul D.’s "Whoops Theory" suggests the LXX editor added 100 years to the age at which each patriarch begot his son, intending to "fix" the timeline, but somehow failed in the case of Methuselah. Fortunately, in addition to the biblical text traditions themselves, the writings of early chronographers provide insight into how these histories were developed. The LXX was the favored source for most Christian scholars during the early church period. Consider the following statement by Eusebius in his ''Chronicon'': <blockquote>"Methusaleh fathered Lamech when he was 167 years of age. He lived an additional 802 years. Thus he would have survived the flood by 22 years."</blockquote> This statement illustrates that Eusebius, as early as 325 AD, was aware of these chronological tensions. If he recognized the discrepancy, it is highly probable that earlier chronographers would also have been conscious of the overlap, suggesting it was not part of the earliest traditions but was a later development. ==== Demetrius the Chronographer ==== Writing in the late 3rd century BC (c. 221 BC), '''Demetrius the Chronographer''' stands as the earliest known witness to biblical chronological calculations. Despite the fragmentary nature of his work, his data remains pivotal; Demetrius explicitly calculated 2,264 years between the creation of Adam and the Flood, a total that inherently supports a longer chronology where Methuselah’s fathering age is '''187''' years rather than '''167'''. In the original article's comments, a debate surfaced regarding this longer chronology and the '''187''' year fathering age for Methuselah. Paul D. defends his "Whoops Theory" by systematically challenging the validity of early witnesses, particularly those that support the longer timeline: * '''Josephus:''' Characterized as being dependent on the Masoretic tradition rather than an independent witness. * '''Pseudo-Philo:''' Dismissed entirely due to severe textual corruption (described as "a real mess"). * '''Julius Africanus:''' Questioned because his records survive only through a later intermediary, Syncellus. * '''Demetrius:''' Rejected as a witness because his chronology contains an additional two years whose precise placement remains unknown. * '''Codex Alexandrinus:''' Identified as the lone legitimate witness to the 187-year fathering age. The dismissal of Julius Africanus due to his survival through an intermediary, or the disqualification of Demetrius based on a two-year uncertainty, is arguably overstated. As shown in the comparative tables below, there is remarkably little variation in the "LONG CHRONOLOGY" begettal ages. They are identical for Adam through Enoch, with some variation in the last few patriarchs prior to the flood. The below reconstructed Demetrius chronology employs a plausible explanation for the 2-year discrepancy: the ambiguity surrounding the precise timing of the Flood in relation to the births of Shem and Arphaxad. As explored later in this resource, chronographers frequently differ on whether Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood (Gen 11:10) or in the same year—a nuance that can account for such variances without necessitating the rejection of the witness. Given that Demetrius operates within the longest known chronological framework, the suggestion that he utilized longer begettal ages for earlier patriarchs while failing to apply the correction for Methuselah—the very figure requiring it most in such an expanded timeline—is statistically and logically improbable. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Flood Adjustment Summary === In summary, there was no ideal methodology for accommodating a universal flood within the various textual traditions. * In the '''Prototype 2''' chronology, multiple ancestors survive the flood alongside Noah. This dilutes Noah's status as the sole surviving patriarch, which in turn weakens the legitimacy of the [[w:Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic|Noahic covenant]]—a covenant predicated on the premise that God had destroyed all humanity in a universal reset, making Noah a fresh start in God's relationship with humanity. * The '''Samaritan''' solution was less than ideal because Noah's presumably righteous ancestors perish in the same year as the wicked, which appears to undermine the discernment of God's judgments. * The '''Masoretic''' and '''Septuagint''' solutions, by adding hundreds of years to begettal ages, normalize what is intended to be the miraculous birth of Isaac when Abraham was an hundred years old. == Additional Textual Evidence == Because no single surviving manuscript preserves the original PT2 in its entirety, it must be reconstructed using internal textual evidence. As described previously, a primary anchor for this reconstruction is the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Seth-to-Enoch group (Group 1), which is preserved across nearly all textual traditions. Also, where traditions diverge from this sum, they do so in patterns that preserve underlying symmetries and reveal the editorial intent of later redactors, as shown in the following tables. (The '''Armenian Eusebius''' chronology does not explicitly record lifespans for Levi, Kohath, and Amram. These specific values are assumed to be shared across other known ''Long Chronology'' traditions.) === Lifespan Adjustments by Individual Patriarch === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Individual Patriarch Lifespans) |- ! rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | Patriarch ! colspan="1" rowspan = "2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (Armenian) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 800}} <br/>= 930 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|230 + 700}} <br/>= 930 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|105 + 807}} <br/>= 912 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|205 + 707}} <br/>= 912 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|90 + 815}} <br/>= 905 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|190 + 715}} <br/>= 905 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 840}} <br/>= 910 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|170 + 740}} <br/>= 910 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 830}} <br/>= 895 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 730}} <br/>= 895 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|62 + 900}} <br/>= 962 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 | {{nowrap|62 + 785}} <br/>= 847 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|162 + 800}} <br/>= 962 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|65 + 300}} <br/>= 365 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|165 + 200}} <br/>= 365 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|67 + 902}} <br/>= 969 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|187 + 782}} <br/>= 969 | {{nowrap|67 + 653}} <br/>= 720 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|167 + 802}} <br/>= 969 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|53 + 730}} <br/>= 783 | {{nowrap|182 + 595}} <br/>= 777 | {{nowrap|53 + 600}} <br/>= 653 | {{nowrap|188 + 565}} <br/>= 753 | {{nowrap|188 + 535}} <br/>= 723 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|502 + 448}} <br/>= 950 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|500 + 450}} <br/>= 950 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem | colspan="5" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | {{nowrap|100 + 500}} <br/>= 600 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arpachshad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|35 + 403}} <br/>= 438 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|135 + 303}} <br/>= 438 | {{nowrap|135 + 400}} <br/>= 535 | {{nowrap|135 + 403}} <br/>= 538 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan (II) | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | — | 460 | — |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 403}} <br/>= 433 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 303}} <br/>= 433 | {{nowrap|130 + 330}} <br/>= 460 | {{nowrap|130 + 406}} <br/>= 536 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|34 + 430}} <br/>= 464 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|134 + 270}} <br/>= 404 | {{nowrap|134 + 433}} <br/>= 567 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 209}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 109}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 209}} <br/>= 339 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|32 + 207}} <br/>= 239 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|132 + 107}} <br/>= 239 | {{nowrap|132 + 207}} <br/>= 339 | {{nowrap|135 + 207}} <br/>= 342 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|30 + 200}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|130 + 100}} <br/>= 230 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|130 + 200}} <br/>= 330 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|? + ?}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|29 + 119}} <br/>= 148 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|79 + 69}} <br/>= 148 | {{nowrap|179 + 125}} <br/>= 304 | {{nowrap|79 + 119}} <br/>= 198 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 | {{nowrap|70 + 75}} <br/>= 145 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|70 + 135}} <br/>= 205 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abraham | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|100 + 75}} <br/>= 175 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Isaac | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|60 + 120}} <br/>= 180 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jacob..Moses | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8; font-weight:bold; color:#555;" | {{nowrap|345 + 323}} <br/>= 668 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|560 + 114}} <br/>= 674 | colspan="1" | {{nowrap|345 + 328}} <br/>= 673 | colspan="2" | {{nowrap|345 + 324}} <br/>= 669 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! style="text-align:left; color:black;" | LIFESPAN<br/>DURATION<br/>SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | colspan="1" | 11,991 | colspan="1" | 13,551 | colspan="1" | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> === Samaritan Adjustment Details === As noted previously, the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) systematically reduces the total lifespans of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech so that all three die precisely in the year of the Flood, leaving Noah as the sole survivor. The required reduction in Jared's lifespan was '''115 years'''. Interestingly, the Samaritan tradition also reduces the lifespans of later patriarchs by a combined total of 115 years, seemingly to maintain a numerical balance between the "Group 1" and "Group 2" patriarchs. Specifically, this balance was achieved through the following adjustments: * '''Eber''' and '''Terah''' each had their lifespans reduced by 60 years (one ''šūši'' each). * '''Amram's''' lifespan was increased by five years. This net adjustment of 115 years (60 + 60 - 5) suggests a deliberate schematic balancing. === Masoretic Adjustment Details === In the 2017 article, "[https://wordpress.com Some Curious Numerical Facts about the Ages of the Patriarchs]," Paul D. describes a specific shift in Lamech's death age in the Masoretic tradition: <blockquote>"The original age of Lamech was 753, and a late editor of the MT changed it to the schematic 777 (inspired by Gen 4:24, it seems, even though that is supposed to be a different Lamech: If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy-sevenfold). (Hendel 2012: 8; Northcote 251)"</blockquote> While Paul D. accepts 753 as the original age, this conclusion creates significant tension within his own numerical analysis. A central pillar of his article is the discovery that the sum of all patriarchal ages from Adam to Moses totals exactly '''12,600 years'''—a result that relies specifically on Lamech living 777 years. To dismiss 777 as a late "tweak" in favor of 753 potentially overlooks the intentional mathematical architecture that defines the Masoretic tradition. As Paul D. acknowledges: <blockquote>"Alas, it appears that the lifespan of Lamech was changed from 753 to 777. Additionally, the age of Eber was apparently changed from 404 (as it is in the LXX) to 464... Presumably, these tweaks were made after the MT diverged from other versions of the text, in order to obtain the magic number 12,600 described above."</blockquote> ==== ''Lectio Difficilior Potior'' ==== The principle of ''[[Wikipedia:Lectio difficilior potior|Lectio Difficilior Potior]]'' (the "harder reading is stronger") suggests that scribes tend to simplify or "smooth" texts by introducing patterns. Therefore, when reconstructing an earlier tradition, the critic should often favor the reading with the least amount of artificial internal structure. This concept is particularly useful in evaluating major events in Noah's life. In the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) tradition, Noah is born in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:28,31%7Cversion=SPE Lamech’s 53rd year and Lamech dies when he is 653]. In the Septuagint tradition Lamech dies [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:31%7Cversion=AB when he is 753, exactly one hundred years later than the Samaritan tradition]. If we combine that with the 500-year figure for Noah's age at the birth of his sons, a suspiciously neat pattern emerges: * '''Year 500 (of Noah):''' Shem is born. * '''Year 600 (of Noah):''' The Flood occurs. * '''Year 700 (of Noah):''' Lamech dies. This creates a perfectly intervalic 200-year span (500–700) between the birth of the heir and the death of the father. Such a "compressed chronology" (500–600–700) is a hallmark of editorial smoothing. Applying ''Lectio Difficilior'', one might conclude that these specific figures (653, and 753) are secondary schematic developments rather than original data. In the reconstructed prototype chronology (PT2), it is proposed that Lamech's original lifespan was '''783 years'''—a value not preserved in any surviving tradition. Under this theory, Lamech's lifespan was reduced by six years in the Masoretic tradition to reach the '''777''' figure described previously, while Amram's was increased by six years in a deliberate "balancing" of total chronological years. === Armenian Eusebius Adjustments === Perhaps the most surprising adjustments of all are those found in the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology. Eusebius's original work is dated to 325 AD, and the Armenian recension is presumed to have diverged from the Greek text approximately a hundred years later. It is not anticipated that the Armenian recension would retain Persian-era mathematical motifs; however, when the lifespan durations for all of the patriarchs are added up, the resulting figure is 13,200 years, which is exactly 600 years (or 10 ''šūši'') more than the Masoretic Text. Also, the specific adjustments to lifespans between the Prototype 2 (PT2) chronology and the Armenian recension of Eusebius's Long Chronology appear to be formulated using the Persian 60-based system. Specifically, the following adjustments appear to have occurred for Group 2 patriarchs: * '''Arpachshad''', '''Peleg''', and '''Serug''' each had their lifespans increased by 100 years. * '''Shelah''', '''Eber''', and '''Reu''' each had their lifespans increased by 103 years. * '''Nahor''' had his lifespan increased by 50 years. * '''Amram''' had his lifespan increased by 1 year. === Lifespan Adjustments by Group === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center;" |+ Comparison of Chronological Traditions (Patriarch Group Lifespan Duration Sum) |- ! rowspan="2" | Patriarch Groups ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#f3e5f5; border-bottom:2px solid #9c27b0;" | PT2 ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic<br/>(MT) ! style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan<br/>(SP) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint<br/>(LXX) ! style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius<br/>(325 AD) |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 1: Seth to Enoch<br/><small>(6 Patriarchs)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 3: Methuselah, Lamech, Noah<br/><small>(The Remainder)</small> | style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2702 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2696<br/><small>(2702 - 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2323<br/><small>(2702 - 379)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2672<br/><small>(2702 - 30)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 2642<br/><small>(2702 - 60)</small> |- | style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Group 2: Adam & Shem to Moses<br/><small>(The "Second Half")</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9; font-weight:bold;" | 4949 | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4955<br/><small>(4949 + 6)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 4834<br/><small>(4949 - 115)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5930<br/><small>(4949 + 981)</small> | style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 5609<br/><small>(4949 + 660)</small> |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px;" ! LIFESPAN DURATION SUM | colspan="2" | 12,600 | 11,991 | 13,551 | 13,200 |} <small>* '''Dash (—)''' indicates where primary sources do not provide complete death data.</small> * '''The Masoretic Text (MT):''' This tradition shifted 6 years from the "Remainder" to Group 2. This move broke the original symmetry but preserved the '''4,949-year sum''' for the Group 1 block. * '''The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP):''' This tradition reduced both Group 1 and Group 2 by exactly 115 years each. While this maintained the underlying symmetry between the two primary blocks, the 101-Jubilee connection was lost. * '''The Septuagint (LXX):''' This tradition adds 981 years to Group 2 while subtracting 30 years from the Remainder. This breaks the symmetry of the primary blocks and subverts any obvious connection to sexagesimal (base-60) influence. * '''The Armenian Eusebius Chronology:''' This tradition reduced the Remainder by 60 years while increasing Group 2 by 660 years. This resulted in a net increase of exactly 600 years, or '''10 ''šūši''''' (base-60 units). The use of rounded Mesopotamian figures in the '''Armenian Eusebius Chronology''' suggests it likely emerged prior to the Hellenistic conquest of Persia. Conversely, the '''Septuagint's''' divergence indicates a later development—likely in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]—where Hellenized Jews were more focused on correlating Hebrew history with Greek and Egyptian chronologies than on maintaining Persian-era mathematical motifs. The sum total of the above adjustments amounts to 660 years, or 11 ''šūši''. When combined with the 60-year reduction in Lamech's life (from 783 years to 723 years), the combined final adjustment is 10 ''šūši''. = It All Started With Grain = [[File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture_labelled.svg|thumb|500px|Centres of origin of agriculture in the Neolithic revolution]] The chronology found in the ''Book of Jubilees'' has deep roots in the Neolithic Revolution, stretching back roughly 14,400 years to the [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-bread-jordan/ Black Desert of Jordan]. There, Natufian hunter-gatherers first produced flatbread by grinding wild cereals and tubers into flour, mixing them with water, and baking the dough on hot stones. This original flour contained a mix of wild wheat, wild barley, and tubers like club-rush (''Bolboschoenus glaucus''). Over millennia, these wild plants transformed into domesticated crops. The first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, appearing around 10,000–12,000 years ago, were emmer wheat (''Triticum dicoccum''), einkorn wheat (''Triticum monococcum''), and hulled barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Early farmers discovered that barley was essential for its early harvest, while wheat was superior for making bread. The relative qualities of these two grains became a focus of early biblical religion, as recorded in [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Lev.23:10-21 Leviticus 23:10-21], where the people were commanded to bring the "firstfruits of your harvest" (referring to barley) before the Lord: <blockquote>"then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: And he shall wave the sheaf before the Lord"</blockquote> To early farmers, for whom hunger was a constant reality and winter survival uncertain, that first barley harvest was a profound sign of divine deliverance from the hardships of the season. The commandment in Leviticus 23 continues: <blockquote>"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the Lord. Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the Lord."</blockquote> [[File:Ghandum_ki_katai_-punjab.jpg|thumb|500px|[https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day.]] These seven sabbaths amount to forty-nine days. The number 49 is significant because wheat typically reaches harvest roughly 49 days after barley. This grain carried a different symbolism: while barley represented survival and deliverance from winter, wheat represented the "better things" and the abundance provided to the faithful. [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Deu.16:9-10 Deuteronomy 16:9-10] similarly commands the people to count seven weeks from the time the sickle is first put to the standing grain, celebrating the feast on the fiftieth day. This 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests was so integral to ancient worship that it informed the timeline of the Exodus. Among the plagues of Egypt, [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Exo.9:31-32 Exodus 9:31-32] describes the destruction of crops: <blockquote>"And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. But the wheat and the rye <small>(likely emmer wheat or spelt)</small> were not smitten: for they were not grown up."</blockquote> This text establishes that the Exodus—God's deliverance from slavery—began during the barley harvest. Just as the barley harvest signaled the end of winter’s hardship, it symbolized Israel's release from bondage. The Israelites left Egypt on the 15th of Nisan (the first month) and arrived at the Wilderness of Sinai on the 1st of Sivan (the third month), 45 days later. In Jewish tradition, the giving of the Ten Commandments is identified with the 6th or 7th of Sivan—exactly 50 days after the Exodus. Thus, the Exodus (deliverance) corresponds to the barley harvest and is celebrated as the [[wikipedia:Passover|Passover]] holiday, while the Law (the life of God’s subjects) corresponds to the wheat harvest and is celebrated as [[wikipedia:Shavuot|Shavuot]]. This pattern carries into Christianity: Jesus was crucified during Passover (barley harvest), celebrated as [[wikipedia:Easter|Easter]], and fifty days later, the Holy Spirit was sent at [[wikipedia:Pentecost|Pentecost]] (wheat harvest). === The Mathematical Structure of Jubilees === The chronology of the ''Book of Jubilees'' is built upon this base-7 agricultural cycle, expanded into a fractal system of "weeks": * '''Week of Years:''' 7¹ = 7 years * '''Jubilee of Years:''' 7² = 49 years * '''Week of Jubilees:''' 7³ = 343 years * '''Jubilee of Jubilees:''' 7⁴ = 2,401 years The author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology envisions the entirety of early Hebraic history, from the creation of Adam to the entry into Canaan, as occurring within a Jubilee of Jubilees, concluding with a fiftieth Jubilee of years. In this framework, the 2,450-year span (2,401 + 49 = 2,450) serves as a grand-scale reflection of the agricultural transition from the barley of deliverance to the wheat of the Promised Land. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology]] The above diagram illustrates the reconstructed Jubilee of Jubilees fractal chronology. The first twenty rows in the left column respectively list 20 individual patriarchs, with parentheses indicating their age at the birth of their successor. Shem, the 11th patriarch and son of Noah, is born in reconstructed year 1209, which is roughly halfway through the 2,401-year structure. Abram is listed in the 21st position with a 77 in parentheses, indicating that Abram entered Canaan when he was 77 years old. The final three rows represent the Canaan, Egypt, and 40-year Sinai eras. Chronological time flows from the upper left to the lower right, utilizing 7x7 grids to represent 49-year Jubilees within a larger, nested "Jubilee of Jubilees" (49x49). Note that the two black squares at the start of the Sinai era mark the two-year interval between the Exodus and the completion of the Tabernacle. * The '''first Jubilee''' (top-left 7x7 grid) covers the era from Adam's creation through his 49th year. * The '''second Jubilee''' (the adjacent 7x7 grid to the right) spans Adam's 50th through 98th years. * The '''third Jubilee''' marks the birth of Seth in the year 130, indicated by a color transition within the grid. * The '''twenty-fifth Jubilee''' occupies the center of the 49x49 structure; it depicts Shem's birth and the chronological transition from pre-flood to post-flood patriarchs. {{RoundBoxTop}} ==== The Birth of Shem (A Digression) ==== Were Noah's sons born when Noah was 500 or 502? While [https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.5:32 Genesis 5:32] states that "Noah was 500 years old, and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth," this likely indicates the year Noah ''began'' having children rather than the year all three were born. Shem’s specific age can be deduced by comparing other verses: # Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters came ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.7:6 Genesis 7:6]). # Shem was 100 years old when he fathered Arpachshad, two years after the flood ([https://www.stepbible.org/?q=reference=Gen.11:10 Genesis 11:10]) '''The Calculation:''' If Shem was 100 years old two years after the flood, he was 98 when the flood began. Subtracting 98 from Noah’s 600th year (600 - 98) results in '''502'''. This indicates that either Japheth or Ham was the eldest son, born when Noah was 500, followed by Shem two years later. Shem is likely listed first in the biblical text due to his status as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The Mathematical relationship between 40 and 49 == As noted previously, the ''Jubilees'' author envisions early Hebraic history within a "Jubilee of Jubilees" fractal chronology (2,401 years). Shem is born in year 1209, which is a nine-year offset from the exact mathematical center of 1200. To understand this shift, one must look at a mathematical relationship that exists between the foundational numbers 40 and 49. Specifically, 40 can be expressed as a difference of squares derived from 7; using the distributive property, the relationship is demonstrated as follows: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} (7-3)(7+3) &= 7^2 - 3^2 \\ &= 49 - 9 \\ &= 40 \end{aligned} </math> The following diagram graphically represents the above mathematical relationship. A Jubilee may be divided into two unequal portions of 9 and 40. [[File:Jubilee_to_Generation_Division.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram illustrating the division of a Jubilee into unequal portions of 9 and 40.]] Shem's placement within the structure can be understood mathematically as the first half of the fractal plus nine pre-flood years, followed by the second half of the fractal plus forty post-flood years, totaling the entire fractal plus one Jubilee (49 years): [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Book_of_Jubilees_Early_Patriarchs_split.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of early Hebraic history as envisioned by the author of the ''Jubilees'' chronology with a split fractal framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan)''' ** Pre-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 - 1}{2} + 3^2 &= 1200 + 9 \\ &= 1209 \end{aligned} </math> ** Post-Flood Patriarch years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \frac{7^4 + 1}{2} + (7^2 - 3^2) &= 1201 + 40 \\ &= 1241 \end{aligned} </math> ** Total Years: *:<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \end{aligned} </math> </div> == The Samaritan Pentateuch Connection == Of all biblical chronologies, the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' share the closest affinity during the pre-flood era, suggesting that the Jubilee system may be a key to unlocking the SP’s internal logic. The diagram below illustrates the structural organization of the patriarchs within the Samaritan tradition. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Jubilees mathematical framework]] === Determining Chronological Priority === A comparison of the begettal ages in the above Samaritan diagram with the Jubilees diagram reveals a deep alignment between these systems. From Adam to Shem, the chronologies are nearly identical, with minor discrepancies likely resulting from scribal transmission. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, Shem, Ham, and Japheth are born in year 1207 (with Shem's reconstructed birth year as 1209), maintaining a birth position within the 25th Jubilee—the approximate center of the 49x49 "Jubilee of Jubilees." This raises a vital question of chronological priority: which system came first? Shem’s placement at the center of the 49x49 grid suggests that the schematic framework of the Book of Jubilees may have influenced the Samaritan Pentateuch's chronology, even if the latter's narratives are older. It is highly probable that Shem's "pivot" position was an intentional design feature inherited or shared by the Samaritan tradition, rather than a coincidental alignment. === The 350-Year Symmetrical Extension === Post-flood begettal ages differ significantly between these two chronologies. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, the ages of six patriarchs at the birth of their successors are significantly higher than those in the ''Book of Jubilees'', extending the timeline by exactly 350 years (assuming the inclusion of a six-year conquest under Joshua, represented by the black-outlined squares in the SP diagram). This extension appears to be a deliberate, symmetrical addition: a "week of Jubilees" (343 years) plus a "week of years" (7 years). <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> </div> === Mathematical Structure of the Early Samaritan Chronology === To understand the motivation for the 350-year variation between the ''Book of Jubilees'' and the SP, a specific mathematical framework must be considered. The following diagram illustrates the Samaritan tradition using a '''40-year grid''' (4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks each): * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) contains 25 blocks, representing exactly '''1,000 years'''. * '''The second cluster''' represents a second millennium. * '''The final set''' contains 20 blocks (4x5), representing '''800 years'''. Notably, when the SP chronology is mapped to this 70-unit format, the conquest of Canaan aligns precisely with the end of the 70th block. This suggests a deliberate structural design—totaling 2,800 years—rather than a literal historical record. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Samaritan Pentateuch'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] == The Masoretic text Variation == [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Early_Patriarchs_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Diagram of Hebraic history as presented in ''the Masoretic Text'' chronology, organized into a Generational (4x10 year blocks) mathematical framework]] <div style="line-height: 1.5;"> * '''Book of Jubilees (Adam to Canaan):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 7^4 + 7^2 &= 2401 + 49 \\ &= 2450 \text{ years} \end{aligned} </math> * '''Samaritan Pentateuch (Adam to Conquest):''' :<math display="block"> \begin{aligned} \text{(Base 49): } & 7^4 + 7^3 + 7^2 + 7^1 \\ &= 2401 + 343 + 49 + 7 \\ &= 2800 \\ \text{(Base 40): } & 70 \times 40 \\ &= 2800 \end{aligned} </math> * '''Masoretic Text (Adam to Exodus):''' :<math display="block"> (2800 - 46) + (349) - (652) + 215 = 2666 \text{ years}</math> </div> == Living in the Rough == [[File:Samaritan Passover sacrifice IMG 1988.JPG|thumb|350px|A Samaritan Passover Sacrifice 1988]] As explained previously, 49 (a Jubilee) is closely associated with agriculture and the 49-day interval between the barley and wheat harvests. The symbolic origins of the number '''40''' (often representing a "generation") are less clear, but the number is consistently associated with "living in the rough"—periods of trial, transition, or exile away from the comforts of civilization. Examples of this pattern include: * '''Noah''' lived within the ark for 40 days while the rain fell; * '''Israel''' wandered in the wilderness for 40 years; * '''Moses''' stayed on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights without food or water. Several other prophets followed this pattern, most notably '''Jesus''' in the New Testament, who fasted in the wilderness for 40 days before beginning his ministry. In each case, the number 40 marks a period of testing that precedes a new spiritual or national era. Another recurring theme in the [[w:Pentateuch|Pentateuch]] is the tension between settled farmers and mobile pastoralists. This friction is first exhibited between Cain and Abel: Cain, a farmer, offered grain as a sacrifice to God, while Abel, a pastoralist, offered meat. When Cain’s offering was rejected, he slew Abel in a fit of envy. The narrative portrays Cain as clever and deceptive, whereas Abel is presented as honest and earnest—a precursor to the broader biblical preference for the wilderness over the "civilized" city. In a later narrative, Isaac’s twin sons, Jacob and Esau, further exemplify this dichotomy. Jacob—whose name means "supplanter"—is characterized as clever and potentially deceptive, while Esau is depicted as a rough, hairy, and uncivilized man, who simply says what he feels, lacking the calculated restraint of his brother. Esau is described as a "skillful hunter" and a "man of the field," while Jacob is "dwelling in tents" and cooking "lentil stew." The text draws a clear parallel between these two sets of brothers: * In the '''Cain and Abel''' narrative, the plant-based sacrifice of Cain is rejected in favor of the meat-based one. * In the '''Jacob and Esau''' story, Jacob’s mother intervenes to ensure he offers meat (disguised as game) to secure his father's blessing. Through this "clever" intervention, Jacob successfully secures the favor that Cain could not. Jacob’s life trajectory progresses from the pastoralist childhood he inherited from Isaac toward the most urbanized lifestyle of the era. His son, Joseph, ultimately becomes the vizier of Egypt, tasked with overseeing the nation's grain supply—the ultimate symbol of settled, agricultural civilization. This path is juxtaposed against the life of Moses: while Moses begins life in the Egyptian court, he is forced into the wilderness after killing a taskmaster. Ultimately, Moses leads all of Israel back into the wilderness, contrasting with Jacob, who led them into Egypt. While Jacob’s family found a home within civilization, Moses was forbidden to enter the Promised Land, eventually dying in the "rough" of the wilderness. Given the contrast between the lives of Jacob and Moses—and the established associations of 49 with grain and 40 with the wilderness—it is likely no coincidence that their lifespans follow these exact mathematical patterns. Jacob is recorded as living 147 years, precisely three Jubilees (3 x 49). In contrast, Moses lived exactly 120 years, representing three "generations" (3 x 40). The relationship between these two "three-fold" lifespans can be expressed by the same nine-year offset identified in the Shem chronology: <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 3(49 - 9) &= 3(40) \\ 147 - 27 &= 120 \end{aligned} </math> [[File:Three_Jubilees_vs_Three_Generations.png|thumb|center|500px|Jacob lived for 147 years, or three Jubilees of 49 years each as illustrated by the above 7 x 7 squares. Jacob's life is juxtaposed against the life of Moses, who lived 120 years, or three generations of 40 years each as illustrated by the above 4 x 10 rectangles.]] Samaritan tradition maintains a unique cultural link to the "pastoralist" ideal: unlike mainstream Judaism, Samaritans still practice animal sacrifice on Mount Gerizim to this day. This enduring ritual focus on meat offerings, rather than the "grain-based" agricultural system symbolized by the 49-year Jubilee, further aligns the Samaritan identity with the symbolic number 40. Building on this connection to "wilderness living," the Samaritan chronology appears to structure the era prior to the conquest of Canaan using the number 40 as its primary mathematical unit. === A narrative foil for Joshua === As noted in the previous section, the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' structures the era prior to Joshua using 40 years as a fundamental unit; in this system, Joshua completes his six-year conquest of Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after the creation of Adam. It was also observed that the Bible positions Moses as a "foil" for Jacob: Moses lived exactly three "generations" (3x40) and died in the wilderness, whereas Jacob lived three Jubilees (3x49) and died in civilization. This symmetry suggests an intriguing possibility: if Joshua conquered Canaan exactly 70 units of 40 years (2,800 years) after creation, is there a corresponding "foil" to Joshua—a significant event occurring exactly 70 Jubilees (3,430 years) after the creation of Adam? <math display="block"> \begin{aligned} 49 - 9 &= 40 \\ 70(49 - 9) &= 70(40) \\ 3,430 - 630 &= 2,800 \end{aligned} </math> Unfortunately, unlike mainstream Judaism, the Samaritans do not grant post-conquest writings the same scriptural status as the Five Books of Moses. While the Samaritans maintain various historical records, these were likely not preserved with the same mathematical rigor as the ''Samaritan Pentateuch'' itself. Consequently, it remains difficult to determine with certainty if a specific "foil" to Joshua existed in the original architect's mind. The Samaritans do maintain a continuous, running calendar. However, this system uses a "Conquest Era" epoch—calculated by adding 1,638 years to the Gregorian date—which creates a 1639 BC (there is no year 0 AD) conquest that is historically irreconcilable. For instance, at that time, the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] were only beginning to establish control over Lower Egypt. Furthermore, the [[w:Amarna letters|Amarna Letters]] (c. 1360–1330 BC) describe a Canaan still governed by local city-states under Egyptian influence. If the Samaritan chronology were a literal historical record, the Israelite conquest would have occurred centuries before these letters; yet, neither archaeological nor epistolary evidence supports such a massive geopolitical shift in the mid-17th century BC. There is, however, one more possibility to consider: what if the "irreconcilable" nature of this running calendar is actually the key? What if the Samaritan chronographers specifically altered their tradition to ensure that the Conquest occurred exactly 2,800 years after Creation, and the subsequent "foil" event occurred exactly 3,430 years after Creation? As it turns out, this is precisely what occurred. The evidence for this intentional mathematical recalibration was recorded by none other than a Samaritan High Priest, providing a rare "smoking gun" for the artificial design of the chronology. === A Mystery Solved === In 1864, the Rev. John Mills published ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', documenting his time spent with the Samaritans in 1855 and 1860. During this period, he consulted regularly with the High Priest Amram. In Chapter XIII, Mills records a specific chronology provided by the priest. The significant milestones in this timeline include: * '''Year 1''': "This year the world and Adam were created." * '''Year 2801''': "The first year of Israel's rule in the land of Canaan." * '''Year 3423''': "The commencement of the kingdom of Solomon." According to 1 Kings 6:37–38, Solomon began the Temple in his fourth year and completed it in his eleventh, having labored for seven years. This reveals that the '''3,430-year milestone'''—representing exactly 70 Jubilees (70 × 49) after Creation—corresponds precisely to the midpoint of the Temple’s construction. This chronological "anchor" was not merely a foil for Joshua; it served as a mathematical foil for the Divine Presence itself. In Creation Year 2800—marking exactly 70 "generations" of 40 years—God entered Canaan in a tent, embodying the "living rough" wilderness tradition symbolized by the number 40. Later, in Creation Year 3430—marking 70 "Jubilees" of 49 years—God moved into the permanent Temple built by Solomon, the ultimate archetype of settled, agricultural civilization. Under this schema, the 630 years spanning Joshua's conquest to Solomon's temple are not intended as literal history; rather, they represent the 70 units of 9 years required to transition mathematically from the 70^th generation to the 70^th Jubilee: :<math>70 \times 40 + (70 \times 9) = 70 \times 49</math> === Mathematical Structure of the Later Samaritan Chronology === The following diagram illustrates 2,400 years of reconstructed chronology, based on historical data provided by the Samaritan High Priest Amram. This system utilizes a '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 10 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,400''' after Creation. The 70th generation and 70th Jubilee are both marked with callouts in this diagram. There is a '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''', which is composed of: * The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness; * The 6 years of the initial conquest; * The 630 years between the conquest and the completion of Solomon’s Temple. Following the '''676-year "Tabernacle" era''' is a '''400-year "First Temple" era''' and a '''70-year "Exile" era''' as detailed in the historical breakdown below. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Samaritan_Pentateuch_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Samaritan chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Book of Daniel states: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it" (Daniel 1:1). While scholarly consensus varies regarding the historicity of this first deportation, if historical, it occurred in approximately '''606 BC'''—ten years prior to the second deportation of '''597 BC''', and twenty years prior to the final deportation and destruction of Solomon’s Temple in '''586 BC'''. The '''539 BC''' fall of Babylon to the Persian armies opened the way for captive Judeans to return to their homeland. By '''536 BC''', a significant wave of exiles had returned to Jerusalem—marking fifty years since the Temple's destruction and seventy years since the first recorded deportation in 606 BC. A Second Temple (to replace Solomon's) was completed by '''516 BC''', seventy years after the destruction of the original structure. High Priest Amram places the fall of Babylon in year '''3877 after Creation'''. If synchronized with the 539 BC calculation of modern historians, then year '''3880''' (three years after the defeat of Babylon) corresponds with '''536 BC''' and the initial return of the Judeans. Using this synchronization, other significant milestones are mapped as follows: * '''The Exile Period (Years 3810–3830):''' The deportations occurred during this 20-year window, represented in the diagram by '''yellow squares outlined in red'''. * '''The Desolation (Years 3830–3880):''' The fifty years between the destruction of the Temple and the initial return of the exiles are represented by '''solid red squares'''. * '''Temple Completion (Years 3880–3900):''' The twenty years between the return of the exiles and the completion of the Second Temple are marked with '''light blue squares outlined in red'''. High Priest Amram places the founding of Alexandria in the year '''4100 after Creation'''. This implies a 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning years 3900 to 4100). While this duration is not strictly historical—modern historians date the founding of Alexandria to 331 BC, only 185 years after the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC—it remains remarkably close to the scholarly timeline. The remainder of the diagram represents a 300-year "Second Temple Hellenistic Era," which concludes in '''Creation Year 4400''' (30 BC). === Competing Temples === There is one further significant aspect of the Samaritan tradition to consider. In High Priest Amram's reconstructed chronology, the year '''4000 after Creation'''—representing exactly 100 generations of 40 years—falls precisely in the middle of the 200-year "Second Temple Persian Era" (spanning creation years 3900 to 4100, or approximately 516 BC to 331 BC). This alignment suggests that the 4000-year milestone may have been significant within the Samaritan historical framework. According to the Book of Ezra, the Samaritans were excluded from participating in the reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple: <blockquote>"But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel" (Ezra 4:3).</blockquote> After rejection in Jerusalem, the Samaritans established a rival sanctuary on '''[[w:Mount Gerizim|Mount Gerizim]]'''. [[w:Mount Gerizim Temple|Archaeological evidence]] suggests the original temple and its sacred precinct were built around the mid-5th century BC (c. 450 BC). For nearly 250 years, this modest 96-by-98-meter site served as the community's religious center. However, the site was transformed in the early 2nd century BC during the reign of '''Antiochus III'''. This massive expansion replaced the older structures with white ashlar stone, a grand entrance staircase, and a fortified priestly city capable of housing a substantial population. [[File:Archaeological_site_Mount_Gerizim_IMG_2176.JPG|thumb|center|500px|Mount Gerizim Archaeological site, Mount Gerizim.]] This era of prosperity provides a plausible window for dating the final '''[[w:Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan Pentateuch]]''' chronological tradition. If the chronology was intentionally structured to mark a milestone with the year 4000—perhaps the Temple's construction or other significant event—then the final form likely developed during this period. However, this Samaritan golden age had ended by 111 BC when the Hasmonean ruler '''[[w:John Hyrcanus|John Hyrcanus I]]''' destroyed both the temple and the adjacent city. The destruction was so complete that the site remained largely desolate for centuries; consequently, the Samaritan chronological tradition likely reached its definitive form sometime after 450 BC but prior to 111 BC. = The Rise of Zadok = The following diagram illustrates 2,200 years of reconstructed Masoretic chronology. This diagram utilizes the same system as the previous Samaritan diagram, '''40-year grid''' (modeled on 4x10 year blocks) organized into 5x5 clusters (25 blocks per cluster), where each cluster represents exactly 1,000 years: * '''The first cluster''' (outlined in dark grey) spans years '''2,000 to 3,000''' after Creation. * '''The second cluster''' spans years '''3,000 to 4,000''' after Creation. * '''The final set''' contains 5 individual blocks representing the period from '''4,000 to 4,200''' after Creation. The Masoretic chronology has many notable distinctions from the Samaritan chronology described in the previous section. Most notable is the absence of important events tied to siginificant dates. There was nothing of significance that happened on the 70th generation or 70th Jubilee in the Masoretic chronology. The 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and Conquest of Canaan are shown in the diagram, but the only significant date associated with these events in the exodus falling on year 2666 after creation. The Samaritan chronology was a collage of spiritual history. The Masoretic chronology is a barren wilderness. To understand why the Masoretic chronology is so devoid of featured dates, it is important to understand the two important dates that are featured, the exodus at 2666 years after creation, and the 4000 year event. [[File:Schematic_Diagram_Masoretic_Text_Late_Era_40.png|thumb|center|500px|Schematic of later Hebraic history based on Masoretic chronology, demonstrating a generational mathematical framework.]] The Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE) was a successful Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire that regained religious freedom and eventually established an independent Jewish kingdom in Judea. Triggered by the oppressive policies of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uprising is the historical basis for the holiday of Hanukkah, which commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its liberation. In particular, Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, which took place in 164 BC, cooresponding to creation year 4000. = Hellenized Jews = Hellenized Jews were ancient Jewish individuals, primarily in the Diaspora (like Alexandria) and some in Judea, who adopted Greek language, education, and cultural customs after Alexander the Great's conquests, particularly between the 3rd century BCE and 1st century CE. While integrating Hellenistic culture—such as literature, philosophy, and naming conventions—most maintained core religious monotheism, avoiding polytheism while producing unique literature like the Septuagint. = End TBD = '''Table Legend:''' * <span style="color:#b71c1c;">'''Red Cells'''</span> indicate figures that could result in patriarchs surviving beyond the date of the Flood. * <span style="color:#333333;">'''Blank Cells'''</span> indicate where primary sources do not provide specific lifespan or death data. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Pre-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Adam | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 230 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Seth | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 105 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 205 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enosh | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 90 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 190 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Kenan | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 170 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Mahalalel | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 66 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Jared | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 62 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 162 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Enoch | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 65 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 165 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Methuselah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 65 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 67 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 187 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 167 / 187 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Lamech | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 55 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffcdd2; color:#b71c1c; font-weight:bold; border:2px solid #ef5350;" | 53 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 188 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 182 / 188 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Noah | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 602 | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 600 | rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shem |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood TOTAL | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:13px; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed;" |+ Comparison of Post-Flood Chronological Traditions (Age at birth of son) |- ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" | Patriarch ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#e3f2fd; border-bottom:2px solid #2196f3;" | SHORT CHRONOLOGY ! colspan="6" style="background-color:#fff3e0; border-bottom:2px solid #ff9800;" | LONG CHRONOLOGY |- ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Jubilees <br/> (Jub) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Masoretic <br/> (MT) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#e3f2fd;" | Samaritan <br/> (SP) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Demetrius <br/> (204 BC) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Africanus <br/> (221 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Theophilus <br/> (192 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Septuagint <br/> (LXX) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Eusebius <br/> (325 AD) ! colspan="1" style="background-color:#fff3e0;" | Josephus <br/> (94 AD) |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | Pre-Flood | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 1656 | colspan="1" | 1309 | colspan="1" | 2264 | colspan="1" | 2262 | colspan="1" | 2242 | colspan="3" | Varied |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Arphaxad | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 66 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 35 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Cainan II | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 130 | colspan="2" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | - |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Shelah | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 71 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Eber | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 64 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 34 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 134 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Peleg | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 61 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="7" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Reu | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 59 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 32 | colspan="5" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 135 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Serug | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 57 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 30 | colspan="6" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 130 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 132 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nahor | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 62 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 29 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 / 179 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 79 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 120 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Terah | colspan="9" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 70 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Abram | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 78 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 75 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Canaan | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 218 | colspan="8" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Egypt | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 238 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 430 | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 215 |- ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Sinai +/- | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | 40 | colspan="1" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | - | colspan="3" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 46 | colspan="4" style="background-color:#e8e8e8;" | 40 |- style="background-color:#333; color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:15px;" ! colspan="1" style="text-align:left; color:black;" | GRAND TOTAL | colspan="1" | 2450 | colspan="1" | 2666 | colspan="1" | 2800 | colspan="1" | 3885 | colspan="1" | 3754 | colspan="1" | 3938 | colspan="3" | Varied |} == The Septuagint Chronology == === The Correlations === An interesting piece of corroborating evidence exists in the previously mentioned 1864 publication by Rev. John Mills, ''Three Months' Residence at Nablus'', where High Priest Amram records his own chronological dates based on the Samaritan Pentateuch. Priest Amram lists the Flood date as 1307 years after creation, but then lists the birth of Arphaxad as 1309 years—exactly two years after the Flood—which presumably places Shem's birth in year 502 of Noah's life (though Shem's actual birth date in the text is obscured by a typo). The internal tension in Priest Amram's calculations likely reflects the same two-year variance seen between Demetrius and Africanus. Priest Amram lists the birth years of Shelah, Eber, and Peleg as 1444, 1574, and 1708, respectively. Africanus lists those same birth years as 2397, 2527, and 2661. In each case, the Priest Amram figure differs from the Africanus value by exactly 953 years. While the chronology of Africanus may reach us through an intermediary, as Paul D. notes, the values provided by both Demetrius and Africanus are precisely what one would anticipate to resolve the "Universal Flood" problem. [[Category:Religion]] k5xz6ct0weq15reg41bij3xwbrf4pl0 3 328261 2812439 2812405 2026-06-01T17:46:59Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* Welcome */ Reply 2812439 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. 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See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) 7nym2bontc0w3em5d0nsnd5gdkiozbv 2812441 2812439 2026-06-01T18:00:36Z Atcovi 276019 /* Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response */ Reply 2812441 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your response. Using AI is not an issue, according to the policy, we would just require you to put a notice so that your readers are aware. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Ages_Curious_Numerical_Facts_Response&diff=prev&oldid=2812376 removal of the AI-generated template] is what may be problematic. If AI has helped you in formatting (which seems to be a significant portion), then it's best you leave the template on the page so that anyone who is reading your page is aware of this. Per the policy, it is necessary to credit AI if a significant portion of your page was formatted/assisted/generated with AI. ::If you want to make it clear that your ideas are your own, but AI helped with formatting, then adding the template and adding a notice to the page indicating this would be acceptable as well. If you would like to pursue an alternative method or disagree with the proposal I'm offering, feel free to leave a message on the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] so other members can provide their input. ::Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:00, 1 June 2026 (UTC) a1dyag5qg92imeb95y08pxsqyqbmw18 2812442 2812441 2026-06-01T18:30:32Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response */ Reply 2812442 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your response. Using AI is not an issue, according to the policy, we would just require you to put a notice so that your readers are aware. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Ages_Curious_Numerical_Facts_Response&diff=prev&oldid=2812376 removal of the AI-generated template] is what may be problematic. If AI has helped you in formatting (which seems to be a significant portion), then it's best you leave the template on the page so that anyone who is reading your page is aware of this. Per the policy, it is necessary to credit AI if a significant portion of your page was formatted/assisted/generated with AI. ::If you want to make it clear that your ideas are your own, but AI helped with formatting, then adding the template and adding a notice to the page indicating this would be acceptable as well. If you would like to pursue an alternative method or disagree with the proposal I'm offering, feel free to leave a message on the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] so other members can provide their input. ::Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:00, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Is there an "AI Edited" template? :::Is it possible to make a new "AI Edited" template? :::Maybe others are dealing with this same issue. "AI Generated" implies that something was "generated" by AI. Meaning that AI was where it originated. :::I actually tried to use AI in the research stage by asking Google AI to give me a list of all variations of a particular chronology, and it couldn't do it. It could never give a complete list, and when pushed, it made up false data. Even with my limited human knowledge (and I am not an expert in bible studies), I could prove that it was messing up, and when I challenged it, it would just apologize and then give more bad information. :::Also, sometimes when I ask for help with editing, the AI will suggest changing the wording in a way that completely invalidates the statement. Content wise, AI has to be kept on a very short leash if you want your statements to be accurate. :::I am not at all comfortable giving AI any credit for "generating" any of the ideas in this article. :::I am comfortable giving AI credit for editing. AI seems to be extremely good at catching spelling and grammar errors, and in rewording statements that are clearer, even if often less accurate. