Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 28 2820197 2820180 2026-07-31T12:27:45Z MathXplore 2888076 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42377-66|~2026-42377-66]] ([[User_talk:~2026-42377-66|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2820001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Draft inactivity policy == I created [[Wikiversity:Inactivity policy]] as a start. Any experienced Wikiversity user may feel free to expand it. This is also one-to-two step(s) towards opting out of the [[m:Admin activity review|AAR process]]. However, I made a bold change to reduce the response timeframe from one month to two weeks. In addition, should we reduce the inactivity timeframe to one year? For the latter, most projects use that timeframe and I suggested this for consistency. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:57, 4 June 2026 (UTC) :I support those suggestions. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:55, 4 June 2026 (UTC) : Juandev has posted some comments on the [[Wikiversity talk:Inactivity policy|talk page]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:30, 12 June 2026 (UTC) : Thanks for creating this draft. I've made some changes (including moving back to a one month response timeframe) and moved it from draft to proposed policy. : Based on the discussion on the talk page, I think it is close to ready (or ready) to be formally proposed as a policy (by adding it to the sitenotice) to allow wider discussion and hopefully adoption. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:45, 21 July 2026 (UTC) == Proposed user group and/or possible policy changes == {{tracked|T430416|fixed}} I want to discuss about user group and possible policy changes. # First, interface administrators. I don't think we should allow interface administrators to remove their permission from their own account, since we have multiple active bureaucrats and we can ask them to remove the permission when done, or for them to add a temporary grant. This is according to the [[Wikiversity:IA|current IA policy]]. I also left [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group|my thoughts on the relevant talk page]]. # Second, curators. Given that curators have some sensitive custodian rights (such as <code>delete</code> [but not <code>undelete</code> or similar rights that allow viewing deleted content, unless the curatorship process is RFA-like] and <code>protect</code>), it would probably make more sense only for bureaucrats to grant and remove it, on par with them granting (but not removing) custodian permissions. # Third, about probationary custodians. [[Wikiversity:Probationary custodians]] is currently marked as historical, and the process might still exist on [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]. Therefore, to maintain consistency with [[Wikiversity:Curatorship#How does one become a curator?]], I propose that we repeal the probationary custodianship process and change it more or less to align with the curatorship process, effectively making probationary custodians permanent ones. However, custodian mentors would still be retained. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC) :#Yes, I agree. :#Thats a good point, but I dont know. At least I dont think its a good idea that both groups i.e. crats and custodiants can do that, it may create chaos. :#Another good point. It seems to me that the current situation is somewhat unclear and should be clarified. I understand the original status of [[Wikiversity:Probationary custodians|Probationary custodians]] as a historicall and invalid, but at the same time I consider myself a probationary custodian, because on the Wikiversity:Custodianship page in the ''[[Wikiversity:Custodianship#How does one become a custodian?|How does one become a custodian?]]'' section it says, I quote, ''"II ...then you will be approved as a probationary custodian for a period of at least four weeks"''. :::Mentors should definitely be kept, but for certain applicants the probation and mentorship should be abolished. For example, if someone was an active custodian for 5 years, then loses their rights or gives them up for a year and then wants to resume their custodial activities, there is no reason for them to undergo a training period. It burdens both the mentors and the community with double voting. The only exception could be a situation where policies or tools for custodians change significantly during that year, or the candidate wants to. :[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 06:08, 9 June 2026 (UTC) == Towards an Ethics policy == In connection with the [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Removal of Wikidebates|discussion of Wikidebates]], I said that it would be good to establish a policy on ethics, or rather a boundary between ethical and unethical content, so that we don't have to discuss individual cases. In addition, today we also have some global policies that prohibit, for example, attacks on members of the Wikimedia movement or undermining other projects. However, at the very beginning, I would start by collecting your opinions. What content or what research should not be allowed on Wikiversity? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 05:52, 9 June 2026 (UTC) :One ethical issue that I think should be non-controversial is related to good faith in the learning modules. So, learning materials should not be hoaxes or encourage behavior or methods that don't work or that misrepresent the facts or the likelihood of something occurring, etc. and authors should also not plagiarize or misrepresent authorship, etc. That was quite a run-on, but I hope that others can tease out what I mean here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 07:39, 9 June 2026 (UTC) ::I look at it from a practical perspective. We can give that to the policy, but I see the problem in that we are not able to check it except plagiarism. ::Plagiarism can be partially detected during patrolling. I see a new text, I put part of it in Google and I check if it is copied from the web. It is a problem with copying from books or other offline sources, but sometimes it happens that someone finds out that something is copied from somewhere and it can be deleted. ::The biggest issue we have here is that we are missing Wikipedia's control mechanism: references. Only some types of resources on Wikiversity require references. In-line references are not often used in courses, exercises, lectures, etc. We are thus deprived of one of the excellent control mechanisms and the only option is for the increase in the number of members with various qualifications to check it for their colleagues. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:59, 9 June 2026 (UTC) :::Having a policy and enforcing that policy are indeed two different things. If we are only concerned with issues that we can definitively enforce, then that will definitely change this conversation. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 08:06, 9 June 2026 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:55, 13 June 2026 (UTC) :AI generated content should not be allowed as it is inherently plagiarism. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 08:14, 9 June 2026 (UTC) ::And if the user mention it was generated by an AI? Note that there is something called as public domain, that is the author wave its rights. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:53, 9 June 2026 (UTC) :::Plagiarism isn’t copyright violation. Crediting the AI is not crediting the authors the AI stole from without credit. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 10:18, 9 June 2026 (UTC) ::::I see, now I understand your point. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 13 June 2026 (UTC) == New nomination template(s) == I created {{tlx|Nomination}} when someone requests curator or custodian permissions, which often at least require mentorship. On the other hand, I might create {{tlx|Nomination 2}}, in which the latter does not have a section about mentorship (often used for bureaucrat or interface administrator nominations). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 12 June 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]]) 17:12, 23 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki == <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 25 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Preparing manuscript for submission to the ''WikiJournal of Humanities'' == I am working on preparing an article in Wikipedia for a dual goal of submitting it for a featured article candidacy in Wikipedia and submitting it to the ''[[WikiJournal of Humanities]]''. I have an open request for pre-submission peer review at [[en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Peer review/Rei Ayanami/archive2|Wikipedia:Peer review/Rei Ayanami/archive2]], and I am asking for someone experienced with submitting journals to WikiJournals. The article is not ready for submission, and I would like to know where I can get assistance from users who submitted articles to the journal, but did not necessarily review them. Furthermore, I said there that submitting to the ''WikiJournal of Humanities'' depends on whether the article attains featured article status in Wikipedia, as I would like to use the featured article as a manuscript for a journal article. [[User:Z. Patterson|Z. Patterson]] ([[User talk:Z. Patterson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Z. Patterson|contribs]]) 12:04, 30 June 2026 (UTC) == I could probably save many kilobytes by compressing my LLM chat history == I could probably save many kilobytes by compressing my LLM chat history. Would that be ok? I like how my new "method" looks: [[User:ThinkingScience/All General AI Prompt History Archive]] very compressed and neat. I like how to find new ways to make people using LLMs not become "secondary citizens". [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 05:05, 7 July 2026 (UTC) :{{replyto|ThinkingScience}} I do not see why not. People should be able to look in your page's history for LLM chats before your compression. [[User:Z. Patterson|Z. Patterson]] ([[User talk:Z. Patterson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Z. Patterson|contribs]]) 02:34, 14 July 2026 (UTC) ::That's good. Then an admin if they have been instructed to compress...then they can delete the edit history perhaps and save space, then it's up to the admin and I don't need to worry about taking up too many resources. That's good! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 07:50, 14 July 2026 (UTC) :::{{replyto|ThinkingScience}} Deleting does not save space. Every edit is retained. When edit history is deleted, it is just hidden from regular viewing. The edits are still there and may still be viewed by those with appropriate rights. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:02, 31 July 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:25, 24 July 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> 5yojnu69b4n9r4my6q578xc6rrzim63 0 5853 2820328 2805479 2026-07-31T16:46:59Z HJ Mitchell 118344 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jummajk|Jummajk]] ([[User talk:Jummajk|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 2820328 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Header}}</noinclude> ==Wikimedia lessons== * [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Introduction|Introduction]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Not Java|Not Java]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/First Program|First Program]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Placing the Code|Placing the Code]] * [[../Basic JavaScript/]] **[[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Lexical Structure|Lexical Structure]] **[[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Variables and Types|Variables and Types]] **[[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Operators|Operators]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Arrays|Arrays]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Dates|Dates]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Numbers|Numbers]] (see also [http://javascript.wikia.com/wiki/Number Numbers 2 @Wikia]) ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Strings|Strings]] * [[../Test Basic JavaScript/]] * [[../Intermediate JavaScript/]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Control Structures|Control Structures]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Functions and Objects|Functions and Objects]] ** [[../JavaScript Objects/]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Event Handling|Event Handling]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Regular Expressions|Regular Expressions]] * [[../Advanced JavaScript/]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Object Oriented Programming|Object Oriented Programming]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Constructors and Prototypes|Constructors and Prototypes]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Access Control|Access Control]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Inheritance|Inheritance]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Anonymous Functions|Anonymous Functions]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Optimization|Optimization]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Bookmarklets|Bookmarklets]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Debugging|Debugging]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/DHTML|DHTML]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Runtime Document Manipulation|Runtime Document Manipulation]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Introduction to the Document Object Model (DOM)|Introduction to the Document Object Model (DOM)]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Finding Elements|Finding Elements]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Adding Elements|Adding Elements]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Changing Elements|Changing Elements]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Changing Element Styles|Changing Element Styles]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Removing Elements|Removing Elements]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Working with the Mouse|Working with the Mouse]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Working With Files|Working With Files]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/XMLHttpRequest|XMLHttpRequest]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Handling HTML|Handling HTML]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Handling JSON|Handling JSON]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Handling XML|Handling XML]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/JScript in Microsoft WSH|JScript in Microsoft]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/Best Practices|Best Practices]] ** [[Wikibooks:JavaScript/History of JavaScript|History of JavaScript]] * Into the [[Web design]] courses: ** [[Web Design/An Introduction to Programming with JavaScript]] ** [[Web Design/Getting to know JavaScript events]] ** [[Web Design/Getting to know the Document Object Model with JavaScript]] ** [[Web Design/JavaScript Challenges]] * [[Wikibooks:Authoring Webpages|Authoring Webpages]] * [[Wikibooks:Web Development|Web Development]] *[[Wikibooks:Category:CodeCook/Languages/JavaScript|CodeCook JavaScript]] ==Resources== * [[../Debugging Challenges/]] {{wikipedia|JavaScript}} {{wikibooks|JavaScript}} ====Open-Source==== * [[MW:Project:Scripts]] ====Online tutors==== * [http://stackoverflow.com/ stackoverflow.com] * [http://www.webdeveloper.com/ www.webdeveloper.com/] ====Online learning sites==== * [http://www.learnstreet.com LearnStreet] - Free online JavaScript tutorials & practice exercises * [http://www.w3schools.com/js/ w3schools] * [http://www.codecademy.com codecademy] * [http://www.khanacademy.org KhanAcademy] * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Guide Mozilla Developer Network] ====Online content instructor==== * http://www.youtube.com/user/thenewboston * http://www.youtube.com/user/GoogleDevelopers * http://www.youtube.com/user/webtunings * http://www.youtube.com/user * https://www.youtube.com/user/dsree91 ...please add ====Online Code Environment==== * [http://writecodeonline.com/javascript/ writecodeonline.com - javascript] * Generate Object Oriented Classes in Javascript with [https://niebert.github.io/JavascriptClassCreator JavaScriptClassCreator]. The JS classes are generated in UML style. GitHub documentation of classes can be generated. The tool is written in Javascript itsself and uses the localstorage of the browser to store alteration of the Javascript classes. Tool is OpenSource software on GitHub https://www.github.io/niebert/JavascriptClassCreator and is intended to support learners in object oriented programming with Javascript. ==See also== * [[JavaScript Programming]] * [[Internet Fundamentals/JavaScript]] * [[Portal:Education and Technology]] * {{w|Integrated development environment}} * {{w|Aptana}} * {{w|List of JavaScript libraries}} * {{w|JavaScript library}} * {{w|Web framework}} * {{w|Comparison of JavaScript frameworks}} * {{w|XMLHttpRequest}} * {{w|Client-side scripting}} * {{w|Greasemonkey}} * [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm standard for a programmatic language] * [http://mochi.github.com/mochikit/examples/interpreter/ JavaScript Interpreter] * [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh334522.aspx Visual Studio] * [http://docs.jquery.com/How_jQuery_Works#jQuery:_The_Basics jQuery] * [http://userscripts.org Userscript.org] * [https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/tutorial Develop google Maps] * [http://www.wikihow.com/Geocode-an-Address-in-Google-Maps-Javascript Geocode Google Maps] * [http://www.carto.net/svg/manipulating_svg_with_dom_ecmascript manipulating_svg_with_dom_ecmascript] * [http://srufaculty.sru.edu/david.dailey/svg/SVG_serialize.html SVG_serialize.html] * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Guide?redirectlocale=en-US&redirectslug=Core_JavaScript_1.5_Guide JavaScript Guide Core_JavaScript_1.5_Guide] * [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4yahc5d8(v=VS.94).aspx MSDN Microsoft error handling examples] * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript JavaScript Developer Mozilla.org] <noinclude> {{CourseCat}} {{Footer}} </noinclude> qwlrifk2gnmudnmdjpjyeujx6sl7npb 0 56550 2820347 2805686 2026-07-31T18:43:00Z HJ Mitchell 118344 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jummajk|Jummajk]] ([[User talk:Jummajk|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 2820347 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''regular expression''' (or '''regex''') is a string of characters, (some of which being reserved control characters,) which represent a pattern <ref>Martelli, ''Python in a nutshell'', p.203</ref>, i.e. a string designed to match a particular sequence of characters. Regular expressions provide the basic tool in searching, and are ubiquitous in the electronic world. ==Getting started== There are many editors with regex functionalities. Here are a few examples (Please feel free to add or remove if you find better ones.) *[http://regexlib.com/RETester.aspx Regex tester] - try your hand at regex here *[https://regex101.com Regex101] - compose and test your regex *[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Regex menu framework]] - a simple and useful wiki-editing javascript *[http://www.codeproject.com/KB/dotnet/regextutorial.aspx Codeproject] *[http://editpadpro.com] - a useful editor with regex functionality *[https://www.geany.org Geany editor] - a flexible, extensible free and open source editor that supports regex for search and replace operations *[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Regexps.html Regexps manual] - Emacs regular expression manual *[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/2077# Regex tester] - a firefox add-on == Learning materials == == A lightning introduction== There are several "dialects" (e.g. javascript, perl, php, python) of regular exprssions which differ slightly in grammar. Let us focus on python regex for the moment (because I happen to have a reference <ref>Alex Martelli, ''Python in a nutshell'' {{ISBN|0596100469}}</ref> for it). ===Control characters=== *Python regex has the control characters : <code>\-.*+?$<!=|()[]^:#</code> ===First examples=== [please verify] *Any string (e.g. {{/h|abcdefg}})which does not contain any [[#Control characters|control characters]] is trivially a regular expression ("regex") pattern. It matches only itself *The pattern {{/h|[A-Z]}} matches a character between A and Z (in the [[ASCII]] table) *A backslash (\) followed by any control character, such as {{/h|\.}} or even the backslash itself {{/h|\\}}, match the character itself (this pattern is called an "escape"). In our examples, \. matches the single dot . and \\ matches the backslash *Combining the two examples above, the pattern {{/h|[A-Za-z0-9\-]}} matches any single alphanumeric character or the dash "-". *The pattern {{/h|\n}} matches a newline *The pattern <code><span style="background:#cccc33;">abc.xyz</span></code> matches a string that starts with abc, then contains any character except an end-of-line character, then ends with xyz *The pattern {{/h|a*}} matches a string with as many characters "a" as possible; it also matches the empty string "". *Combining the previous two examples, we get a very common pattern: {{/h|abc.*xyz}} matches a string which starts and ends with "abc" and "xyz" respectively, and between which is the longest available string (which could be empty) of any character except the newline. == Exercises == * Question: What is {{/h|[A-Za-z0-9\-]}}? *Write a regular expression to match (a) the URL of any wikiversity page; (b) the URL for any page on any wikimedia site, and (c) the email address of all your friends. Check with a regex editor that your regex actually works. ===Write your proposed solutions below=== * == Further lessons == [proposals] *[[/Basics]] - the bare minimum to get one start working *[[/Groups]] *[[/How a regex engine works]] *[[/Lookahead and lookbehind]] *[[/Regex objects in python]] *[[/The good and the bad]] *[[/Cookbook]] == Wikimedia links== *[[b:regular expressions]] *[[w:regular expressions]] *[[mediawiki:titleblacklist]] - an application on wikiversity == External links== * [http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net/uk/regExpList.php Using regular expressions in Notepad ++] * [http://regexlib.com/CheatSheet.aspx regex library cheatSheet] * [http://www.regular-expressions.info/ regex tutorials] * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/services/helpsheets/unix/regex.html Regex helpsheet at etext.lib.virginia.edu] * [http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/regex/index.html Regular Expressions Lesson for Java] * [https://www.princeton.edu/~mlovett/reference/Regular-Expressions.pdf Princeton: Regular Expressions - The Complete Tutorial] ==Notes== <references/> [[Category:Regular expressions| ]] mtolzh8b0c6ikkb3oxr6rgm16bjq5sn 0 60198 2820349 2817227 2026-07-31T18:45:31Z HJ Mitchell 118344 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jumma123|Jumma123]] ([[User talk:Jumma123|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 2820349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} '''Typing''' is the process of entering or inputting text by pressing keys on a typewriter, computer keyboard, mobile phone, or calculator.<ref>[[Wikipedia: Typing]]</ref> Learners should practice typing for fifteen minutes each day until their typing speed is at least 30 words per minute. == Multimedia == * [https://www.typing.com/student/lessons Typing.com: Learn to Type] * [https://monkeytype.com/ Monkeytype] == Activities == * Complete the [https://www.typing.com/student/lessons Typing.com lessons.] * Use [https://monkeytype.com/ Monkeytype.com] , and practice typing daily until you can reach 30 words per minute consistently. == See Also == * [[Elementary Typing]] * [[Introduction_to_Computers/Input_Devices |Input Devices]] * [[Wikipedia: Typing]] == References == {{reflist}} {{subpage navbar}} {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Computer Skills]] [[Category:Typing]] [[Category:Completed resources]] rmlo6eamspueufw9d1hcmsogmo5uq5p 0 96831 2820330 2808508 2026-07-31T16:48:02Z HJ Mitchell 118344 Restored revision 2808257 by [[Special:Contributions/HJ Mitchell|HJ Mitchell]] ([[User talk:HJ Mitchell|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 2820330 wikitext text/x-wiki This article is part of the [[solid mechanics]] course, aimed at engineering students. Please leave feedback in the discussion section above. '''Introduction''' How would you break a metal rod if you could only use your hands? '''1.''' Pull it apart or compress it (not usually the easiest way) '''2.''' Twist it '''3.''' Bend it Each of these methods induce stress into the rod in a different way. Mohr's circle helps analyse this. For now, only the first two ways will be analysed. '''1.Tension/compression: ''' Below is a diagram of a rod with a circular cross-section that is subjected to a tensile force at either end.