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 June 2026 (UTC) 2fghmiqwjucejxactsc6ddk09ybqcs7 2812448 2812442 2026-06-01T18:49:09Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response */ Reply 2812448 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your response. Using AI is not an issue, according to the policy, we would just require you to put a notice so that your readers are aware. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Ages_Curious_Numerical_Facts_Response&diff=prev&oldid=2812376 removal of the AI-generated template] is what may be problematic. If AI has helped you in formatting (which seems to be a significant portion), then it's best you leave the template on the page so that anyone who is reading your page is aware of this. Per the policy, it is necessary to credit AI if a significant portion of your page was formatted/assisted/generated with AI. ::If you want to make it clear that your ideas are your own, but AI helped with formatting, then adding the template and adding a notice to the page indicating this would be acceptable as well. If you would like to pursue an alternative method or disagree with the proposal I'm offering, feel free to leave a message on the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] so other members can provide their input. ::Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:00, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Is there an "AI Edited" template? :::Is it possible to make a new "AI Edited" template? :::Maybe others are dealing with this same issue. "AI Generated" implies that something was "generated" by AI. Meaning that AI was where it originated. :::I actually tried to use AI in the research stage by asking Google AI to give me a list of all variations of a particular chronology, and it couldn't do it. It could never give a complete list, and when pushed, it made up false data. Even with my limited human knowledge (and I am not an expert in bible studies), I could prove that it was messing up, and when I challenged it, it would just apologize and then give more bad information. :::Also, sometimes when I ask for help with editing, the AI will suggest changing the wording in a way that completely invalidates the statement. Content wise, AI has to be kept on a very short leash if you want your statements to be accurate. :::I am not at all comfortable giving AI any credit for "generating" any of the ideas in this article. :::I am comfortable giving AI credit for editing. AI seems to be extremely good at catching spelling and grammar errors, and in rewording statements that are clearer, even if often less accurate. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Here is what it says in the guidelines: :::"GenAI tools can help brainstorm, explain concepts, develop a structure, synthesise ideas, and improve the quality of written expression. GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent reading and thinking about primary sources." :::The only part of this that AI was good at (In my situation), was "improve the quality of written expression". :::Here is another important point for wikiversity contributors to consider: Have you noticed that AI responses are only accurate when reflecting views shared by more than 80% of the population. This is fine for "wikipedia" work, since wikipedia is intended to be a "encyclopedia like" resource, so it is okay for the articles in wikipedia to contain generic ideas which just regurgitate conventionally held beliefs. :::But I thought the whole point of wikiversity was to allow a forum for new ideas or ideas that are less popular, and AI is awful when evaluating ideas that are not in vogue. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:49, 1 June 2026 (UTC) twizvvc6w4ty2zzt5ii31g8y4h8knvm 2812449 2812448 2026-06-01T18:55:22Z Atcovi 276019 /* Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response */ Reply 2812449 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your response. Using AI is not an issue, according to the policy, we would just require you to put a notice so that your readers are aware. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Ages_Curious_Numerical_Facts_Response&diff=prev&oldid=2812376 removal of the AI-generated template] is what may be problematic. If AI has helped you in formatting (which seems to be a significant portion), then it's best you leave the template on the page so that anyone who is reading your page is aware of this. Per the policy, it is necessary to credit AI if a significant portion of your page was formatted/assisted/generated with AI. ::If you want to make it clear that your ideas are your own, but AI helped with formatting, then adding the template and adding a notice to the page indicating this would be acceptable as well. If you would like to pursue an alternative method or disagree with the proposal I'm offering, feel free to leave a message on the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] so other members can provide their input. ::Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:00, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Is there an "AI Edited" template? :::Is it possible to make a new "AI Edited" template? :::Maybe others are dealing with this same issue. "AI Generated" implies that something was "generated" by AI. Meaning that AI was where it originated. :::I actually tried to use AI in the research stage by asking Google AI to give me a list of all variations of a particular chronology, and it couldn't do it. It could never give a complete list, and when pushed, it made up false data. Even with my limited human knowledge (and I am not an expert in bible studies), I could prove that it was messing up, and when I challenged it, it would just apologize and then give more bad information. :::Also, sometimes when I ask for help with editing, the AI will suggest changing the wording in a way that completely invalidates the statement. Content wise, AI has to be kept on a very short leash if you want your statements to be accurate. :::I am not at all comfortable giving AI any credit for "generating" any of the ideas in this article. :::I am comfortable giving AI credit for editing. AI seems to be extremely good at catching spelling and grammar errors, and in rewording statements that are clearer, even if often less accurate. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Here is what it says in the guidelines: :::"GenAI tools can help brainstorm, explain concepts, develop a structure, synthesise ideas, and improve the quality of written expression. GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent reading and thinking about primary sources." :::The only part of this that AI was good at (In my situation), was "improve the quality of written expression". :::Here is another important point for wikiversity contributors to consider: Have you noticed that AI responses are only accurate when reflecting views shared by more than 80% of the population. This is fine for "wikipedia" work, since wikipedia is intended to be a "encyclopedia like" resource, so it is okay for the articles in wikipedia to contain generic ideas which just regurgitate conventionally held beliefs. :::But I thought the whole point of wikiversity was to allow a forum for new ideas or ideas that are less popular, and AI is awful when evaluating ideas that are not in vogue. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:49, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Perhaps maybe without the AI-generated template, you could leave references/links in your edit summary indicating which portions of your page has been re-written using AI with an indicator that AI improved the writing quality? Following in line of: "Edit summary: The origin of contributed AI text is clearly indicated in the edit summary along with a publicly accessible link to the chatbot conversation (or a copy of the transcript) to maximise transparency." For example, see [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Alternative&diff=prev&oldid=2812295 1] and [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Deletion_policy&diff=prev&oldid=2810522 2]. ::::Keep in mind that despite Wikiversity being more relaxed then other projects, standards of scholarly ethics & proper research etiquette are still mandatory. Please see the following: ::::* [[wikipedia:Scholarly method|Scholarly method]] ::::* [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]] ::::* [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] ::::Alternatively, you are more than welcome to leave a message on the Colloquium about your disagreements. I'm sure the community would love to gather and contribute to the discussion. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:55, 1 June 2026 (UTC) 5450h6gvctea1k3eh9t486wrpqzyb0k 2812465 2812449 2026-06-01T19:26:45Z CanonicalMormon 2646631 /* Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response */ Reply 2812465 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], CanonicalMormon!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Juandev|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:25, 11 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} :Hi Juandev. :Maybe you can help me with a question. I have been writing an wikiversity article about the history and development of bible chronology. I have also been submitting my writing to Google AI for help with spelling, grammar, and some editing. :This has recently been flagged as an issue. :Is there a way (and is it necessary) to credit AI for editing? :I have seen wikiversity policies about posting text written by AI, but is there a policy for human researched and written text that is edited by AI? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 17:46, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == [[Patriarch Ages Curious Numerical Facts Response]] == Hello CanonicalMormon. Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. I've put your article through zeroGPT.com and the first 15k characters were reported to be 58% likely to have been generated by an AI. I'm inquiring if you used AI to assist you in the creation of this article. Please note that it is obligatory to make this notable for your audience, and failing to adhere to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] could lead to your page being deleted - so I'm coming here first to have a dialogue. Thanks! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 02:28, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :The original ideas and content are all mine, but I have submitted my text to AI for spelling and grammar checks, and some editing. :Is this problematic, and if so, is there a way to get help with spelling, grammar, and editing that is not an issue? [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 03:31, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your response. Using AI is not an issue, according to the policy, we would just require you to put a notice so that your readers are aware. Your [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Ages_Curious_Numerical_Facts_Response&diff=prev&oldid=2812376 removal of the AI-generated template] is what may be problematic. If AI has helped you in formatting (which seems to be a significant portion), then it's best you leave the template on the page so that anyone who is reading your page is aware of this. Per the policy, it is necessary to credit AI if a significant portion of your page was formatted/assisted/generated with AI. ::If you want to make it clear that your ideas are your own, but AI helped with formatting, then adding the template and adding a notice to the page indicating this would be acceptable as well. If you would like to pursue an alternative method or disagree with the proposal I'm offering, feel free to leave a message on the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] so other members can provide their input. ::Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:00, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Is there an "AI Edited" template? :::Is it possible to make a new "AI Edited" template? :::Maybe others are dealing with this same issue. "AI Generated" implies that something was "generated" by AI. Meaning that AI was where it originated. :::I actually tried to use AI in the research stage by asking Google AI to give me a list of all variations of a particular chronology, and it couldn't do it. It could never give a complete list, and when pushed, it made up false data. Even with my limited human knowledge (and I am not an expert in bible studies), I could prove that it was messing up, and when I challenged it, it would just apologize and then give more bad information. :::Also, sometimes when I ask for help with editing, the AI will suggest changing the wording in a way that completely invalidates the statement. Content wise, AI has to be kept on a very short leash if you want your statements to be accurate. :::I am not at all comfortable giving AI any credit for "generating" any of the ideas in this article. :::I am comfortable giving AI credit for editing. AI seems to be extremely good at catching spelling and grammar errors, and in rewording statements that are clearer, even if often less accurate. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::Here is what it says in the guidelines: :::"GenAI tools can help brainstorm, explain concepts, develop a structure, synthesise ideas, and improve the quality of written expression. GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent reading and thinking about primary sources." :::The only part of this that AI was good at (In my situation), was "improve the quality of written expression". :::Here is another important point for wikiversity contributors to consider: Have you noticed that AI responses are only accurate when reflecting views shared by more than 80% of the population. This is fine for "wikipedia" work, since wikipedia is intended to be a "encyclopedia like" resource, so it is okay for the articles in wikipedia to contain generic ideas which just regurgitate conventionally held beliefs. :::But I thought the whole point of wikiversity was to allow a forum for new ideas or ideas that are less popular, and AI is awful when evaluating ideas that are not in vogue. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 18:49, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Perhaps maybe without the AI-generated template, you could leave references/links in your edit summary indicating which portions of your page has been re-written using AI with an indicator that AI improved the writing quality? Following in line of: "Edit summary: The origin of contributed AI text is clearly indicated in the edit summary along with a publicly accessible link to the chatbot conversation (or a copy of the transcript) to maximise transparency." For example, see [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Alternative&diff=prev&oldid=2812295 1] and [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Deletion_policy&diff=prev&oldid=2810522 2]. ::::Keep in mind that despite Wikiversity being more relaxed then other projects, standards of scholarly ethics & proper research etiquette are still mandatory. Please see the following: ::::* [[wikipedia:Scholarly method|Scholarly method]] ::::* [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]] ::::* [[Wikiversity:Verifiability]] ::::Alternatively, you are more than welcome to leave a message on the Colloquium about your disagreements. I'm sure the community would love to gather and contribute to the discussion. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 18:55, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :::::Thanks. I will adopt the practice of leaving a note in my edit summary whenever AI contributes. :::::I have also added a notice at the start of the article. I feel like it gives an accurate account of the role of AI in the process. [[User:CanonicalMormon|CanonicalMormon]] ([[User talk:CanonicalMormon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/CanonicalMormon|contribs]]) 19:26, 1 June 2026 (UTC) el67ddfj1t9jh8lbgnd8n8kq0ogbc4g 10 329092 2812461 2812207 2026-06-01T19:09:39Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Adjusting, fixey fixey. 2812461 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Support staff/styles.css"/> {|class="sortable" cellspacing="3" style="width:100%" |+'''Overview of the English Wikiversity support staff''' |- class="staff-row-cells" !scope="col"| User !scope="col"| Role !scope="col"| Appointed !scope="col"| Time Zone !scope="col"| Babel !scope="col"| Logs |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|June 1 2021}} | | en, de-2 | [[Special:Log/Atcovi|Atcovi]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Bert Niehaus|Bert Niehaus]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|August 22 2017}} | | de, en-3 | [[Special:Log/Bert Niehaus|Bert Niehaus]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|March 31 2026}} | CST/CDT (UTC-6/-5) | es, en-4 | [[Special:Log/Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Cromium|Cromium]] | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|April 25 2017}} | | | [[Special:Log/Cromium|Cromium]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:DannyS712|DannyS712]] | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|October 20 2019}} | | | [[Special:Log/DannyS712|DannyS712]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|September 4 2013}} | CST (UTC-6) | en | [[Special:Log/Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|October 30 2017}} | AEDT (UTC+11) | en | [[Special:Log/Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|July 24 2022}} | EST (UTC-5) | en | [[Special:Log/Eyoungstrom|Eyoungstrom]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|September 10 2022}} | MT (UTC -7/-6) | en, es-4 | [[Special:Log/Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|March 5 2015}} | CST (UTC-6) | en, ru-2 | [[Special:Log/Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|April 16 2008}} | AEST/AEDT (UTC+10/+11) | en | [[Special:Log/Jtneill|Jtneill]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|February 9 2026}} | CET (UTC+1) | cs, en-3, es-3 | [[Special:Log/Juandev|Juandev]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|October 21 2016}} | UTC+4 | en-US, es-2 | [[Special:Log/Koavf|Koavf]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|February 29 2016}} | | en | [[Special:Log/Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|January 29 2023}} | JST (UTC+9) | en, ja | [[Special:Log/MathXplore|MathXplore]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|January 29 2016}} | | | [[Special:Log/Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:Mu301|Mu301]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]] & [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|January 7 2008}} | EST/EDT (UTC-5/-4) | en | [[Special:Log/Mu301|Mu301]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | '''[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]]''' | [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]] | {{dts|March 27 2026}} | CET (UTC +1) | fr-N, en-5, pl-3 | [[Special:Log/PieWriter|PieWriter]] |- class="staff-cells" | scope="row" | [[User:Tegel|Tegel]] | [[Wikiversity:Curatorship|Curator]] | {{dts|October 14 2018}} | | | [[Special:Log/Tegel|Tegel]] |}<noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude> [[Category:Wikiversity administration]] crlqro1sj24lz1o4azqa7cdiuruyoc0 4 329562 2812476 2808417 2026-06-01T21:54:07Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-04 */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> c0485z331v27pz4e9l6v8smqjx9ns4l 2812478 2812476 2026-06-01T21:54:21Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-05 */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> gd80qoppqtle2ahn5yrj1l3okzh9bbq 2812480 2812478 2026-06-01T21:54:32Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-06 */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> hpqg9ym1z5y1usnqokj428gy1wjd0xt 2812482 2812480 2026-06-01T21:54:50Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Tech News: 2026-07 */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Newsletters/Tech News]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812482 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> k2ljh1mqfdetb73k840dorquo3xrgft 4 329636 2812444 2809263 2026-06-01T18:45:39Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive|Wikiversity:Notices for custodians}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) ::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:58, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :::::Hello. Again and again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/152.22.75.23]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 December 2024 (UTC) ::::::Already done by Aramil. I think Wikiversity should take action against proxies. I suspect that these IPs are proxies and belong to the same person. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:52, 3 December 2024 (UTC) :::::::Possibly {{ping|Mu301}} has some experience dealing with proxies? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:58, 4 December 2024 (UTC) == Import of aiCAMstir == [[File:'aiCAMstir' icon, © Stephan Kallee, AluStir, CC-BY-SA 4.0.png|thumb|aiCAMstir]] The '''aiCAMstir''' project is a non-commercial collaborative project on using Artificial Intelligence in Welding. We want to create a mirror of the www_aicamstir_com web site, before this will be taken down. We do not want to add the links to the project partners but include references to published papers. However, the software settings seems to restrict the use of web links, and recommended to get in touch with an admin (By the way, I am an [[Commons:Category:'aiCAMstir'|experienced Wikimedia user]]). Do you want to allow me, to insert weblinks into references? [[User:&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;]] ([[User talk:&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|contribs]]) 11:27, 1 February 2025 (UTC) == Block of MarsSterlingTurner == (Deleted and reposted to [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action#Block_of_MarsSterlingTurner]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:42, 10 April 2025 (UTC)) == Edit warring by [[User:Harold Foppele]] == {{user|Harold Foppele}} is edit warring at [[Is LGBTQIA+ being forced on society?]] (wikidebate) to add some long AI-generated text with broken wikisyntax and insists on my talk page they don't need to address my 4 specific reasons for the removal ([[Special:Diff/2784967]]) such as the broken wikisyntax. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 14:51, 13 January 2026 (UTC) :You do not revert an editors contribution. :You done that before, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Prototyperspective&action=edit&section=10| See here] I do not have to address your 4 reasons, that is where a discussion/talk page is for. What Wikidebate Is Not: Explicitly, it's not a platform to defend preferred points of view (similar to WP:NOTSOAPBOX or WP:NOTFORUM). Focus on gathering all sides neutrally, not advocacy. This is not a discussion. Removing edits that you do not like in a debat is not done [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 14:41, 13 January 2026 (UTC) :I've moved the LLM-generated text to [[Is LGBTQIA+ being forced on society?/Response from an LLM]]. The contribution breaks the wikisyntax and doesn't follow the applied format as the other arguments. Perhaps for the resource, a subpage with an input from an AI (which afaik tries its best to maintain a NPOV) could be useful. I'd advise [[User:Harold Foppele]] to provide a link to the conversation on said subpage. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:18, 13 January 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks, I think this is solved now. Hopefully, the user will interact more constructively in the future. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 11:40, 14 January 2026 (UTC) :::If you talk to a user before acting that would prevent problems. Beside a curator, no one is allowed to edit users contributions. Esp. in debates. Files are even stricter there. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 13:05, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ::::That is not true. I talked to you in 1. the edit summary and 2. on my talk page where you insisted "this is not a discussion" and that you don't need to address my 4 reasons. People are not free to dump anything they want onto pages and then have it stay there with reverts and removals being impossible. Contentious edits like that need consensus for inclusion or the removal reasons to be addressed. Your interaction has been very nonconstructive and hopefully this is not a wider phenomenon on the site which if so would cause massive quality problems. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 11:35, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::You did mention it in the edit while deleting it. The 'contentious' comment is still there with an expansion to a subpage. It is not you who decide what is dump or not, or what is contentious, that is what custodians are for. A simple comment with a ping at the talk page or the user page would be sufficient to start a discussion and reach consensus. If no consensus is reached, the help of a custodian can be sought. You are not the discussion leader on the subject. Wikiversity lives by AGF (Assume Good Faith). So I assume that for you as well. I admire @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] for a brilliant solution. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:24, 15 January 2026 (UTC) ::::::One can remove contents and the burden is on the person who wants to add the new info to address the reasons in a comment and/or to address the reasons via a new way. Adding it to a subpage and then linking that is what you could have done, not requiring me to go here to get help. You are not the discussion leader on the subject. You aren't free to add any content to any page and have authority for it to stay there. I'll once again close my comment that your interaction has not been constructive; you did not address points or suggest or implement a solution but just insisted you don't even need to address them and just went to do edit warring. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:59, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::::Indeed, you are not constructive. Just stuborn. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 14:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) == New curatorship request == I started a curatorship request at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship/Codename Noreste]]. Can a custodian place it in [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice|the site notice]]? Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:41, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::Can you increment [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice id]] by one digit? If done, the site notice will appear again. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 24 March 2026 (UTC) :::A little more than a week has passed, and there is one support. Would a custodian close my request, please? Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:26, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done}} https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ASitenotice_id&diff=2802001&oldid=2800237 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:51, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Call for custodians and bureaucrats == <div class="cd-moveMark">''Moved from [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Call for custodians and bureaucrats]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:46, 12 May 2026 (UTC)''</div> Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC) : I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC) ::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC) ::: I filed my nomination, but according to the custodianship policy, I am running for probationary custodianship, and after a period of four weeks, I will run again for permanent custodianship to determine if I have performed well and professionally. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC) ::Wonderful. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:09, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :Would also like to help! [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:25, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Merci beaucoup :) When you're ready, you can self-nominate for probationary custodianship at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:08, 14 May 2026 (UTC) : Would an uninvolved bureaucrat close the following discussions? Roughly a week has passed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 20 May 2026 (UTC) :: Ping @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]]: Two probationary custodian nominations are ready for closing if you're available. Also note that there are two bureaucrat nominations that should stay open for another week or so. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:57, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :::{{done}} --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 16:51, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Thanks, Mike, appreciate it. :::: It's now been a couple of weeks for the two bureaucrat nominations, so I think they could be closed. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:10, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::::{{done}} --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 19:24, 30 May 2026 (UTC) snmdhk2jhxjbocslkinnar4bufgigsm 2812446 2812444 2026-06-01T18:45:59Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Call for custodian mentors */ archive from [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2812446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive|Wikiversity:Notices for custodians}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701]] == * {{user|2600:1003:B05E:6EC6:0:33:95BF:E701}} Cross-wiki vandalism. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:21, 2 June 2024 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:22, 2 June 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, Koavf! --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:26, 2 June 2024 (UTC) == Maintenance vs administration == Bumping a [[User_talk:Tule-hog#Wikiversity:Administration|redirect for discussion]] concerning custodianship. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 09:50, 6 October 2024 (UTC) == Vandalism == Please block [[Special:Contributions/76.121.217.240]]. --[[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 03:09, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :Not a local sysop here but {{done}}. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:18, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :: {{comment}} Page deleted. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :::Hi it's me again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/216.186.51.108]] &mdash; @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:54, 2 December 2024 (UTC) ::::{{done}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:58, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :::::Hello. Again and again. Please block [[Special:Contributions/152.22.75.23]]. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:48, 3 December 2024 (UTC) ::::::Already done by Aramil. I think Wikiversity should take action against proxies. I suspect that these IPs are proxies and belong to the same person. [[User:Tres Libras|Tres Libras]] ([[User talk:Tres Libras|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tres Libras|contribs]]) 19:52, 3 December 2024 (UTC) :::::::Possibly {{ping|Mu301}} has some experience dealing with proxies? —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:58, 4 December 2024 (UTC) == Import of aiCAMstir == [[File:'aiCAMstir' icon, © Stephan Kallee, AluStir, CC-BY-SA 4.0.png|thumb|aiCAMstir]] The '''aiCAMstir''' project is a non-commercial collaborative project on using Artificial Intelligence in Welding. We want to create a mirror of the www_aicamstir_com web site, before this will be taken down. We do not want to add the links to the project partners but include references to published papers. However, the software settings seems to restrict the use of web links, and recommended to get in touch with an admin (By the way, I am an [[Commons:Category:'aiCAMstir'|experienced Wikimedia user]]). Do you want to allow me, to insert weblinks into references? [[User:&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;]] ([[User talk:&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/&#39;aiCAMstir&#39;|contribs]]) 11:27, 1 February 2025 (UTC) == Block of MarsSterlingTurner == (Deleted and reposted to [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action#Block_of_MarsSterlingTurner]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:42, 10 April 2025 (UTC)) == Edit warring by [[User:Harold Foppele]] == {{user|Harold Foppele}} is edit warring at [[Is LGBTQIA+ being forced on society?]] (wikidebate) to add some long AI-generated text with broken wikisyntax and insists on my talk page they don't need to address my 4 specific reasons for the removal ([[Special:Diff/2784967]]) such as the broken wikisyntax. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 14:51, 13 January 2026 (UTC) :You do not revert an editors contribution. :You done that before, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Prototyperspective&action=edit&section=10| See here] I do not have to address your 4 reasons, that is where a discussion/talk page is for. What Wikidebate Is Not: Explicitly, it's not a platform to defend preferred points of view (similar to WP:NOTSOAPBOX or WP:NOTFORUM). Focus on gathering all sides neutrally, not advocacy. This is not a discussion. Removing edits that you do not like in a debat is not done [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 14:41, 13 January 2026 (UTC) :I've moved the LLM-generated text to [[Is LGBTQIA+ being forced on society?/Response from an LLM]]. The contribution breaks the wikisyntax and doesn't follow the applied format as the other arguments. Perhaps for the resource, a subpage with an input from an AI (which afaik tries its best to maintain a NPOV) could be useful. I'd advise [[User:Harold Foppele]] to provide a link to the conversation on said subpage. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:18, 13 January 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks, I think this is solved now. Hopefully, the user will interact more constructively in the future. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 11:40, 14 January 2026 (UTC) :::If you talk to a user before acting that would prevent problems. Beside a curator, no one is allowed to edit users contributions. Esp. in debates. Files are even stricter there. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 13:05, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ::::That is not true. I talked to you in 1. the edit summary and 2. on my talk page where you insisted "this is not a discussion" and that you don't need to address my 4 reasons. People are not free to dump anything they want onto pages and then have it stay there with reverts and removals being impossible. Contentious edits like that need consensus for inclusion or the removal reasons to be addressed. Your interaction has been very nonconstructive and hopefully this is not a wider phenomenon on the site which if so would cause massive quality problems. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 11:35, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::You did mention it in the edit while deleting it. The 'contentious' comment is still there with an expansion to a subpage. It is not you who decide what is dump or not, or what is contentious, that is what custodians are for. A simple comment with a ping at the talk page or the user page would be sufficient to start a discussion and reach consensus. If no consensus is reached, the help of a custodian can be sought. You are not the discussion leader on the subject. Wikiversity lives by AGF (Assume Good Faith). So I assume that for you as well. I admire @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] for a brilliant solution. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 12:24, 15 January 2026 (UTC) ::::::One can remove contents and the burden is on the person who wants to add the new info to address the reasons in a comment and/or to address the reasons via a new way. Adding it to a subpage and then linking that is what you could have done, not requiring me to go here to get help. You are not the discussion leader on the subject. You aren't free to add any content to any page and have authority for it to stay there. I'll once again close my comment that your interaction has not been constructive; you did not address points or suggest or implement a solution but just insisted you don't even need to address them and just went to do edit warring. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:59, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::::Indeed, you are not constructive. Just stuborn. [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 14:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) == New curatorship request == I started a curatorship request at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship/Codename Noreste]]. Can a custodian place it in [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice|the site notice]]? Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 23:41, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::Can you increment [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice id]] by one digit? If done, the site notice will appear again. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 24 March 2026 (UTC) :::A little more than a week has passed, and there is one support. Would a custodian close my request, please? Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:26, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done}} https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ASitenotice_id&diff=2802001&oldid=2800237 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:51, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Call for custodians and bureaucrats == <div class="cd-moveMark">''Moved from [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action#Call for custodians and bureaucrats]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:46, 12 May 2026 (UTC)''</div> Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC) : I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC) ::Awesome. Could you self-nominate at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC) ::: I filed my nomination, but according to the custodianship policy, I am running for probationary custodianship, and after a period of four weeks, I will run again for permanent custodianship to determine if I have performed well and professionally. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:00, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :I'm also willing to run for bureaucratship as I imagine my activity levels should remain sufficient. I could put in a nomination within the next week or so. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 12:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC) ::Wonderful. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:09, 12 May 2026 (UTC) :Would also like to help! [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:25, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Merci beaucoup :) When you're ready, you can self-nominate for probationary custodianship at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:08, 14 May 2026 (UTC) : Would an uninvolved bureaucrat close the following discussions? Roughly a week has passed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:53, 20 May 2026 (UTC) :: Ping @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] @[[User:Mu301|Mu301]]: Two probationary custodian nominations are ready for closing if you're available. Also note that there are two bureaucrat nominations that should stay open for another week or so. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 10:57, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :::{{done}} --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 16:51, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Thanks, Mike, appreciate it. :::: It's now been a couple of weeks for the two bureaucrat nominations, so I think they could be closed. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 02:10, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::::{{done}} --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 19:24, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == Call for custodian mentors== If you have more than 3 months experience as a custodian, please consider listing yourself as potential mentor for probationary custodians: [[Wikiversity:List of custodian mentors]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:27, 12 May 2026 (UTC) 7uhxj3akexjc66pldpmpubx32thzazt 1 329659 2812492 2810431 2026-06-01T23:04:13Z OhanaUnited 18921 editorial comments 2812492 wikitext text/x-wiki == Editorial comments == {{editor's comments |date=28 May 2026 |Q=Q99632752 |text= Background: line 4 "the scientific contents" to "the scientific content". Conclusion: "Wikidata as a database as an analytical tool" to "Wikidata as a database and analytical tool" Acknowledgements: "funding of a grants since" to "funding of grants since". References: these need dates 2. (December 2023) 15. (2012) 24. (August 2002) }} ==Community comments== This work offers a comprehensive approach to the main historical trends in archaeological research on the Argentine Patagonian coast. In this sense, the study is very thorough, considering virtually all publications on the subject within a historiographical perspective focused on the development of archaeology in Argentina. A progressive development of the discipline is observed in diachronic terms. By uploading the information to Wikidata, creating an open database, the researchers identified trends based on different aspects, such as the topics addressed, geographical variations, and the representation of authors. Within this framework, for example, from the year 2000 onward, they recognize a process of consolidation and maturation of research in the archaeology of the continental Patagonian coast, which they correctly correlate with the implementation of expansionary policies that favored the development of Argentine science at both the national and international levels. On the other hand, and in contrast, it is also important to note that these findings highlight a significant decrease in the number of publications related to this topic in recent years. This correlates with the current situation of marked reductions in science funding in Argentina, with all the repercussions this has for research groups. As they rightly point out, this is a scenario in which a deliberate policy is resulting in a kind of "scientific genocide" that impacts all levels of the scientific system. The manuscript can be published without modifications. teq7oxrmvpsnox2qnn5a1uinsxt5lms 2812497 2812492 2026-06-01T23:24:56Z OhanaUnited 18921 + peer review 1 2812497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Editorial comments == {{editor's comments |date=28 May 2026 |Q=Q99632752 |text= Background: line 4 "the scientific contents" to "the scientific content". Conclusion: "Wikidata as a database as an analytical tool" to "Wikidata as a database and analytical tool" Acknowledgements: "funding of a grants since" to "funding of grants since". References: these need dates 2. (December 2023) 15. (2012) 24. (August 2002) }} ==Community comments== This work offers a comprehensive approach to the main historical trends in archaeological research on the Argentine Patagonian coast. In this sense, the study is very thorough, considering virtually all publications on the subject within a historiographical perspective focused on the development of archaeology in Argentina. A progressive development of the discipline is observed in diachronic terms. By uploading the information to Wikidata, creating an open database, the researchers identified trends based on different aspects, such as the topics addressed, geographical variations, and the representation of authors. Within this framework, for example, from the year 2000 onward, they recognize a process of consolidation and maturation of research in the archaeology of the continental Patagonian coast, which they correctly correlate with the implementation of expansionary policies that favored the development of Argentine science at both the national and international levels. On the other hand, and in contrast, it is also important to note that these findings highlight a significant decrease in the number of publications related to this topic in recent years. This correlates with the current situation of marked reductions in science funding in Argentina, with all the repercussions this has for research groups. As they rightly point out, this is a scenario in which a deliberate policy is resulting in a kind of "scientific genocide" that impacts all levels of the scientific system. The manuscript can be published without modifications. ==Peer review 1== Editor's note: The comment was provided in Spanish. Author (FMA) confirmed that they can read Spanish and able to accept reviewer comments in Spanish. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 23:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) {{review |reviewer = Romina C. Vazquez |Q = Q106576509 |affiliation=Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina |link = |date = 28 May 2026 |pdf = Wikidata Argentine Patagonian coast - Romina Vazquez peer review comments.pdf |text = }} 5o6p7flj3li9aw0m8b1r1p61s0alxqs 0 329817 2812495 2811434 2026-06-01T23:06:08Z DavidMCEddy 218607 punct 2812495 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2026-05-28 interview with [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] about critical media literacy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast will be released 2026-06-13 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref> :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.</ref> and treating others with respect.''<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] is different: Contributors there are asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref> <!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.webm|thumb|2026-05-28 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--> <!--[[File:Nolan Higdon on critical media literacy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-05-38 interview with Nolan Higdon about critical media literacy.]]--> Prolific author and media critic [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] discusses his research on problems with the media and what he thinks humans should do to better advance their interests in society. He is interviewed by Spencer Graves.<ref><!--Spencer Graves-->{{cite Q|Q56452480}}</ref> Higdon is a lecturer at [[w:California State University, East Bay|California State University, East Bay]],<ref><!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer of Communication-->{{cite Q|Q139900214}}</ref> and the [[w:University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California, Santa Cruz]].<ref><!--Nolan Higdon: Lecturer-->{{cite Q|Q139900225}}</ref> He is a prolific researcher, podcaster, contributor to general news outlets, and author, co-author or co-editor of at least eight recent books: * <!--2026-03-09-->''MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed'' (Higdon 2026). * <!--2024-04-16-->''Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education'' (Gennaro et al. 2024). * <!--2024-03-18-->''Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression'' (Andersen et al., eds 2024). * <!--2021-12-29-->''The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism'' (Higdon and Baham 2021). * <!--2020-08-04-->''The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education'' (Higdon 2020). * <!--2024-08-02-->''Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools'' (Higdon and Butler 2024). * <!--2022-02-23-->''Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy'' (Higdon and Huff 2022). * <!--2022-12-27-->''The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people'' (Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective 2022). * <!--2019-08-20-->''United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)'' (Higdon and Huff 2019). Recent articles: * <!--Nolan Higdon, Allison Butler, Sydney Sullivan, and Tyler Poisson (2025-06-30)-->"Teaching Critical AI Literacy: Tools and Strategies for the Classroom" (Higdon et al. 2025). * <!--Nolan Higdon and Sydney Sullivan (2025)-->"Media literacy in the crosshairs: NATO’s strategic goals and the revival of protectionist pedagogy" (Higdon and Sullivan 2025). * <!--Nolan Higdon (2025-04)-->"DEI in Name Only: Navigating the Gap between the Rhetoric and the Reality of Social Justice in Higher Education" (Higdon 2025-04). * <!--Nolan Higdon (2025-02)-->"Constructive Conflict and Critical Media Literacy" (Higdon 2025-02). == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]. ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds. (2024-03-18) Censorship, digital media, and the global crackdown on freedom of expression-->{{cite Q|Q139895926|author=Robin Andersen, Nolan Higdon, and Steve Macek, eds.}} * <!--Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds. (2024-04-16) Transformative practice in critical media literacy : radical democracy and decolonized pedagogy in higher education-->{{cite Q|Q139895224|author=Steve Gennaro, Nolan Higdon, and Michael Hoechsmann, eds.}} * <!--Nolan Higdon (2026-03-09) MAGAcademy: How Corporatism Paved the Way for the Hostile Takeover of Higher Ed-->{{cite Q|Q139897231}} * <!--Nolan Higdon (2025-04-21). DEI in Name Only: Navigating the Gap between the Rhetoric and the Reality of Social Justice in Higher Education. Protest, 5(1), 133-143-->{{cite Q|Q139901366|date=2025-04}} * <!--Nolan Higdon (2025-02) "Constructive Conflict and Critical Media Literacy"-->{{cite Q|Q139901481|date=2025-02}} * <!--Nolan Higdon (2020-08-04) The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education-->{{cite Q|Q136132835}} * <!--Nolan Higdon and Nicholas L. Baham, III (2021-12-29) The Podcaster's Dilemma: Decolonizing Podcasters in the Era of Surveillance Capitalism-->{{cite Q|Q139896338}} * <!--Nolan Higdon and Allison Butler (2024-08-02) Surveillance Education: Navigating the Conspicuous Absence of Privacy in Schools-->{{cite Q|Q139770479}} * <!--Nolan Higdon, Allison Butler, Sydney Sullivan, and Tyler Poisson (2025-06-30) "Teaching Critical AI Literacy: Tools and Strategies for the Classroom"-->{{cite Q|Q139907412}} * <!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2022-02-23) Let's agree to disagree : a critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy-->{{cite Q|Q138914107}} * <!--Nolan Higdon and Mickey Huff (2019-08-20) United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)-->{{cite Q|Q138919847}} * <!--Nolan Higdon and Sydney Sullivan (2025) Media literacy in the crosshairs: NATO’s strategic goals and the revival of protectionist pedagogy-->{{cite Q|Q139901332}} * <!--Project Censored and The Media Revolution Collective (2022-12-27) The media and me : a guide to critical media literacy for young people-->{{cite Q|Q138912399}} * <!--Sergei A. Samoilenko and Solon J Simmons, eds. (2025-02) The Handbook of Social and Political Conflict-->{{cite Q|Q139901403|author=Sergei A. Samoilenko and Solon J Simmons, eds.}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Democracy]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media literacy]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> g7sg5fjxvjapj3vysoirjkga9bmwx3y 0 329829 2812484 2812223 2026-06-01T22:02:33Z Scogdill 1331941 2812484 wikitext text/x-wiki = The Irish Aristocracy at the End of the 19th Century = == The Irish Peerage == === Dukes and Duchesses === ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Duke and Duchess of Abercorn]] ==== * This dukedom is in the peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland * James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn (1811–1885), elder son of Lord Hamilton, "styled Viscount Hamiltonfrom 1814 to 1818 and The Marquess of Abercorn from 1818 to 1868, was a Conservative statesman who twice served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-05|title=James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Abercorn&oldid=1347253763|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (1838–1913), eldest son of the 1st Duke, "styled Viscount Hamilton until 1868 and Marquess of Hamilton from 1868 to 1885, was a British nobleman, courtier, and diplomat."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-25|title=James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hamilton,_2nd_Duke_of_Abercorn&oldid=1334676058|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Titles ** Marquess of Abercorn ** Viscount Hamilton ** Viscount Strabane, county Tyrone ==== Duke of Leinster ==== Irish peerage * Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Duke of Leinster (16 August 1851 – 1 December 1893)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1207.htm#i12063|title=Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Duke of Leinster|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> * Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster, 6 years old when he succeeded to the dukedom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2767.htm#i27667|title=Maurice FitzGerald, 6th Duke of Leinster|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> * Subsidiary Titles # Marquess of Kildare (Irish peerage), did not attend the ball. # Earl of Kildare (Irish peerage), did not attend the ball. # Earl of Offaly (Irish peerage) # Viscount Leinster of Taplow (GB peerage) # Baron Offaly (Irish peerage) # Baron Kildare of Kildare (UK peerage) === Marquesses and Marchionesses === ==== Marquess Conyngham<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-13|title=Marquess Conyngham|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_Conyngham&oldid=1332742873|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== * Did not attend the ball but did attend a number of social events about this time. * Pronounced "''Cunn''ingum."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-13|title=Marquess Conyngham|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_Conyngham&oldid=1332742873|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Henry Francis Conyngham, 4th Marquess Conyngham (1857–1897)<ref>"Henry Francis Conyngham, 4th Marquess Conyngham." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 7198 https://www.thepeerage.com/p7199.htm#i71982.</ref> * Victor George Henry Francis Conyngham, 5th Marquess Conyngham (1883–1918)<ref>"Victor George Henry Francis Conyngham, 5th Marquess Conyngham." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 7198 https://www.thepeerage.com/p7199.htm#i71983.</ref> * Subsidiary Titles ** Earl of Conyngham ** Viscount Conyngham ** Viscount Mount Charles ==== Marquess of Donegall ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Titles ** Earl of Donegall, did not attend the ball. ** Viscount Chichester — did not attend the ball; some Chichesters attended social events at about this time. ==== Marquess and Marchioness of Downshire ==== * Arthur Wills John Wellington Trumbull Blundell Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire (2 July 1871 – 29 May 1918) in 1893 married Katherine Mary ("Kitty") Hare (1872–1959)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-10|title=Arthur Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Hill,_6th_Marquess_of_Downshire&oldid=1274976272|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Titles ** Earl of Hillsborough, did not attend the ball, also not at any social events described so far. ** Viscount Kilwarlin — 6th, Arthur Wills John Wellington Trumbull Hill (31 March 1874 – 29 May 1918)<ref>"Arthur Wills John Wellington Trumbull '''Hill''', 6th Marquess of Downshire." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page #3810 https://www.thepeerage.com/p3811.htm#i38104.</ref> ==== Marquess of Ely ==== * Did not attend the ball, but members of the Loftus family attended a number of social events at about this time. * 4th Marquess: John Henry Wellington Graham Loftus (15 July 1857 – 3 April 1889)<ref>"John Henry Wellington Graham Loftus, 4th Marquess of Ely." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 8545 https://www.thepeerage.com/p8545.htm#i85450.</ref> * 5th Marquess: John Henry Loftus (3 April 1889 – 18 December 1925)<ref>"John Henry Loftus, 5th Marquess of Ely." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 8546 https://www.thepeerage.com/p8546.htm#i85459.</ref> * Subsidiary Titles ** Earl of Ely — did not attend the ball. ** Viscount Loftus ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Bective|Marquess and Marchioness of Headfort]] ==== * Did not attend the ball, but a number of people in this family attended many social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Titles ** [[Social Victorians/People/Bective|Earl of Bective]] ** Viscount Headfort<ref name=":1">"Index to Viscounts and Viscountesses." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. https://www.thepeerage.com/index_viscount.htm.</ref> *** 4th: Thomas Taylour (6 December 1870 – 22 July 1894) *** 5th: Geoffrey Thomas Taylour (22 July 1894 – 29 January 1943) ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Marquess and Marchioness of Londonderry]] ==== * The Marquess and Marchioness attended the ball, she led one of the courts as Maria Thérèse, plus two of their children attended, one of whom is Viscount Castlereagh. * Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry<ref>"Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 1277 https://www.thepeerage.com/p1278.htm#i12772.</ref> * Lady Theresa Susey Helen Chetwynd-Talbot, Marchioness of Londonderry<ref>"Lady Theresa Susey Helen Chetwynd-Talbot." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 1277 https://www.thepeerage.com/p1278.htm#i12771.</ref> * Subsidiary Titles ** [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Earl of Londonderry]] ** Viscount Castlereagh — Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart (6 November 1884 – 8 February 1915) ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Earl of Lucan]] ==== * Some members of the family attended the ball, and the family attended a number of social events at this time. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Marquess and Marchioness of Ormonde]] ==== * James Edward Butler, 3rd Marquess of Ormonde and 21st Earl of Ormonde (1844–1919)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-03|title=Earl of Ormond (Ireland)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Ormond_(Ireland)&oldid=1352334266|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Now extinct; earldom dormant. Castle X was their manor, but they don't appear to have any papers. * Subsidiary Titles ==== Marquess of Sligo ==== * Did not attend the ball, but many people with the surname Browne attended a number of social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Titles ** Earl of Altamont. Did not attend the ball; did not attend any social events analyzed so far. ** Earl of Clanricarde — Did not attend the ball but did attend a few social events about this time. ** Viscount of Westport<ref name=":1" /> *** 5th: George John Browne (26 January 1845 – 30 December 1896), 5th Marquess *** 6th: John Thomas Browne (30 December 1896 – 30 December 1903), 6th Marquess ==== Marquess of Waterford ==== * John Henry de La Poer Beresford, 5th Marquess of Waterford (1844–1895) * Henry de La Poer Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford (1875–1911)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-10|title=Henry Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Beresford,_6th_Marquess_of_Waterford&oldid=1337565707|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but members of the Beresford family were prominent socially at about this time. * Subsidiary Titles ** Viscount Tyrone === Earls and Countesses === ==== Earl of Annesley ==== * Did not attend the ball but did attend a number of social events in the 1890s. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Glerawly<ref name=":1" />: 6th: Hugh Annesley (10 August 1874 – 15 December 1908), 6th Earl of Annesley ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Antrim|Earl of Antrim]] ==== * Some members of this family attended the ball, though not the earl or countess. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arran|Earl of Arran]] ==== * Attended the ball. * Subsidiary Titles ** Viscount Sudley: 5th: Arthur Saunders William Charles Fox Gore (25 Jun 1884-14 Mar 1901), 5th Earl of Arran<ref name=":1" /> ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Belmore|Earl Belmore]] ==== * Did not attend the ball, although [[Social Victorians/People/Rowton|Montagu Lowry-Corry, 1st Baron Rowton]] did, but did attend a number of social events about this time. * 4th Earl: Somerset Richard Lowry-Corry (17 Dec 1845-6 Apr 1913)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-17|title=Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somerset_Lowry-Corry,_4th_Earl_Belmore&oldid=1349375684|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Belmore (though the subsidiary title for the heir apparent is Viscount Corry?) ==== Earl of Bessborough ==== * Frederick George Brabazon Ponsonby, 6th Earl of Bessborough (1815–1895) * Walter William Brabazon Ponsonby, 7th Earl of Bessborough (1821–1906), would have been Viscount Duncannon 1880–1895 * Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough (1851–1920), would have been Viscount Duncannon 1895–1906 * Did not attend the ball, but the [[Social Victorians/People/Ponsonby|Ponsonby]] family attended many social events at about this time, including mention of Lady Duncannon's school that taught fabric arts. * Subsidiary Titles ** Viscount Duncannon ==== Earl of Caledon ==== * Did not attend the ball but did attend a number of social events about this time. * James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon (1846–1898)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-11-21|title=James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Alexander,_4th_Earl_of_Caledon&oldid=1323312651|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Eric James Desmond Alexander, 5th Earl of Caledon (1885–1968), succeeded as earl in 1898.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-11-21|title=Eric Alexander, 5th Earl of Caledon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Alexander,_5th_Earl_of_Caledon&oldid=1323313583|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Caledon ==== Earl of Carrick ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl Castle Stewart ==== * Did not attend the ball. * 5th Earl: Henry James Stuart-Richardson (12 September 1874 – 5 June 1914)<ref>"Henry James Stuart-Richardson, 5th Earl Castle Stewart." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 2412 https://www.thepeerage.com/p12413.htm#i124125.</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Castle Stewart ==== Earl of Cavan ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl of Clancarty ==== * Did not attend the ball and attended few social events researched so far. * Richard Somerset Le Poer Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty (1834–1891)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-10|title=Richard Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Trench,_4th_Earl_of_Clancarty&oldid=1332219771|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * William Frederick Le Poer Trench, 5th Earl of Clancarty (1868–1929)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-11-05|title=William Trench, 5th Earl of Clancarty|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Trench,_5th_Earl_of_Clancarty&oldid=1320532351|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Dunlo ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Clanwilliam|Earl and Countess of Clanwilliam]] ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Clanwilliam<ref name=":1" />: 4th: Richard James Meade (7 October 1879 – 4 August 1907), 4th Earl ==== Earl of Cork, Earl of Orrery ==== * Cork and Orrery, did attend the ball. ==== Earl of Courtown ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl of Darnley ==== * John Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley (1827–1896), British<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-07|title=John Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bligh,_6th_Earl_of_Darnley&oldid=1337113925|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Edward Bligh, 7th Earl of Darnley (1851–1900), Lord Clifton much of his adult life, "English"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-05|title=Edward Bligh, 7th Earl of Darnley|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bligh,_7th_Earl_of_Darnley&oldid=1352607379|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but the Bligh family attended some social events from about this time. * Subsidiary Titles: ** Viscount Darnley ==== Earl of Desmond ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Donoughmore|Earl of Donoughmore]] ==== * Did not attend the ball but did attend a number of social events about this time. * John Luke George Hely-Hutchinson, 5th Earl of Donoughmore (1848–1900)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-05-01|title=John Hely-Hutchinson, 5th Earl of Donoughmore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hely-Hutchinson,_5th_Earl_of_Donoughmore&oldid=1288332715|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Donoughmore ==== Earl of Drogheda ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Titles ** Viscount Moore — no evidence of the Viscount or Viscountess Moore at social events at about this time. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Cole|Earl and Countess of Enniskillen]] ==== * The Earl and Countess and a daughter attended the ball. Papers in PRONI. * Subsidiary Title ** 4th Viscount Enniskillen: Lowry Egerton Cole (12 November 1886 – 28 April 1924)<ref name=":1" /> ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Crichton|Earl of Erne]] ==== * Some members of the family attended the ball. Papers in PRONI. * The newspapers were very inconsistent in the spelling of the family name Crichton. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Erne<ref name=":1" /> *** 3rd Earl of Erne: John Crichton (10 June 1842 – 3 October 1885) *** 4th Earl of Erne: John Henry Crichton (3 October 1885 – 2 December 1914) ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Earl of Gosford]] ==== * The Earl and Countess of Gosford attended the ball, as did a son and a daughter. They attended many social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Gosford of Market Hill, co. Armagh<ref name=":1" /> *** 5th Earl of Gosford: Archibald Brabazon Sparrow Acheson (15 June 1864 – 11 April 1922) ==== Earl of Granard ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Bernard Arthur William Patrick Hastings Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard (17 September 1874 – 10 September 1948)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Forbes,_8th_Earl_of_Granard] * Anglo-Irish * Subsidiary Titles ** Bernard Arthur William Patrick Hastings Forbes, styled Viscount Forbes from 1874 to 1889 ==== Earl of Kerry ==== * Subsidiary title of the [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Marquess of Lansdowne]] (in the peerage of Great Britain). Attended the ball. * Subsidiary Titles ** Viscount Clanmaurice ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Earl of Kilmorey]] ==== * Anglo-Irish * Nellie Countess of Kilmorey attended the ball; Francis, 3rd Earl was alive at the time, did he attend? Both he and she attended a number of social events from about this time. ==== Earl of Kingston ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Kingsborough (of Viscount Kingston of Kingborough, co. Sligo)<ref name=":1" /> *** 8th: Henry Newcomen King-Tenison (21 June 1871 – 13 January 1896) *** 9th: Henry Edwyn King-Tenison (13 January 1896 – 11 January 1946) **Viscount Lorton ==== Earl of Lisburne ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Ernest Augustus Malet Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne (1836–1888)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-12-03|title=Ernest Augustus Malet Vaughan, 5th Earl of Lisburne|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Augustus_Malet_Vaughan,_5th_Earl_of_Lisburne&oldid=1325511612|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ** Owned a lot of land in Cardiganshire, Wales ** Conservative, but withdrew from politics * George Henry Arthur Vaughan, 6th Earl of Lisburne (1862–1899) * Ernest Edmund Henry Malet Vaughan, 7th Earl of Lisburne (1892–1965) ** Welsh nobleman, of Trawsgoed, Cardiganshire. 7 years old when he succeeded to the earldom ==== Earl of Longford ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Mayo|Earl of Mayo]] ==== * Some members of the family attended the ball. * Viscount Mayo of Monycrower, co. Mayo<ref name=":1" /> ** 7th Earl of Mayo: Dermot Robert Wyndham Bourke (8 February 1872 – 31 December 1927) ==== Earl and Countess of Meath ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl of Mexborough ==== * Did not attend the ball ==== Earl of Mornington ==== * Subsidiary title of the Duke of Wellington (in the peerage of the UK). ==== Earl of Normanton ==== * Did not attend the ball, but did attend some social events in the 1880s and 1890s. * James Charles Herbert Welbore Ellis Agar, 3rd Earl of Normanton (1818–1896)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-10-06|title=James Agar, 3rd Earl of Normanton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Agar,_3rd_Earl_of_Normanton&oldid=1315461436|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Sidney James Agar, 4th Earl of Normanton (1865–1933)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-19|title=Sidney James Agar, 4th Earl of Normanton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_James_Agar,_4th_Earl_of_Normanton&oldid=1355064165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Somerton ==== Earl of Portarlington ==== * Did not attend the ball. Members of this family attended a few social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Carlow<ref name=":1" /> *** 5th: Lionel Seymour William Dawson-Damer (1 March 1889 – 17 December 1892), Earl of Portarlington *** 6th: Lionel George Henry Seymour Dawson-Damer (17 December 1892 – 31 August 1900) ==== Earl of Roden ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Jocelyn<ref name=":1" /> *** 6th: John Strange Jocelyn (9 January 1880 – 3 July 1897) *** 7th: William Henry Jocelyn (3 July 1897 – 23 January 1910) ==== Earl of Shannon ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl of Shelburne ==== * Subsidiary title of the Marquess of Lansdowne (in the peerage of Great Britain). * Did not attend the ball, and did not attend any social events analyzed so far. ==== Earl of Tyrone ==== * Did not attend ==== Earl of Waterford ==== * Not a subsidiary title of the Marquess of Waterford but of the Earl of Shrewsbury in the peerage of England. ==== Earl of Westmeath ==== * Did not attend the ball. ==== Earl of Winterton ==== * Did not attend the ball. === Viscounts and Viscountesses === ==== Viscount Ashbrook ==== * William Spencer Flower, 7th Viscount Ashbrook (1830–1906)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-12-01|title=Viscount Ashbrook|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Ashbrook&oldid=1325071512|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, has no social presence at about this time. ==== Viscount Banger ==== * Did not attend the ball but attended a few social events at about this time. * Edward Ward, 4th Viscount Bangor (1827–1881)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-16|title=Edward Ward, 4th Viscount Bangor|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Ward,_4th_Viscount_Bangor&oldid=1343882576|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Henry William Crosbie Ward, 5th Viscount Bangor (1828–1911)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-02|title=Henry Ward, 5th Viscount Bangor|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Ward,_5th_Viscount_Bangor&oldid=1341354058|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== Viscount Boyne ==== * Did not attend the ball, but did attend a number of events at about this time. ==== Viscount Callan ==== * Did not attend the ball, and does not have much if any social presence at about this time. * The Viscount Callan is a subsidiary title of the Earl of Denbigh in the Peerage of England. ==== Viscount Charlemont ==== * Did not attend the ball. * Colonel James Alfred Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont (20 March 1830 – 4 July 1913), Irish<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-02|title=James Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Caulfeild,_7th_Viscount_Charlemont&oldid=1352129469|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Unionist ==== Viscount Chetwynd ==== * Does not seem to have attended the ball, but Chetwynds were socially very active at about this time. * Godfrey John Boyle Chetwynd, 8th Viscount Chetwynd (1863–1936), British<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-24|title=Godfrey Chetwynd, 8th Viscount Chetwynd|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_Chetwynd,_8th_Viscount_Chetwynd&oldid=1355878192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== Viscount de Vesci ==== * Did not attend the ball but attended several social events at about this time. * 4th Viscount de Vesci: John Robert William Vesey (23 December 1875 – 6 July 1903)<ref name=":1" /> * "The family seat was Abbeyleix House, near Abbeyleix, County Laois."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-09|title=Viscount de Vesci|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_de_Vesci&oldid=1337491855|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== Viscount Dillon ==== * Did not attend the ball, but several Dillons attended other social events at about this time. ==== Viscount Doneraile<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-16|title=Viscount Doneraile|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Doneraile&oldid=1333262628|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== * Did not attend the ball, but did attend the Warwick Bal Poudré and few other social events at about this time. * Hayes St Leger, 4th Viscount Doneraile (1818–1887) * Richard Arthur St Leger, 5th Viscount Doneraile (1825–1891) * Edward St Leger, 6th Viscount Doneraile (1866–1941) ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Downe|Viscount Downe]] ==== * Did not attend the ball but attended many social events at about this time. * Major-General Hugh Richard Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe (20 July 1844 – 21 January 1924)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-24|title=Hugh Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Dawnay,_8th_Viscount_Downe&oldid=1345146095|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * British Army general ==== Viscount Ferrard ==== * See Viscount Massereene, below. By the end of the century, it was the Viscount and Viscountess of Massereene and Ferrard. ==== Viscount Fitzmaurice ==== * A subsidiary title of the Marquess of Lansdowne (in the Peerage of Great Britain). * 6th Viscount Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith Petty-FitzMaurice (5 July 1866 – 3 June 1927)<ref>"Henry Charles Keith Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 958 https://www.thepeerage.com/p959.htm#i9586.</ref> ==== Viscount Gage ==== * Henry Charles Gage, 5th Viscount Gage (1854–1912)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-21|title=Viscount Gage|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Gage&oldid=1296646030|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but members of this family attended a number of social events at about this time. ==== Viscount Galway ==== * George Edmund Milnes Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway (1844–1931), British conservative<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-08|title=George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Monckton-Arundell,_7th_Viscount_Galway&oldid=1304770631|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but Viscount and Viscountess Galway attended many social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Title ** Baron Monckton (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom) ==== Viscount Gormanston ==== * Did not attend the ball, has no social presence in the late 19th-century newspapers at this time. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Gort|Viscount Gort]] ==== * Did not attend the ball, but attended some social events at about this time. * Standish Prendergast Vereker, 4th Viscount Gort (1819–1900)<ref>"Standish Prendergast Vereker, 4th Viscount Gort." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 4626 https://www.thepeerage.com/p4627.htm#i46261.</ref> * John Gage Prendergast Vereker, 5th Viscount Gort (1849–1902)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-05-28|title=John Vereker, 5th Viscount Gort|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Vereker,_5th_Viscount_Gort&oldid=1292670203|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== Viscount Grandison ==== * Did not attend the ball, has no social presence in the late 19th-century newspapers at this time. * The Viscount Grandison is a subsidiary title of the Earl of Jersey in the Peerage of England. ==== Viscount Grimston ==== * Subsidiary title of the Earl of Verulam (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom) * Did not attend the ball, but a number of members of this family attended social events at about this time. ==== Viscount Harberton ==== * Did not attend the ball; Viscountess Harberton is mentioned once in social events at about this time so far. * James Spencer Pomeroy, 6th Viscount Harberton (1836–1912)<ref>"James Spencer Pomeroy, 6th Viscount Harberton." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person Page 4315 https://www.thepeerage.com/p43151.htm#i431502.</ref> * Florence Wallace Pomeroy, Viscountess Harberton (1843–1911), suffragette, cyclist, President of the Rational Dress Society<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-12|title=Florence Wallace Pomeroy, Viscountess Harberton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Wallace_Pomeroy,_Viscountess_Harberton&oldid=1343082631|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> ==== Viscount Lifford ==== * Did not attend the ball; the only social event at about this time so far is the Queen's Diamond Jubilee garden party. * James Hewitt, 4th Viscount Lifford (1811–1887)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-09-11|title=James Hewitt, 4th Viscount Lifford|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hewitt,_4th_Viscount_Lifford&oldid=1310741456|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * James Wilfrid Hewitt, 5th Viscount Lifford (12 October 1837 – 20 March 1913)<ref>"James Wilfrid Hewitt, 5th Viscount Lifford." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person Page 2227 https://www.thepeerage.com/p22271.htm#i222701.</ref> ==== Earl of Listowel ==== * Pronounced "Lish-''toe''-ell."