(When you pull the rod apart you are exerting a tensile force). Let us look at a square element at the surface of the rod: [[File:Diag1.JPG]] How do you imagine the square element would react to the tensile force? The force will 'stretch' the rod and the square element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag2.JPG]] Therefore the force applied at either end has produced a tensile stress, <big>'''<math>\sigma_x</math>'''</big>, on the element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr_diag3.JPG‎ ]] where: <math>\sigma_x = \frac{F}{A} </math> Similarly, a Compressive force on the rod would induce a compressive stress on the square element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr30.PNG]] '''2. Torsion ''' In this case, the rod is subjected to a torque (twisting force) at either end: [[File:Mohr diag5.JPG]] How do you imagine the element would stretch this time? Answer: The left side of the square element would stretch upwards, the right side would stretch downwards, as shown below. The stress induced by this shearing motion is called shear stress. It's symbol is, <big>'''<math>\tau</math>'''</big>. It is shown on the square element below: [[File:Mohr diag7.JPG]] Although it may be more difficult to visualize, there is also shear stress on the horizontal edges of the square element. The square element is drawn as follows: [[File:Mohr diag8.JPG]] If the torque was applied in the opposite direction, the shear stress on the element would look like this: [[File:Mohr diag19.JPG]] calculate shear stress using: <math>\tau = \frac{Tr}{J}</math> where: T = Torque r = Radius of the rod J = polar moment of area. For a rod with a circular cross-section : <math>J= \frac{\pi r^4}{2}</math> '''Tensile Force and Torque''' If there is both a tensile force and torque applied at either end, you superimpose the two solutions and the square element would look like this: [[File:Mohr diag9.JPG]] '''The idea behind Mohr's circle - It's not essential that you read this''' Imagine you rotated the square element by <math>\theta</math> degree as shown below. [[File:Mohr diag10.JPG]] Take <math>\theta</math> to be 45 degrees. How do you imagine the element would react to the torque in this case? This one is more difficult to imagine. It would stretch as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag11.JPG]] Thus, you would draw the stresses on the element like so: [[File:Mohr diag12.JPG]] Note that there is no shear stress acting on the element at this orientation. When there is no shear stress acting on the element, the element is called the "principal element", and the 2 stresses on the element <math>\sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math> are known as the principal stresses. The objective of the Mohr's circle method is to find the orientation of the principal element (i.e.<math>\theta</math>, which for this simple case was 45 degrees), and find the values of <math>\sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math>. '''Finally - The method of Mohr's Circle''' Consider a square element that experiences the following stresses: [[File:Mohr diag14.JPG]] (<math>\sigma_y</math> = 0, in the examples previously shown ) At A: <math>\sigma</math> = <math>\sigma_y</math> <math>\tau</math> = <math>-\tau_1</math>. We take the shear stress as negative, because the shear stress at surface A tries to rotate the square element in an anticlockwise direction (about the centre of the element). This is the general convention used. At B: <math>\sigma</math> = <math>\sigma_x</math> <math>\tau</math> = <math>+\tau_1</math> (it causes a clockwise rotation - hence, it is positive) Plot points A and B as shown below and draw a straight line across them: [[File:Mohr diag15.JPG]] Now draw a circle with a centre '''C''' and radius '''R''', such that circle passes through points A and B as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag17.JPG]] As you can see from the diagram, C is the midpoint of A and B, hence its co-ordinate is calculated as: C = <math>\frac{\sigma_x+ \sigma_y}{2}</math> Observe the right angled triangle BC<math>\sigma_x</math>. Using Pythagoras' theorem, R can be calculated: <math>R^2</math> = <math>(\sigma_x -C)^2</math> + <math>\tau_1^2</math> Also, draw an angle of 2<math>\theta</math>, going from the line AB to the <math>\sigma_x</math> axis. Notice that in this case, this is a clockwise angle. <math>\theta</math> can be calculated through <math>\tan(2\theta) = \frac{\tau_1}{\sigma_x - C}</math> Finally, the principal stresses <math> \sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math> occur where the circle meets the <math>\sigma</math> -axis. (Notice that these points have zero shear stress.) From the diagram: <math>\sigma_1</math> = C + R <math>\sigma_2</math> = C - R Finally, to transform into the coordinate system of the principal axes, rotate the original square element by <math>\theta</math> degrees clockwise (because you draw 2<math>\theta</math> as a clockwise angle in the above diagram): [[File:Mohr diag18.svg|200px]] ==Example == A rod is subjected to a tensile force and a torque, as shown below. Use Mohr's circle to work out the principal stresses and draw the rotated square element. (I recommend you try this first before seeing the answer) [[File:Mohr23.JPG]] F = 2000N T = 10 Nm r = 0.005m A (cross sectional area) = <math>\pi r^2 = 8 \cdot 10^{-5} </math> m² <math>\sigma_x = \frac{F}{A}= </math> 26,000,000 Pa = '''26 MPa''' <math>J= \frac{\pi r^4}{2} = 9.8 \cdot 10^{-10} </math> <math>\tau = \frac{T\cdot r}{J} = </math> '''51 MPa''' [[File:Mohr22.svg]] At A: <math>\sigma = 0\,</math> <math>\tau = 51\,</math> At B: <math>\sigma = 26\,</math> <math>\tau = -51\,</math> [[File:Mohr24.JPG]] <math> C = \frac{0 + 26}{2} = 13</math> [[File:Mohr25.JPG]] <math>R^2 = (26 - 13)^2 + 51^2\;\;\Rightarrow \; R = 53</math> <math>\sigma_1 = 13 + 53 = 66 \; \mathrm{MPa}\,</math> <math>\sigma_2 = 13 - 53 = -40 \;\mathrm{MPa}\,</math> <math>\tan(2\theta) = \frac{51}{26 - 13} \;\;\Rightarrow \; \theta=38^{\circ}\,</math> [[File:Mohr26.JPG]] Notice that 66MPa is drawn as a tensile stress (as <math>\sigma_1\, </math> is positive), and 40MPa as a compressive stress (as <math>\sigma_2\, </math> is negative) That's it! If you have found this article useful, please comment in the discussion section (at the top of the page), as this will help me decide whether to write more articles like this. Also please comment if there are other topics you want covered, or you would like something in this article to be written in more detail. [[solid mechanics|Back to the solid mechanics course]] [[Category:Mechanics]] ==External Links== * [https://mechanicalc.com/calculators/mohrs-circle/ Mohr's Circle Calculator] * [http://bendingmomentdiagram.com/free-calculator/mohrs-circle-calculator/ Online Mohr's Circle Calculator.] * [https://civilengineer.webinfolist.com/mech/stress-transformation.htm Free Online Calculator for calculation of stresses on inclined plane and princpal stresses.] bk374276nh6lpsi2e66x1f517k00oct 2820331 2820330 2026-07-31T16:49:35Z HJ Mitchell 118344 /* External Links */ de-spam 2820331 wikitext text/x-wiki This article is part of the [[solid mechanics]] course, aimed at engineering students. Please leave feedback in the discussion section above. '''Introduction''' How would you break a metal rod if you could only use your hands? '''1.''' Pull it apart or compress it (not usually the easiest way) '''2.''' Twist it '''3.''' Bend it Each of these methods induce stress into the rod in a different way. Mohr's circle helps analyse this. For now, only the first two ways will be analysed. '''1.Tension/compression: ''' Below is a diagram of a rod with a circular cross-section that is subjected to a tensile force at either end.(When you pull the rod apart you are exerting a tensile force). Let us look at a square element at the surface of the rod: [[File:Diag1.JPG]] How do you imagine the square element would react to the tensile force? The force will 'stretch' the rod and the square element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag2.JPG]] Therefore the force applied at either end has produced a tensile stress, <big>'''<math>\sigma_x</math>'''</big>, on the element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr_diag3.JPG‎ ]] where: <math>\sigma_x = \frac{F}{A} </math> Similarly, a Compressive force on the rod would induce a compressive stress on the square element, as shown below: [[File:Mohr30.PNG]] '''2. Torsion ''' In this case, the rod is subjected to a torque (twisting force) at either end: [[File:Mohr diag5.JPG]] How do you imagine the element would stretch this time? Answer: The left side of the square element would stretch upwards, the right side would stretch downwards, as shown below. The stress induced by this shearing motion is called shear stress. It's symbol is, <big>'''<math>\tau</math>'''</big>. It is shown on the square element below: [[File:Mohr diag7.JPG]] Although it may be more difficult to visualize, there is also shear stress on the horizontal edges of the square element. The square element is drawn as follows: [[File:Mohr diag8.JPG]] If the torque was applied in the opposite direction, the shear stress on the element would look like this: [[File:Mohr diag19.JPG]] calculate shear stress using: <math>\tau = \frac{Tr}{J}</math> where: T = Torque r = Radius of the rod J = polar moment of area. For a rod with a circular cross-section : <math>J= \frac{\pi r^4}{2}</math> '''Tensile Force and Torque''' If there is both a tensile force and torque applied at either end, you superimpose the two solutions and the square element would look like this: [[File:Mohr diag9.JPG]] '''The idea behind Mohr's circle - It's not essential that you read this''' Imagine you rotated the square element by <math>\theta</math> degree as shown below. [[File:Mohr diag10.JPG]] Take <math>\theta</math> to be 45 degrees. How do you imagine the element would react to the torque in this case? This one is more difficult to imagine. It would stretch as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag11.JPG]] Thus, you would draw the stresses on the element like so: [[File:Mohr diag12.JPG]] Note that there is no shear stress acting on the element at this orientation. When there is no shear stress acting on the element, the element is called the "principal element", and the 2 stresses on the element <math>\sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math> are known as the principal stresses. The objective of the Mohr's circle method is to find the orientation of the principal element (i.e.<math>\theta</math>, which for this simple case was 45 degrees), and find the values of <math>\sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math>. '''Finally - The method of Mohr's Circle''' Consider a square element that experiences the following stresses: [[File:Mohr diag14.JPG]] (<math>\sigma_y</math> = 0, in the examples previously shown ) At A: <math>\sigma</math> = <math>\sigma_y</math> <math>\tau</math> = <math>-\tau_1</math>. We take the shear stress as negative, because the shear stress at surface A tries to rotate the square element in an anticlockwise direction (about the centre of the element). This is the general convention used. At B: <math>\sigma</math> = <math>\sigma_x</math> <math>\tau</math> = <math>+\tau_1</math> (it causes a clockwise rotation - hence, it is positive) Plot points A and B as shown below and draw a straight line across them: [[File:Mohr diag15.JPG]] Now draw a circle with a centre '''C''' and radius '''R''', such that circle passes through points A and B as shown below: [[File:Mohr diag17.JPG]] As you can see from the diagram, C is the midpoint of A and B, hence its co-ordinate is calculated as: C = <math>\frac{\sigma_x+ \sigma_y}{2}</math> Observe the right angled triangle BC<math>\sigma_x</math>. Using Pythagoras' theorem, R can be calculated: <math>R^2</math> = <math>(\sigma_x -C)^2</math> + <math>\tau_1^2</math> Also, draw an angle of 2<math>\theta</math>, going from the line AB to the <math>\sigma_x</math> axis. Notice that in this case, this is a clockwise angle. <math>\theta</math> can be calculated through <math>\tan(2\theta) = \frac{\tau_1}{\sigma_x - C}</math> Finally, the principal stresses <math> \sigma_1</math> and <math>\sigma_2</math> occur where the circle meets the <math>\sigma</math> -axis. (Notice that these points have zero shear stress.) From the diagram: <math>\sigma_1</math> = C + R <math>\sigma_2</math> = C - R Finally, to transform into the coordinate system of the principal axes, rotate the original square element by <math>\theta</math> degrees clockwise (because you draw 2<math>\theta</math> as a clockwise angle in the above diagram): [[File:Mohr diag18.svg|200px]] ==Example == A rod is subjected to a tensile force and a torque, as shown below. Use Mohr's circle to work out the principal stresses and draw the rotated square element. (I recommend you try this first before seeing the answer) [[File:Mohr23.JPG]] F = 2000N T = 10 Nm r = 0.005m A (cross sectional area) = <math>\pi r^2 = 8 \cdot 10^{-5} </math> m² <math>\sigma_x = \frac{F}{A}= </math> 26,000,000 Pa = '''26 MPa''' <math>J= \frac{\pi r^4}{2} = 9.8 \cdot 10^{-10} </math> <math>\tau = \frac{T\cdot r}{J} = </math> '''51 MPa''' [[File:Mohr22.svg]] At A: <math>\sigma = 0\,</math> <math>\tau = 51\,</math> At B: <math>\sigma = 26\,</math> <math>\tau = -51\,</math> [[File:Mohr24.JPG]] <math> C = \frac{0 + 26}{2} = 13</math> [[File:Mohr25.JPG]] <math>R^2 = (26 - 13)^2 + 51^2\;\;\Rightarrow \; R = 53</math> <math>\sigma_1 = 13 + 53 = 66 \; \mathrm{MPa}\,</math> <math>\sigma_2 = 13 - 53 = -40 \;\mathrm{MPa}\,</math> <math>\tan(2\theta) = \frac{51}{26 - 13} \;\;\Rightarrow \; \theta=38^{\circ}\,</math> [[File:Mohr26.JPG]] Notice that 66MPa is drawn as a tensile stress (as <math>\sigma_1\, </math> is positive), and 40MPa as a compressive stress (as <math>\sigma_2\, </math> is negative) That's it! If you have found this article useful, please comment in the discussion section (at the top of the page), as this will help me decide whether to write more articles like this. Also please comment if there are other topics you want covered, or you would like something in this article to be written in more detail. [[solid mechanics|Back to the solid mechanics course]] [[Category:Mechanics]] 4o4zd1ktn9uc17qyidi4zlu8ki2otgn 0 121359 2820369 2819468 2026-08-01T04:59:10Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2820369 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260728.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] cskx5t0p43f0grm2rttgqbss4wo8qzz 2820371 2820369 2026-08-01T05:00:18Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2820371 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260729.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] ihyddkxr9ebvmbq609cnamjbft41t5b 2820373 2820371 2026-08-01T05:01:03Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2820373 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260730.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] cdb01koqr9ib29fknfrwz1888zhnu8w 2820375 2820373 2026-08-01T05:01:49Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2820375 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260731.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] p8dltw4p5tr2ep1h1yuy356z60kantk 2820377 2820375 2026-08-01T05:03:23Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2820377 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260801.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] pya7c8dg3y70wsr1bmjp1jq2i5f14yw 0 136794 2820227 2819372 2026-07-31T13:22:21Z Young1lim 21186 /* File System */ 2820227 wikitext text/x-wiki This course belongs to the [[Electrical & Computer Engineering Studies]] == Introduction == * Introduction ([[Media:SysP.Intro.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) == File System == * File System ([[Media:SysP.FileSystem.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * File Pointer ([[Media:SysP..FilePointer.20161103.pdf|pdf]]) * System Calls ([[Media:SysP.File.SysCall.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:SysP.FileIO.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File System ([[Media:glibcFileSystem.20251029-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Buffer ([[Media:glibcFileBuffer.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File IO ([[Media:glibcFileIO.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Permission ([[Media:glibcFilePerm.20260121.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Control ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.20260428.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.A.20260727.pdf|A]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260504.pdf|B]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.C.20260501.pdf|C]]) <br> <br> == Process == * Process ([[Media:SysP.Process.20251120.pdf|pdf]]) * Fork ([[Media:SysP.Fork.20251126.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Information ([[Media:glibc.Process.1Info.20251101.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Control ([[Media:glibc.Process.2Control.20251103.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Execution ([[Media:glibc.Proc.3Exec.20251105.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Fork ([[Media:glibc.Proc.4Fork.20251106.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Context Switching ([[Media:glibc.Proc.5Context.20251107.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exec family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.6ExecCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Wait family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.7WaitCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exit ([[Media:glibc.Proc.8Exit.20251113.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Inter Process Communication== === Signal === * Signal ([[Media:SysP.7.A.Signal.20121206.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 1. Alarm ([[Media:glibc.Signal.Alarm.20251201.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 2. Other Functions ([[Media:glibc.Signal.2Other.20251205.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Pipe === * Pipe ([[Media:SysP.3.A.IPC.20121115.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Pipe 1. A Special File ([[Media:glibc.Pipe.File.20260307.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === System V IPC === * Message Queue ([[Media:SysP.5.A.MessageQ.20121213.pdf|pdf]]) * Shared Memory ([[Media:SysP.8.A.SharedMem.20121227.pdf|pdf]]) * Semaphore ([[Media:SysP.6.A.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> * Copilot: Message Queue ([[Media:glibc.MessageQ.20251202.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Shared Memory ([[Media:glibc.SharedMem.20251203.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Semaphore ([[Media:glibc.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Socket === * Socket ([[Media:SysP.4.A.Socket.20121122.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Thread == * POSIX thread (pthread) ([[Media:SysP.9.A.Pthread.20130225.pdf|pdf]]) ==External links== * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html The Linux Kernel] * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lpg/lpg.html The Linux Programmer's Guide] * [http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ Programming in C - UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C.] * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15492-f07/www/pthreads.html POSIX thread (pthread) libraries] * [https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#Thread POSIX Threads Programming] [[Category:Linux]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:C programming language]] 9amrr8f28ovtjs1z59hk0l4phuuzryv 2820232 2820227 2026-07-31T13:24:34Z Young1lim 21186 /* File System */ 2820232 wikitext text/x-wiki This course belongs to the [[Electrical & Computer Engineering Studies]] == Introduction == * Introduction ([[Media:SysP.Intro.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) == File System == * File System ([[Media:SysP.FileSystem.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * File Pointer ([[Media:SysP..FilePointer.20161103.pdf|pdf]]) * System Calls ([[Media:SysP.File.SysCall.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:SysP.FileIO.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File System ([[Media:glibcFileSystem.20251029-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Buffer ([[Media:glibcFileBuffer.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File IO ([[Media:glibcFileIO.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Permission ([[Media:glibcFilePerm.20260121.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: File Control ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.20260428.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.A.20260728.pdf|A]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260504.pdf|B]], [[Media:CP.FileCntl.C.20260501.pdf|C]]) <br> <br> == Process == * Process ([[Media:SysP.Process.20251120.pdf|pdf]]) * Fork ([[Media:SysP.Fork.20251126.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Information ([[Media:glibc.Process.1Info.20251101.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Control ([[Media:glibc.Process.2Control.20251103.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Execution ([[Media:glibc.Proc.3Exec.20251105.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Fork ([[Media:glibc.Proc.4Fork.20251106.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Context Switching ([[Media:glibc.Proc.5Context.20251107.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exec family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.6ExecCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Wait family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.7WaitCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exit ([[Media:glibc.Proc.8Exit.20251113.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Inter Process Communication== === Signal === * Signal ([[Media:SysP.7.A.Signal.20121206.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 1. Alarm ([[Media:glibc.Signal.Alarm.20251201.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 2. Other Functions ([[Media:glibc.Signal.2Other.20251205.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Pipe === * Pipe ([[Media:SysP.3.A.IPC.20121115.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Pipe 1. A Special File ([[Media:glibc.Pipe.File.20260307.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === System V IPC === * Message Queue ([[Media:SysP.5.A.MessageQ.20121213.pdf|pdf]]) * Shared Memory ([[Media:SysP.8.A.SharedMem.20121227.pdf|pdf]]) * Semaphore ([[Media:SysP.6.A.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> * Copilot: Message Queue ([[Media:glibc.MessageQ.20251202.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Shared Memory ([[Media:glibc.SharedMem.20251203.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Semaphore ([[Media:glibc.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Socket === * Socket ([[Media:SysP.4.A.Socket.20121122.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Thread == * POSIX thread (pthread) ([[Media:SysP.9.A.Pthread.20130225.pdf|pdf]]) ==External links== * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html The Linux Kernel] * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lpg/lpg.html The Linux Programmer's Guide] * [http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ Programming in C - UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C.] * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15492-f07/www/pthreads.html POSIX thread (pthread) libraries] * [https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#Thread POSIX Threads Programming] [[Category:Linux]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:C programming language]] p2h7hil94dx1gygccrmo72s4evwx2w5 0 199550 2820315 2817784 2026-07-31T16:38:58Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820315 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260707.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] d3kwroh305zrs3pl2w9jn23x8tusmry 2820317 2820315 2026-07-31T16:41:03Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820317 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260713.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] 6o2swj0a4dznw44eizqfsfysw4foyxa 2820319 2820317 2026-07-31T16:42:06Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820319 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260714.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] bxnxtrzbnzsr0ekwbfpt7o86nxaw5s5 2820321 2820319 2026-07-31T16:43:14Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820321 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260720.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] a8p6ej9ucaok477ovjy0axua5wnra3l 2820323 2820321 2026-07-31T16:44:45Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820323 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260721.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] okafz77w98ayl94r7358vx92qgrmqkc 2820325 2820323 2026-07-31T16:45:38Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820325 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260727.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] dc0hv1n2dvjwwxtfxap37lpyg16t772 2820327 2820325 2026-07-31T16:46:35Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2820327 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260728.