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-15|title=Earl of Listowel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Listowel&oldid=1251322273|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but hosted and attended social events at about this time. * William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel (1833–1924)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-17|title=William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hare,_3rd_Earl_of_Listowel&oldid=1349570352|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, Irish peer * Subsidiary Title ** Viscount Ennismore and Listowel ==== Viscount Massereene ==== * Did not attend the ball but did attend a few events at about this time. See Viscount Ferrard, above. By the end of the century, it was the Viscount and Viscountess of Massereene and Ferrard. * Anglo-Irish * Clotworthy John Eyre Skeffington, 11th Viscount Massereene (9 October 1842 – 26 June 1905)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-23|title=Clotworthy Skeffington, 11th Viscount Massereene|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clotworthy_Skeffington,_11th_Viscount_Massereene&oldid=1259199982|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> and 4th Viscount Ferrard (28 April 1863 – 26 June 1905) ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Midleton|Viscount Midleton]] ==== * Some people from this family seem to have attended the ball as well as many other social events at about this time. * William Brodrick, 8th Viscount Midleton (6 January 1830 – 18 April 1907), "Irish peer, landowner and Conservative politician in both Houses of Parliament"<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-01-05|title=William Brodrick, 8th Viscount Midleton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Brodrick,_8th_Viscount_Midleton&oldid=1267418489|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Sight and hearing disabilities caused by intermarriage. A daughter became a Republican. ==== Viscount Molesworth ==== * Did not attend the ball, but attended the Warwick Bal Poudré and a number of other social events at about this time. * Samuel Molesworth, 8th Viscount Molesworth (1829–1906), may have been a Quaker ==== Viscount Monck ==== * Did not attend the ball, but attended a number of social events at about this time. * Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1819–1894)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-05|title=Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck&oldid=1347311992|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, British * Henry Power Charles Stanley Monck, 5th Viscount Monck (1849–1927)<ref>"Henry Power Charles Stanley Monck, 5th Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page 3880 https://www.thepeerage.com/p3881.htm#i38802.</ref> ==== Viscount Mountgarret ==== * Did not attend the ball, has no social presence in the late 19th-century newspapers at this time. ==== [[Social Victorians/People/Powerscourt|Viscount Powerscourt]] ==== * Mervyn Wingfield, 7th Viscount Powerscourt (1836–1904)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-18|title=Mervyn Wingfield, 7th Viscount Powerscourt|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mervyn_Wingfield,_7th_Viscount_Powerscourt&oldid=1339057453|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Did not attend the ball, but members of this family attended a number of social events at about this time. * Subsidiary Title ** Baron Powerscourt (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom), 1885<ref name=":0" /> ==== Viscount Southwell ==== * Did not attend the ball, though the Viscount and Viscountess attended a few social events at about this time. * 5th<ref name=":1" />: Arthur Robert Pyers Southwell (26 April 1878 – 5 October 1944)<ref>"Arthur Robert Pyers Southwell, 5th Viscount Southwell of Castle Mattress." ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as Well as the Royal Families of Europe''. Person page https://www.thepeerage.com/p7550.htm#i75497.</ref> ==== Viscount Valentia ==== * Did not attend the ball, attended some social events at about this time. Was on the Welcome Council for the 1887 American Exhibition. == Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland == After the forced 1801 Act of Union. === Earls and Countesses === ==== Earl of Limerick ==== * Did not attend the ball, but did attend a number of events about this time. ==== Earl of Norbury ==== * Did not attend the ball, but attended some social events at about this time. ==== Earl of Ranfurly ==== * Did not attend the ball, and they have a small social presence in the newspapers in the 1880s and 1890s. ==== Earl of Rosse ==== * Did not attend the ball, but did attend a few events at about this time. == Irish Nationalists == == Irish Unionists == == Irish Aristocrats at the Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == == References == {{reflist}} pa3ifpotstxsfqeo9w23fifh6486nor 6 329912 2812421 2026-06-01T12:10:18Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1B: Data Object (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1B: Data Object (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} lwjzsc8aya0c943agx25on8zll3lwcs 6 329913 2812423 2026-06-01T13:15:23Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 1yj0fbkhwuow92rsmte1snc1a1f166p 6 329914 2812425 2026-06-01T13:28:29Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812425 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} arv5d0vqn24qjc7bmbyc9w4xxhzfoab 6 329915 2812427 2026-06-01T13:36:14Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260601 - 20260530) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} k6fgc77a6lw0dlo2m1f7mbdir5buofn 6 329916 2812433 2026-06-01T16:58:12Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.2A: Data Type (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812433 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.2A: Data Type (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} herdy87n6729v7dl4a6t8fsbbgo3qkr 6 329917 2812434 2026-06-01T16:59:02Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.2B: Data Type (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812434 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.2B: Data Type (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} k3t2k3j2wxi6ccb3zlvnfoztxy1l9kx 6 329920 2812438 2026-06-01T17:21:57Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2812438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260601 - 20260526) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-06-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} nnh03n4q803sze7exv6aejxv2rmo0ur 6 329921 2812496 2026-06-01T23:12:13Z OhanaUnited 18921 == Summary == {{Information |Description=Peer review by reviewer of [[WikiJournal Preprints/Using Wikidata to analyze the main historical trends in archaeological research on the Argentine continental Patagonian coast]] |Source= WikiJournal of Science |Date= 2026-05-28 |Author=Romina C. Vazquez |Permission= }} ==Licensing== {{cc-by-4.0}} [[Category:WikiJournal]] 2812496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Peer review by reviewer of [[WikiJournal Preprints/Using Wikidata to analyze the main historical trends in archaeological research on the Argentine continental Patagonian coast]] |Source= WikiJournal of Science |Date= 2026-05-28 |Author=Romina C. Vazquez |Permission= }} ==Licensing== {{cc-by-4.0}} [[Category:WikiJournal]] 6v28sdreb338f2s3cha8awsg8zttnby 0 329922 2812519 2026-06-02T09:16:46Z Mrchristian 281704 Created page with " Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram t..." 2812519 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining f1v7kteg1haturrju5ofi21j1mrrx2h 2812520 2812519 2026-06-02T09:17:12Z Mrchristian 281704 Mrchristian moved page [[Linked-Open-Exhibition]] to [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exrcise]]: name change 2812519 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining f1v7kteg1haturrju5ofi21j1mrrx2h 2812522 2812520 2026-06-02T09:17:33Z Mrchristian 281704 Mrchristian moved page [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exrcise]] to [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exercise]]: typo 2812519 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise - plan, execute (still to be taught in class) ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution - guidelines to be provided # Completion of a Team Task for Class Project: Prototyping: Linked Open Exhibitions (still to be taught in class, will be assigned using GitHub Issue). ## The three teams are: ### Exhibition manual Wikidata entries ### DNB entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue from HsH Library - Text and Data Mining f1v7kteg1haturrju5ofi21j1mrrx2h 2812524 2812522 2026-06-02T09:21:24Z Mrchristian 281704 tasks 2812524 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining 4c7z8fphvya1avxkl6608lsf812xvtg 2812531 2812524 2026-06-02T10:08:10Z Mrchristian 281704 2812531 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} gz74jlwhgxqersdblm9i2fek7hwfzhv 2812533 2812531 2026-06-02T10:21:59Z Mrchristian 281704 2812533 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} noli2c6wdjnv0i8th5fo0j8h5c5z1ie 2812534 2812533 2026-06-02T10:30:56Z Mrchristian 281704 2812534 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} 8w31shyfj99d0d6fauabj2na8xu3tkx 2812535 2812534 2026-06-02T10:44:43Z Mrchristian 281704 images 2812535 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} s0kn5xphauqwdxrf8j3wtj5c9q8z911 2812537 2812535 2026-06-02T11:10:04Z Mrchristian 281704 2812537 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} --- == 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry == Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- i0kooq8wgavlhp2t7nq60ojf8lxujpi 2812538 2812537 2026-06-02T11:16:43Z Mrchristian 281704 /* 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry */ 2812538 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} --- == 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry == [[File:Wikidata 2026 06 02.jpg|left|thumb]] Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype '''Model: Auto''' '''How the repo was setup. Agent promts:'''<blockquote>''I want to run a Quarto website project, please setup the basics. The project will be published on GitHub Pages. Set the output directory to docs.'' </blockquote>Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- dyvtm91gxipqk6f2ph7no3dpy7k3td0 2812539 2812538 2026-06-02T11:18:05Z Mrchristian 281704 2812539 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE ## Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository ## Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository ## Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) ## AI LLMs: ### Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ### Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} --- == 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry == [[File:Wikidata 2026 06 02.jpg|left|thumb]] Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minutes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- dfn7h195ss2zfjjlv9knuyec29p4o36 2812540 2812539 2026-06-02T11:55:22Z Mrchristian 281704 2812540 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} --- == 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry == [[File:Wikidata 2026 06 02.jpg|left|thumb]] Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minu3. Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repositorytes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- == 3. Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository == '''Visualizing the Wikidata Item as a Graph''' The following cell renders a graph visualization of the relationships for the selected Wikidata item. This helps to see how the item is connected to other entities via its properties. In your Quarto project the Jupyter Lab Notebook will render the graph automatically<blockquote>wikidata-item.ipynb</blockquote> # In cell 2 input your Wikidata QID, e.g., item_id = "Q138572982" # Click Run All at the top of the Jupyter Lab Notebook. The graph will then render. # Once rendered you can preview your Quarto publication. Then render Quarto and push to GitHub. [[File:Graph of exhibition 2026 06 02.png|alt=Graph of exhibition 2026 06 02|left|frame]] 2fzg0pl5mbm0ermk78wih309ha3uhsw 2812541 2812540 2026-06-02T11:56:11Z Mrchristian 281704 /* 3. Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository */ 2812541 wikitext text/x-wiki Linked Open Exhibitions (Prototype): https://nfdi4culture.github.io/linked-open-exhibition/ Tasks: # Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition # Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE # Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository # Adding SPARQL Query network diagram to forked repository # Adding ORCID ID to forked repository (still to be taught in class) # AI LLMs: ## Agentic coding: VSCode Copilot exercise ## Document AI LLM use with list of use, pro and cons, and attribution # Completion of project section of Linked Open Exhibitions ## The three sections: ### Wikidata Exhibition entries ### DNB (Library metadata) entries sorting ### Exhibition catalogue scan - Text and Data Mining --- ==== 1: Complete the Wikidata entry for a Sprengel Museum exhibition ==== [[File:Timeline 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Timeline|left|thumb]] [[File:Network 2026 06 02.jpg|alt=Graph|left|thumb]] # Record minimal information for an exhibition in Wikidata as Linked Open Data: Title, museum, date, etc. e.g., https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 – See: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' # View the exhibition record in Wikidata Query Service results link ## timeline https://w.wiki/J8NJ ## graph https://w.wiki/J8aS # Review exhibition entries. # Cover topics raised by making a LOD entry: Wikidata basics, Wikidata good practice, consulting schemas, importance of review and using GitHub Issues, comparing available data – before and after. The exercise: Create a Linked Open Data record for an exhibition using Wikidata (minimal entry). ===== A. Creating the exhibition entry in Wikidata. ===== # Login to Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/ # Have a source at hand to make a data entry, e.g., #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/ausstellungen/archiv #* https://www.sprengel-museum.de/besuch?view=article&id=65:publikationen&catid=2:uncategorised #* https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=sprengel+and+museum+and+ausstellung%26any&currentPosition=1 # Check there is no existing entry for the exhibition is on Wikidata. Use the search function. # Create an item or edit an existing item. #* Note: Check which language you are using. We will be adding Deutsch and English entries (starting with Deutsch). # Create the following data entries in Wikidata, see: Table 1: ''Minimal data entries for an exhibition.'' # Review exhibition Wikidata entries. Review is carried out by using three questions. Add comments if needed, corrections can be made. Results and notes can be added to the Discussion Page of the entry, e.g., #* All entries present [ ] #* All entries correct [ ] #* Entries are in Deutsch and English – within reason [ ] # References can be added: Source URLs, date accessed ===== ''Table'' ''1: Minimal data entries for an exhibition'' ===== {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |'''Fields used to make an exhibition entry. See example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468''' |- |A |Label | colspan="5" |Note: Keep short. Use title from exhibition |- |B |Description | colspan="5" |Note: Use to differentiate from other entries. Follow this example: Gabriela Jolowicz Holzschnitte Ausstellung im Sprengel Museum, Hannover, 2026 |- | |'''Property (P) and Item (Q)''' |'''URI''' |'''DE''' |'''EN''' |'''Add''' |'''Note''' |- |1 |P31 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P31 |ist ein(e) |instance of |Q464980 |Add item |- |2 |Q464980 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980 |Ausstellung |Exhibition | |(Used above) |- |3 |P1476 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1476 |Titel |Title |Title |Plain text |- |4 |P276 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P276 |Ort |Location |Sprengel Museum Hannover Q510144 |Add item |- |5 |P580 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P580 |Startzeitpunkt |Start time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |6 |P582 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P582 |Endzeitpunkt |End time |Date |YYYY-MM-DD |- |7 |P1640 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1640 |Kurator |Curator |Person |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |8 |P710 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P710 |Teilnehmer |Participant |Person (the artist) |Add item (if don't exists will need to create/can omit at present) |- |9 |P856 |https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P856 |offizielle Website |Official website |URL |URL |} --- == 2. Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry == [[File:Wikidata 2026 06 02.jpg|left|thumb]] Completion of the GitHub task of forking repository and publishing Wikidata entry https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype or https://github.com/NFDI4Culture/prototype-linkedOE Tools: Quarto, GitHub, VS Code, Jupyter Notebooks, Codespace if needed, copilot: Agentic Coding) '''Requirements''' # A laptop or computer where you can install VScode # You will need 2FA on your mobile (optional) # Create a GitHub account # Install VScode # Connect Github account to VScode # Create GitHub reposoitory '''Fork the following repository:''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype Create a page for the quarto project that retrieves the data used for thie Wikidata item and renders it as professional webpage ''<Insert your exhibition here – or use this one>''  https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138547468 The approach should create a SPARQL query for the data and then render this as HTML using a Jupyter Notebook. All entries: https://tib.cloud/s/fncf8W6pXs8qgiq (needs password) ===== Tasks ===== * Change exhibition - manual * Run Jupyter Notebook * Run and preview Quarto * Publish to your GitHub Pages ===== Step-by-step ===== ====== Part one: Working environment ====== '''''NOTE: If you are having problems running locally then use the Codespace online option.''''' # Create GitHub account - https://github.com/ # Have 2FA available - usually on mobile (Google authenticator) (optional) # Install VSCode - https://code.visualstudio.com/download # Install GitHub Desktop - https://desktop.github.com/download/ # Add Github account when prompted, use 2FA ====== Step two: The prototype ====== # Fork the repository: https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype # If working locally continue - if using Codespace - launch Codespace (see below and then continue) # Test Quarto in the Terminal: ## <code>quarto check</code> ## <code>quarto render</code> ## <code>quarto preview</code> (control C - to stop) # If not working run Quarto from Agent # Change Wikidata exhibition in Notebook # Run notebook # Run <code>quarto render</code> <code>quarto preview</code> # Save all (or use auto save) # Git: Message, Commit and Push # On GitHub.com your repository ## Turn on Pages: GitHub Actions ## Code: About cog - Click use my GitHub Pages ## Actions tab: Publish Quarto Project # ENDE - Rinse repeat :-) ===== Codespace option: ===== Videolink: https://tib.cloud/s/LDtkN6QsdFkGGR6 (10 Minuten Zeit) Codespace is an online Virtual Machine which can be launched from GitHub. The repository includes a Dev Container configuration so you can work entirely in the browser without installing anything locally. # On the repository page on GitHub, click Code → Codespaces → Create codespace on main. # Wait for the container to build — Python packages from <code>requirements.txt</code> are installed automatically - about 5 minu3. Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repositorytes. # Once everything is installed the Codespace can be used anytime. It automatically shutsdown when left alone and can be restarted any time. # Work done in Codespace must be pushed back to the repository. # If Codespace is not used for 28 days the Codespace is deleted. --- == 3. Adding Data Model mapping to standards to forked repository == '''Visualizing the Wikidata Item as a Graph''' https://github.com/mrchristian/prototype The following cell renders a graph visualization of the relationships for the selected Wikidata item. This helps to see how the item is connected to other entities via its properties. In your Quarto project the Jupyter Lab Notebook will render the graph automatically<blockquote>wikidata-item.ipynb</blockquote> # In cell 2 input your Wikidata QID, e.g., item_id = "Q138572982" # Click Run All at the top of the Jupyter Lab Notebook. The graph will then render. # Once rendered you can preview your Quarto publication. Then render Quarto and push to GitHub. [[File:Graph of exhibition 2026 06 02.png|alt=Graph of exhibition 2026 06 02|left|frame]] bpvtwcic0jatmg0mk1jkh1d4lw7d2jd 0 329923 2812521 2026-06-02T09:17:12Z Mrchristian 281704 Mrchristian moved page [[Linked-Open-Exhibition]] to [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exrcise]]: name change 2812521 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exrcise]] a6y7rs01vt1c3w5wopfhio2uabypi84 0 329924 2812523 2026-06-02T09:17:33Z Mrchristian 281704 Mrchristian moved page [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exrcise]] to [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exercise]]: typo 2812523 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Linked-Open-Exhibition-Exercise]] 0m8b3aiwutww1sryfbz4gyp9al83suf