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] f86zy4w1gakivp8omyd4aal0iyt2muk 0 203942 2820379 2820125 2026-08-01T05:12:40Z Young1lim 21186 /* Lambda Calculus */ 2820379 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== * Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Applications== * Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) * Bird's Implementation :- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]]) :- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]]) :- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]]) :- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using GHCi== * Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using Libraries== * Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Types== * Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]]) * Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]]) * Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]]) ==Functions== * Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]]) ==Expressions== * Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]]) * Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Lambda Calculus== * Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]]) * Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]]) * Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]]) * Encoding Datatypes :- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]]) :- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]]) :- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]]) :- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) :- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20260801.pdf |A]], [[Media:LCal.9B.Recursion.20260330.pdf |B]]) </br> </br> ==Function Oriented Typeclasses== === Functors === * Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]]) === Applicatives === * Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads I : Background === * Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]]) * Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads II : State Transformer Monads === * State Transformer : - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) * State Monad : - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads III : Mutable State Monads === * Mutability Background : - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]]) : - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]]) : - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]]) : - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]]) * Mutable Objects : - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutable Data Structures ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Monad : - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) : - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) : - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) * ST Monad : - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]]) : - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) : - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads === * Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadState Class :: - State & StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadReader Class :: - Reader & ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) * Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]]) === Monoid === * Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]]) === Arrow === * Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Polymorphism== * Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Concurrent Haskell == </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell] * [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell] * [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material] [[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]] d6kg20zw2w299u2ie3dsmex424xmuy8 0 211100 2820294 2819880 2026-07-31T15:35:17Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* 1. Global Order and Governance */ Linked to good government. 2820294 wikitext text/x-wiki —Describing your vision of our future ==Introduction== [[File:Vision of the Future.jpg|thumb|200px|What is your vision of the future?]] {{TOC right | limit|limit=2}} How would you like the world to be 50, 100, or even 1,000 years from now? Where would you like to see humanity headed? What could be possible if we harness our best aspirations, intentions, and capabilities? In what direction are you heading? What is your vision of the future? How can you help make that future a reality? Lewis Carroll told us that "If you don't know where you are going, any road will get you there"<ref>See: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/l/lewis_carroll.html</ref> Don't wander aimlessly, know where you are headed. This course can help you write a description of our world as you would like to see it become at some specific future date. ==Objectives== The objectives of this course are to: *Stimulate your thinking about what ''really matters'' to you. *Engage your creativity and imagination. *Help you dream of the possibilities of what ''can be''. *Encourage you to consider what ''ought to be''. *Help you describe your vision of the future. *Use your vision of the future to begin making decisions that can help all of us move in that direction. {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} There are no prerequisites to this course. Students may wish to work on this course as they work through the [[Living Wisely]] course in parallel. The course contains many [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]] to further information. Use your judgment and these [[What Matters/link following guidelines|link following guidelines]] to decide when to follow a link, and when to skip over it. This course is part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Envisioning_Our_Future|discussion page]]. ==Preparation== You can prepare to describe your vision of the future in any ways that work for you. Here are some activities to consider. *Think about what you like about the world as it is now. What brings you joy? Where do you find fun? Consider all that you are grateful for. Write lists of what you like, what makes you happy, and what you are grateful for. *Think about what you do not like about the world as it is now. What makes you sad? What makes you angry? What causes you pain? What are your grievances? Write this down. If you can foresee changes that would reduce or eliminate these grievances, describe these. *Identify trends. Notice and explore cultural, social, political, economic, and technology trends. Seek out the driving force propelling each trend. Predict if each is merely a fad, or is capable of becoming a transformational force. Extrapolate the transformative trends into the future to imagine their impacts. *Consider this list of [[grand challenges]] we face today. What problems are you most concerned about? How might these problems be solved? *Read books and articles that describe future possibilities. *Consider ongoing [[Wisdom Research|wisdom research]] exploring the question "How can we wisely create our future?" *Talk to friends about this. Ask them “What is your vision of the future?” Listen to fully understand their views. Ask them why they foresee ''this'' and not ''that''? Engage them in a [[Socratic Methods|Socratic dialogue]] to explore the question “What ought our future be?” *Talk to your dog. Explain to your dog in great detail and at great length how wonderful the world could be if only … Then take notes to record the highlights of your fascinating conversation. (If you don't have a dog, use a stuffed animal, pillow, imaginary friend, or anything else that listens quietly and encourages you.) *Browse galleries of various [[w:Fantastic_art|fantasy art forms]] to stimulate your imagination. *Consider many [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|possibilities of what ''can be'']]. *Give careful thought to [[Living_Wisely#What_Ought_to_Be|what ''ought'' to be]]. * Play [[/LUCID An Optimistic Dream of the Future/|LUCID to create an optimistic dream of the future]]. *[[What Matters/Dreaming|Dream on]]! ==Scope== [[File:Notre Dame de Paris, East View 140207 1.jpg|thumb| Long-term planning allowed major portions of [[w:Notre-Dame_de_Paris|Notre Dame de Paris]] to be completed in 87 years. Complete construction required 182 years.]] Consider the following list of questions and topics to consider in your description. This list is inclusive and longer than you are likely to be able to consider and address in your description. Choose those that are most meaningful to you. Use your boldest aspirations tempered by your practical knowledge of today’s world to describe the world you want—the best world achievable—in the particular future date you choose to describe. === 1. Global Order and Governance === * What would be the [[w:International_order|world order]]?<ref>[[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] generated this text when asked to improve the organization of the list of questions appearing in an earlier version of this text. Additional categories and questions were also added.  </ref> * Will the world be more violent or less violent? * Will we move toward [[w:Nationalism|nationalism]] or [[w:Globalization|globalization]]? * Will [[w:International_law|international law]] become more prominent, or will governments decentralize further? * Will [[w:Democracy|democracy]] become more prevalent or less prevalent? * Will democracy be superseded? * What is your [[Evolving Governments/Good Government|concept of good government]]? * What is the status of national and international governments, legal systems, law enforcement, and politics? === 2. Rights, Ethics, and Social Structures === * What will be the status of [[w:Human_rights|human rights]]? * What will become our basis for [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning?]] * What will become the status of cultural mores, ethics, and religious institutions? * Will religions proliferate, consolidate, or evaporate? === 3. Conflict, Cooperation, and Community === * Will people come together, [[Finding Common Ground|find common ground,]] and flourish, or continue to fragment into antagonistic factions? * Will [[w:Military_budget|military spending]] increase or decrease? * Will [[w:Imprisonment|incarceration]] rates increase or decrease? * What is the state of justice and international relations? === 4. Economics and Inequality === * Will [[w:Income_distribution|income inequality]] increase or decrease? * How will the poorest among us live? * How will the richest among us live? * Will [[w:Capitalism|capitalism]] be superseded? * What will be the status of financial systems? * Will the [[w:Government_debt|national debt]] increase or decrease? * Will [[w:Well-being|well-being]] improve or degrade for various population groups? === 5. Technology, Innovation, and Infrastructure === * What advances in technology, transportation, energy, food production, weaponry, financial structures, and communication will be prominent? * What will be our energy sources? * What will be our transportation modes? * What will we eat? === 6. Education, Work, and Daily Life === * What will be the status of education systems? * How will people spend their time? * Characterize employment. * Characterize unemployment. * How long will people work? * What will be the status of entertainment and cultural expression? === 7. Health and Human Development === * What will be the status of [[w:Health_care|healthcare]] systems and end-of-life care? * What levels of health and fitness will be typical? * What will be the [[w:Life_expectancy|human lifespan]]? * What will be the most destructive diseases? * Which of today’s diseases will be prevented or cured? === 8. Population and Demographics === * What will the [[w:World_population|population]] be? * What will be the population trends? === 9. Environment and Sustainability === * Will the environment become more or less verdant, lush, vibrant, diversified, beautiful, polluted, toxic, and accessible? * How will land be used? === 10. Subjective Experience and Emotional Life === * What would be typical [[Subjective Awareness|subjective experiences]]? * Would there be an increase or decrease in anger, anxiety, bliss, contentment, dread, ecstasy, envy, equanimity, frustration, gratitude, guilt, hope, jealousy, joy, awe, loneliness, optimism, pain, pride, sadness, satisfaction, shame, stress, torment, uncertainty, uneasiness, or other emotional states in daily life? * What will we worry about? * What will we enjoy? === 11. Grand Challenges – Past, Present, and Future === * We face these [[grand challenges]] today. Which, if any, will be resolved? * What will be the [[grand challenges]] in the future? * Which of today’s problems will be solved? * Which ones will become more acute? === 12. Ethics and Philosophy === * How will [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] evolve? * What [[Clarifying values|values]] will become dominant? What ones will become outdated? * Will new ethical frameworks emerge in response to AI, bioengineering, or environmental shifts? * What new dilemmas will we face around privacy, autonomy, and truth? * Will the concept of identity or consciousness change? * Will philosophical or spiritual traditions adapt or fracture under scientific advances? === 13. Education and Learning === * How will education be structured—physically, socially, and digitally? * Will lifelong learning be standard? * What knowledge or skills will be most valued? * Will traditional schools and universities still exist? * Will [[wisdom]] increase or decrease? === 14. Identity and Individuality === * How will concepts of gender, race, and nationality evolve? * Will virtual identity or digital avatars become more dominant than physical ones? * Will [[w:Human_enhancement|human augmentation]] blur the line between human and machine? === 15. Community and Connection === * How will [[Creating Communities|communities be formed]]—geographically, virtually, or by values/interests? * Will people feel more or less connected to others? * How will [[Being Friends|friendship]], love, and family be defined? * Will people become [[Alleviating Loneliness|more lonely]] or less lonely? === 16. Rights and Freedoms === * What new rights will emerge (e.g., data rights, genetic rights, AI rights)? * Will freedom of speech, movement, and belief expand or contract? * How will societies balance freedom with safety and surveillance? === 17. Spirituality and Meaning === * Will organized religion grow, fade, or transform? * Will new belief systems arise in response to scientific or technological change? * How will people seek and experience meaning, transcendence, or connection with the unknown? === 18. Memory and History === * How will history be preserved or rewritten in the digital age? * Will the past be more accessible or more manipulated? * What stories will we tell about who we are and where we came from? Consider the questions on this list of [[/Questions to Consider /|additional questions to consider]]. Address other topics you believe are important. Embrace as large a scope as you can, ideally you will adopt a [[Global Perspective|global perspective]] and include all of this earth and its inhabitants. You may wish to consider: possible, probable, plausible, worst case, wild card, and preferable futures before choosing to describe a specific future alternative.<ref>{{cite book |last= Lombardo |first= Thomas |date= October 27, 2017 |title=Future Consciousness: The Path to Purposeful Evolution |publisher= Changemakers Books |pages=834 |isbn= 978-1780999852}} Chapter 15</ref> Choose a specific date in the future so your description can be specific. I chose a date when our grandchildren will be close to my present age. You will have your own important reasons for choosing a particular date. ==Examples== Browse the descriptions in this gallery for inspiration and guidance: *[[/The World We Want in 2035/]] *[[Envisioning Our Future/The World We Want in 2075|The World We Want in 2075]]. * [[/Toward Compassion/]] *[[/Future Balance/]] *[[Limits To Growth/Earth at One Billion|Earth at One Billion]]—Envisioning a world population of one billion people *[https://archive.org/details/GoodWords3 Words for the Good World we want]. *The Global Justice Project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaljusticeproject.wid.world|title=Global Justice Project|website=Global Justice Project|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-07-30}}</ref> ==Write Down Your Vision of Our Future== Start [[writing]]! [[Writing/Writers block|If you get stuck]], take a break for a few minutes, a few hours, a few days or longer. Go for a walk. Contemplate what you have written, reflect on the questions your work has uncovered, explore what you need to explore and think more about, and make the decisions you need to make to continue writing the description. Consider sharing drafts with close friends who can give you support, ideas, suggestions, and helpful feedback. Reread, revise, rethink, and rewrite. It may be best to write a [[w:First-person_narrative|first person narrative]] set in the future date you have chosen to describe. ==Share if you Dare== If you would like to, please link your description to the examples listed above. This will help other students. Alternatively, you may wish to share drafts of your essay on social media, get feedback from friends, and revise the essay before linking it here. ==Take Action== [[Reformation Workshop|What can you do now]] to help us move toward the future you have described? Take those actions. Use your vision of the future to guide your day-to-day decision making, choose your goals, suggest meaningful New Year’s resolutions, and longer term planning. Consider undertaking the actions described in the [[Reformation Workshop]] to make your vision become real. ==Further Reading== Many books describe future possibilities. Science fiction, fantasy, and other genres are dedicated to helping us imagine a future. Here are some specific books that may be particularly helpful. *{{cite book |last1=Zander |first1=Benjamin |last2=Stone Zander |first2=Rosamund |date=September 24, 2002 |title=The Art of Possibility: Transforming Professional and Personal Life |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=201 |isbn=978-0142001103 }} *{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Sarah |last2=Sunkara |first2=Bhaskar |date=February 2, 2016 |title=The Future We Want: Radical Ideas for the New Century |publisher=Metropolitan Books |pages=208 |isbn=978-0805098297}} * {{cite book |last=Quinn |first=Daniel |author-link=w:Daniel_Quinn |date=May 1, 1995 |title=[[w:Ishmael_novel|Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit]] |publisher=Bantam |page=s263 |isbn=978-0553375404}} * {{cite book |last=Pinker |first=Steven |date=February 13, 2018 |title=[[w:Enlightenment_Now|Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress]] |publisher=Penguin Books Limited/ |pages=576 |isbn=978-0-525-42757-5 |author-link=w:Steven_Pinker }} *{{cite book |last=Bregman |first=Rutger |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Utopia for Realists: How We Can Build the Ideal World |publisher=Back Bay Books |pages=336 |isbn=978-0316471916 |author-link=w:Rutger_Bregman}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=September 12, 2023 |title=[[w:What_We_Owe_the_Future|What We Owe the Future]] |publisher=Basic Books |pages=368 |isbn=978-1541604032}} I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. * ''Designing Regenerative Cultures'', by Daniel Christian Wahl * ''It's YOUR Future...: Make it a Good One!'', by Verne Wheelwright ==References== <references/> {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Life]] [[Category:Life skills]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] [[Category:Futurology]] {{Possibilities}} os1b8rbdp7mhyoh1nn9vmbmgce0ax7i 0 212733 2820332 2819764 2026-07-31T17:13:19Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2820332 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260730.pdf |A]], [[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1B.20260720.pdf |B]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] qqj5gvep5h6wzvzj8u5xyfbi0nsfb9t 2820334 2820332 2026-07-31T17:14:22Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2820334 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260731.pdf |A]], [[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1B.20260720.pdf |B]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] 49ih5ynba9oama5bdyby1gdnj3xanxu 10 216207 2820238 1614886 2026-07-31T13:33:49Z HCCB3947 3047763 interlanguage link 2820238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} == Usage == <nowiki>{{Original research}}</nowiki> Resources marked with this template are placed in [[:Category:Research projects]]. Please discuss with authors first, before adding this template to resources. == See also == * [[Wikiversity:Research process]] * [[Wikiversity:Original research]] <includeonly> [[Category:Research templates]] </includeonly> d0mobe60bzy6sqywby6lykltt4qcjux 0 216741 2820261 2811104 2026-07-31T14:17:44Z ~2026-42515-51 3104447 2820261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data}} testing website {{cs}} [[File:Python.svg|right|180 px|Python logo]] '''Python''' is a widely used high-level<ref>Programming languages can be low-level or high-level. High-level languages can be more readable to humans, while low-level languages are harder to understand. Low-level languages are closer to machine code. High-level languages are closer to the English language </ref>, general-purpose, interpreted<ref>There are interpreted and compiled programming languages: compiled languages output and executable file, while interpreted languages are executed line-by-line, using the interpreter.</ref>, dynamic programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in other popular programming languages. == Courses == * [[Python Concepts]] * [[Python Programming]] * [[Python/Serial port/pySerial|Serial communication with pyserial]]{{stage short|100%}} * [[Python/MQTT|MQTT client with paho-mqtt library]]{{stage short|100%}} * All Python ''{{Subpages/Simple}}'' == Examples == * [[Python/Time, Distance, and Speed|Time, Distance, and Speed]] * [[/Prime factorization/]] * [[/Musical intervals (numpy matplotlib)/]] * [[Handler for references at Wikiversity pages]] * [[Python Programming/GUI/Serial monitor|Develop the Arduino serial monitor-like with Tkinter and 3rd libary pySerial]]{{stage short|100%}} * [[Python Programming/GUI/Oscilloscope|Develop the Oscilloscope-like desktop application with Tkinter, Matplotlib and 3rd libary pySerial]]{{stage short|100%}} == Resources == * [[/pip (package manager)/]] == Multimedia == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8Tko2YC5hA YouTube: What is Python and Why You Must Learn It] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLZuut1fYzQ YouTube: What Can You Do with Python? - The 3 Main Applications] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfscVS0vtbw YouTube: Learn Python - Full Course for Beginners] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uQrJ0TkZlc YouTube: Python Tutorial for Beginners] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Khc5jR9EGGg YouTube: Python Course - Learn Python] *[https://cs50.harvard.edu/python/2022/ CS50's Python Course] == Other Information == Python is a multi-paradigm programming language, that is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. Many of the capabilities that the Python language supports are object-oriented programming and functional programming. This language follows a philosophy, which consists of phrases such as: * "Beautiful is better than ugly" * "Simple is better than Complex" * "Readability counts" * "Explicit is better than implicit" * "Complex is better than complicated" See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_of_Python Zen of Python] for more information about this philosophy. Python aims for simplicity and a less-cluttered syntax, while allowing developers to have options for their preferred coding method. Python has many versions out for developers to use. This consists of Python 2 (now on Sunset Status) and Python 3.13 (October 2024). == Also See == * [[Computer Programming]] * [[Pyjamas]] port of Google Web Toolkit (GWT) * [[Wikipedia: Python (programming language)]] * [[Wikibooks: Python Programming]] * [https://programiz.pro/learn/master-python Beginner Python Course] * [https://www.wscubetech.com/resources/python Python Tutorial] * [https://www.wscubetech.com/resources/python/compiler Python Compiler] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Python| ]] gxpgztys1cp3bb743rcks58rwphq1su 0 246523 2820340 2699784 2026-07-31T17:54:48Z ~2026-42286-98 3104489 2820340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Sidebar}} Salvēte omnēs! (Hello everyone!) If you are one of the many interested in learning the ancient and beautiful Latin language, here is a starter lesson for you. As you will see from the words below, many Latin words will be familiar to you, from English (like femina - feminine) or French (femme, la, or le). This will help you with Latin. As you can see, Latin has an incredibly flexible word order within sentences. It makes up for this flexibility with a very rigid and absolute requirement for the correct grammatical endings for nouns and verbs, as becomes very obvious within the first few days of study. This is precisely why it makes it easier to learn with online tools. Making Grammar-learning mistakes into a game automatically makes it fun and is a fantastic resource to add to any learning situation. ==Vocabulary== Each lesson we will give you some words that you will learn for the sentence practice. Start with these. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;" ! style="width: 20%;" | English ! style="width: 20%;" | Latin ! Audio (Classical) ! style="width: 60%;" | Notes |- | girl || puella || [[File:la-cls-puella.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | woman || fēmina || [[File:la-cls-femina.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | boy || puer || [[File:la-cls-puer.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | man || vir || [[File:la-cls-vir.ogg|thumb|]] || rowspan="2" | Either is acceptable; <br />''homō'' has a more universal usage (human) as opposed to <br />''vir'' (biologically male human) |- | man || homō || [[File:la-cls-homo.ogg|thumb|]] |} ==Phrases== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;" ! style="width: 20%;" | Latin ! style="width: 20%;" | English !Audio (Classical) ! style="width: 60%;" | Notes |- | || || [[File:01-Basics-01-phrases.ogg|thumb|]] || All phrases |- | ūnus puer || one boy || [[File:01-Basics-01-unus-puer.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | ūna fēmina || one woman || [[File:01-Basics-01-una-femina.ogg|thumb|]] || introducing the adjective unus,a,um to mean one, modifying a masculine or feminine noun |- | illa puella || that girl, THE girl || [[File:01-Basics-01-illa-puella.ogg|thumb|]] || Latin doesn't have article adjectives but may use demonstrative adjectives/pronouns for a similar purpose or to add emphasis -- do not worry too much about it until later, though |- | ille homō || that man, the man || [[File:01-Basics-01-ille-homo.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | ille vir || that man || [[File:01-Basics-01-ille-vir.ogg|thumb|]] || |} ==Sentences== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;" ! style="width: 20%;" | Latin ! style="width: 20%;" | English ! Audio (Classical) ! style="width: 60%;" | Notes |- | || || [[File:01-Basics-01-sentences-all.ogg|thumb|]] || All sentences |- |Sum fēmina || I am a woman<br/>I am the woman.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-sum-femina.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Ego fēmina sum. || I am a woman<br/>I am the woman. || [[File:01-Basics-01-ego-femina-sum.ogg|thumb|]] || Introducing subject pronoun<br/>''Ego = I'' <br/>and the flexible word order of Latin sentences. |- | Vir sum || I am a man<br/>I am the man.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-vir-sum.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Ego sum puer<br/>Sum puer<br/>Puer sum. || I am a boy.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-ego-sum-puer.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Puella sum. || I am a girl.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-puella-sum.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Ille homō sum. || I am that human being<br/>I am that man.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-ille-homo-sum.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Sum illa fēmina || I am that woman.|| [[File:01-Basics-01-sum-illa-femina.ogg|thumb|]] || |- | Sum ūna puella<br/>Ūna puella sum<br/>Ego ūna puella sum<br/>Ego sum ūna puella<br/>Ego sum puella ūna. || I am one girl. || [[File:01-Basics-01-sum-una-puella.ogg|thumb|]] || |} ==Practice== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%;" ! colspan="2" | Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson |- | '''Step one''' || First learn the words using this lesson: * [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/748509/carpe-lanams-latin/1/ Basics Lesson one] |- | '''Step two''' || Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: * [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/906792/carpe-lanams-latin-sentences/1/ Sentences lesson one] |- | colspan="2" | Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all the lessons in this section |} You can try these sentences on Memrise. Thanks for reading and... Habeātis bonam fortūnam! {{subpage navbar}} {{bookcat}} ncvery4xv7cmxii2exga2dc5j8c6710 0 267737 2820211 2819390 2026-07-31T12:50:51Z NDM2024 2984088 Replaced content with "'''<big>The John Snow Prediabetes Institute</big>''' Link: <nowiki>https://w.wiki/Skm7</nowiki>" 2820211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big>The John Snow Prediabetes Institute</big>''' Link: <nowiki>https://w.wiki/Skm7</nowiki> 7ip9gpsbqfweaer9ama2fug4pk6cfg5 2820214 2820211 2026-07-31T12:52:18Z NDM2024 2984088 2820214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big>The John Snow Prediabetes Institute</big>''' '''Link:''' <nowiki>https://w.wiki/Skm7</nowiki> 2bfmobfwi1sc9opl70ihqotia33i1qr 2820215 2820214 2026-07-31T12:53:15Z NDM2024 2984088 2820215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big>The John Snow Prediabetes Institute</big>''' '''Link:'''https://w.wiki/Skm7 qbrmccua6n5opgmrei3uh2dnx7d9b7d 0 305659 2820187 2820184 2026-07-31T12:00:38Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Years */ 2820187 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes this interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''65,536 (16⁴) solar radii'''. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of '''6.344 years'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for 6.344 years, which is a distance of approximately 65,536 solar radii, or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans exactly 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 23ij778wnhaykodthc3z6e1u3cx39m7 2820190 2820187 2026-07-31T12:05:47Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820190 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes this interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''65,536 (16⁴) solar radii'''. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of '''6.344 years'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for 6.344 years, which is a distance of approximately 65,536 solar radii, or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] b845w18fy9727rsvn0j1v5o10gfotvy 2820262 2820190 2026-07-31T14:26:17Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820262 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''65,536 (16⁴) solar radii'''. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of '''6.344 years'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for 6.344 years, which is a distance of approximately 65,536 solar radii, or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] gppi4pw1fveyjga3kiovsvu41mm1ic4 2820263 2820262 2026-07-31T14:27:41Z Unitfreak 695864 2820263 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''65,536 (16⁴) solar radii'''. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of '''6.344 years'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for 6.344 years, which is a distance of approximately 65,536 solar radii, or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 7kfronvypstu1df3xhxj1drrygzibwp 2820264 2820263 2026-07-31T14:33:36Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820264 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for 6.344 years, which is a distance of approximately 65,536 solar radii, or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of '''6.344 years'''. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] cs2kbp3gkh4ymqivj2yvif8xoielwry 2820266 2820264 2026-07-31T14:38:27Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820266 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully Timestamp System, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] tmyx6r850nw5fj70y9x35pdbqg5i0l7 2820267 2820266 2026-07-31T14:45:09Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820267 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully timestamp system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] cv4721htfmb914h9pxh3bi259htzkwp 2820268 2820267 2026-07-31T14:45:41Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820268 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully Metric Timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] a045td0tf6v59fb7frvwnqcqmj51xxe 2820269 2820268 2026-07-31T14:50:04Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820269 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] oqrpylbb2bs3eilkft7hnlt5w06u1et 2820270 2820269 2026-07-31T14:58:10Z Unitfreak 695864 2820270 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamps == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] efvckg2y1nizu2be8f8m1mn4xjkq11j 2820271 2820270 2026-07-31T14:58:45Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Timestamp Realization */ 2820271 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] == Bully Timestamp == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] ads8sui2z0g1a9nooapj2c8cakem8vn 2820272 2820271 2026-07-31T14:59:11Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Time Estimation Divisions */ 2820272 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] e9ajodf0o4xcnv4qfu4ww3ttorgiyx3 2820273 2820272 2026-07-31T15:00:24Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820273 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 1my6ber26r0wirt9w5hff9rk45lhji7 2820274 2820273 2026-07-31T15:03:18Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Timestamp Realization */ Moved graph 2820274 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] qsxfyv8lk2ntak80xfg4x8hxi1ytlgn 2820275 2820274 2026-07-31T15:04:11Z Unitfreak 695864 2820275 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun during one Bully Timestamp.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 7jswcukvsodgjj9flu0f48kk93w6smy 2820279 2820275 2026-07-31T15:12:07Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820279 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] successive Bully timestampThe Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 45cpojj98qbj84kw1jbcgqaqqoxim72 2820280 2820279 2026-07-31T15:13:02Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820280 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 3ws548jn1n06ecybndk25crai2q744u 2820281 2820280 2026-07-31T15:15:30Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820281 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] sqtpycoqnuwym3ohjp1wr81dpt75maf 2820282 2820281 2026-07-31T15:17:29Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820282 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] ao5vne4odlvgkm3jzlfd8568f3cao32 2820283 2820282 2026-07-31T15:18:46Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820283 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has a enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 5s63poati5bxsy064hh0ke2s7gpco8d 2820284 2820283 2026-07-31T15:19:03Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820284 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not exist during the Big Bang. The Sun did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] okp95jb7bvbp8lrslclm74ewgia1i29 2820287 2820284 2026-07-31T15:26:15Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820287 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 0puoudnk9ijy7oqmcven2dzke4ccsel 2820288 2820287 2026-07-31T15:27:16Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820288 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, it is important to remember that the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 495dd7rs9450ggdson5190l7a3n9zk9 2820291 2820288 2026-07-31T15:28:57Z Unitfreak 695864 2820291 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun over the course of one Bully timestamp. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] khmwor81y5j09ewh4am7utnz79w3r1u 2820306 2820291 2026-07-31T16:09:35Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820306 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] fu97chrp857y29g2j9ajn9zxsla96yg 2820307 2820306 2026-07-31T16:13:57Z Unitfreak 695864 2820307 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] a1cqg1ov7gquleu5m4m9dsjzw6nvfw0 2820308 2820307 2026-07-31T16:14:34Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820308 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system has an enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 2izzfgg1pi17ppd3xmynskw0ox4p3ii 2820309 2820308 2026-07-31T16:16:11Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820309 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] rswcj2iezyyr5fia9wrzmvtwac01hcq 2820310 2820309 2026-07-31T16:17:12Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820310 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] r0uigr7fodbhm642zloqx0c9h80vdvv 2820311 2820310 2026-07-31T16:17:41Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820311 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 9dwunh3bybvd6tqthve0yq4zjszkkhc 2820312 2820311 2026-07-31T16:18:07Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820312 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] qiwil488p3di4hyw6vwsnrroulhgwg3 2820313 2820312 2026-07-31T16:19:13Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820313 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, two months later (December 16th 2004) the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere as shown in Figure 2. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] j89cgbj25mb9o1hynzc4jproqmtk4eb 2820314 2820313 2026-07-31T16:33:44Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820314 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. In the Bully system, time is measured using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its journey through the Galaxy. With 12 hexadecimal digits, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] afqi94wujwim056cmmwyaqazvpdp6tr 2820335 2820314 2026-07-31T17:14:37Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820335 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: <br /> :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 1ilzhynihzq6qtqufrhodjz6gjvwwxa 2820338 2820335 2026-07-31T17:27:56Z Unitfreak 695864 2820338 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] <br /> Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] hcjd69yap19cdln1trf90xa1m6zaar9 2820339 2820338 2026-07-31T17:28:32Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Years */ 2820339 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the interval of '''3055 seconds''' as a fundamental unit of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] nb7l1nu79ksu17robif8uv67nd2z4w9 2820341 2820339 2026-07-31T18:11:51Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820341 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy to keep time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] fyybdr1kr18529sg2gaqf9ajdf329hd 2820342 2820341 2026-07-31T18:15:23Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820342 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === As defined previously, Bully timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' occurred at 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Because the system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] nrz2lysa3jmeynrevclgkixmri48bt8 2820343 2820342 2026-07-31T18:28:56Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820343 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully timestamp system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 4lgx58p61l5sm4kr43ofpildar9j4yg 2820344 2820343 2026-07-31T18:34:38Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820344 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which is a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully timestamp system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] j71b5nf162c1f46du40ur0e8vdolvcq 2820345 2820344 2026-07-31T18:36:09Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820345 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits. Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges (see Figure 3). The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully timestamp system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 5vot9nqre4w2gxpxztx2aa7fur9r6k1 2820346 2820345 2026-07-31T18:40:45Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820346 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars completing a 250 million-year orbital revolution around the Galactic center.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully timestamp system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 6ppzcw3m33zffp8kzfkn84hg8dnk8g3 2820348 2820346 2026-07-31T18:43:07Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Galactic Calendar */ 2820348 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully timestamp system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ fundamental time intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 8irqmnlnkpa2iu6ojf5lfv4auucxl8c 2820350 2820348 2026-07-31T18:48:48Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820350 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year (BGy) spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] f9s8izepj0ccga8pz2z960vt5pz4vib 2820351 2820350 2026-07-31T18:52:57Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820351 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one thirty secondth of a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frav{1}{32}</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] o0x610z7u5tnnaj89wgzzpjg6ibmw7i 2820352 2820351 2026-07-31T18:53:36Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820352 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years (<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one thirty secondth of a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] b76xenpsjq1y0ekiyxm1xzc1fsziojg 2820353 2820352 2026-07-31T18:54:53Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820353 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one thirty secondth of a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] dz2mgofvwyagc99jz3y1s65r564u6in 2820354 2820353 2026-07-31T18:55:42Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820354 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one thirty secondth of a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] ivjvcumj89bcra6qhrcjsso1g6h62gh 2820355 2820354 2026-07-31T18:56:37Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820355 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one thirty secondth of a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>). * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] bo2f9tavh3hdq7ufmq95djj7dldx21l 2820356 2820355 2026-07-31T19:04:13Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820356 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year (<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = 0.5</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''82''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 1pkrduaf75x3z24dv49i3w6juuohcrp 2820357 2820356 2026-07-31T19:14:21Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820357 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>). Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''8200''' through '''83FF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] d8gyind4ax31t7cx79ygkjf5du99arq 2820358 2820357 2026-07-31T19:15:24Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820358 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, a timestamp starting with the digits '''8200''' through '''83FF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 \text{ BGy} &= 64 \text{ BGy} \\ 2 \times 0.5 \text{ BGy} &= 1 \text{ BGy} \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{ BGy} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] hjq5dfew2r00m1rlddx3y6c96is9aq3 2820359 2820358 2026-07-31T19:23:07Z Unitfreak 695864 2820359 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year: :<math>\begin{aligned} 8 \times 8 &= 64 \\ 2 \times 0.5 &= 1 \\ \text{Total Elapsed Time} &= 65 \text{Bully Galactic Years} \end{aligned}</math> <br /> While it is true that we are living in the 65th BGy of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 031ax12cuz4aigyke27txnhbd0wv1u8 2820360 2820359 2026-07-31T19:24:59Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820360 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath at the front of the heliosphere, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year. While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th Bully Galactic Year of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] ilubmxc0si6xaymgyy8r11p0c0kr3lj 2820361 2820360 2026-07-31T19:27:01Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820361 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year. While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th Bully Galactic Year of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] rc85ozm5gqapepatg2w7e3fsew2txzt 2820362 2820361 2026-07-31T19:28:23Z Unitfreak 695864 /* The Heliosphere */ 2820362 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year. While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th Bully Galactic Year of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 BGy old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] svoy2lkcktotm9wa2nnjwgbpsdr5vkl 2820363 2820362 2026-07-31T19:32:20Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820363 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Consequently, any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year. While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th Bully Galactic Year of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 9am8puf0guh3nun0612jgdml2bgxkmi 2820364 2820363 2026-07-31T19:34:10Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820364 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is currently recording time within the 65th Bully Galactic Year. While it is true that we are currently living in the 65th Bully Galactic Year of the universe, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 BGy after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only about '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] p8gj87ub92xto5dqujjoq5j5i43xjiy 2820365 2820364 2026-07-31T19:37:50Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Galactic Year 65 */ 2820365 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is recording time within the '''65th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 Bully Galactic Years after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] 9n1extm7k5cuxv5hgiee8aw2601zznn 2820366 2820365 2026-07-31T19:50:56Z Unitfreak 695864 /* */ 2820366 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the orbit of the Sun around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp is realized each time the Sun advances by approximately one solar radius along its path through the Galaxy. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a very fast speed, roughly 227.7 kilometers per second (km/s), which equals approximately 0.076% of the speed of light. Even though the Sun is moving very quickly, it is also physically immense. The radius of the Sun (<math>R_\odot</math>) is 695,700 kilometers. Dividing the solar radius by the galactic orbital velocity, we find that it takes approximately '''3055 seconds''' for the Sun to travel a distance equal to its own radius: &thinsp; :<math>\Delta t = \frac{695,700 \text{ km}}{227.7 \text{ km/s}} \approx 3055 \text{ seconds}</math> &thinsp; '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 2800 0001''', occurred 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998''' (where TAI is International Atomic Time). As visually shown in Figure 1, the Sun orbited a distance of one solar radius during this 3,055 second time period. === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', the heliosphere is a vast, oblong, tailed, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into the surrounding space. The heliosphere is somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, except that Earth's atmosphere is a comparatively thin layer of gas that remains near the Earth's surface. By comparison, the heliosphere is a plasma that is constantly blasted out into space due to the extreme heat and energy of the Sun. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is very large. It is so vast that if it were truly spherical, its diameter would be on an order of magnitude similar to '''16⁴ (65,536) solar radii'''. The digit in the '''fifth position''' in a Bully timestamp represents the time required for the Sun to orbit for '''6.344 years''', which covers a distance of approximately '''65,536 solar radii''', or roughly the diameter of one spherical heliosphere. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. As explained previously, timestamp '''8209 2800 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Timestamp '''8209 2801 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the galactic center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 3:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic center during a 250 million-year time period.]] A '''galactic year''', also known as a '''cosmic year''', is the duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The duration of the galactic year is not a fixed constant, but rather, it depends on the path that a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 3). Stars closer to the center will orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 3''' all eventually localized near the Sun despite having vastly different historical orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term uncertainty of galactic orbits. === Bully Galactic Years === If the Sun followed a perfectly circular orbit around the Milky Way, as estimated in the text in the lower right corner of '''Figure 4''', the radius of that orbit would be approximately 26,000 light-years. The time required for the Sun to complete one full circular orbit would be calculated by dividing the orbital circumference by the orbital speed: &thinsp; :<math>\begin{aligned} \Delta t &= \frac{2\pi \times 26,000 \text{ light-years}}{230 \text{ km/s}} \\ &\approx 213 \text{ million years} \end{aligned}</math> &thinsp; [[File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing the intertwined orbital paths of the Earth and Moon as they accompany the Sun on its massive orbit around the Milky Way center.|'''Figure 4:''' Motion of the Sun, Earth, and Moon around the Milky Way Galaxy.]] &thinsp; Within the context of the Bully timekeeping system, a '''Bully galactic year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2⁴¹ Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years). While this is not identical to a true, observed galactic year, it should be noted that the true long-term trajectory of the Sun is inherently chaotic and unpredictable over deep time. Therefore, this fixed power-of-two value serves as a reasonable approximation. === Bully Galactic Year 65 === Since the Bully system utilizes hexadecimal notation and a Bully Galactic Year spans 2⁴¹ Bully timestamp intervals, the positional values of the highest digits map directly to large cosmic eras: * The '''twelfth digit''' (the far-left position) scales in increments of 8 Bully Galactic Years: **<math>\frac{16^{11}}{2^{41}} = 8</math>. * The '''eleventh digit''' scales in increments of half a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{10}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{2}</math>. * The '''tenth digit''' scales in increments of one-thirty-second of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{9}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{32}</math>. * The '''ninth digit''' scales in increments of one five-hundred-and-twelfth of a Bully Galactic Year: **<math>\frac{16^{8}}{2^{41}} = \frac{1}{512}</math>. Any timestamp in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicates that the system is recording time within the '''65th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until approximately 44 Bully Galactic Years after the Big Bang, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. === Galactic Weeks === A '''Galactic Week''' can be thought of as the approximate duration of time required for the Sun to orbit '''6.9 degrees''' around the galactic center (approximately 4.1 million years), so that 52 Galactic Weeks is equivalent to one Galactic Year. The following table (see Figure 5) illustrates the division of one Galactic Year's worth of Bully timestamps into 52 equal portions. Galactic Year "65" begins with Bully timestamp '''8200 0000 0000''' and ends with timestamp '''83FF FFFF FFFF'''. We are currently nearing the end of the '''1st Quarter, Galactic Week 0 (8200 0000 0000 - 8209 D89D 89D7)'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 5: Bully Galactic Year 65 |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Galactic <br /> Year 65 || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}} || {{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}} || {{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}} || {{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}} || {{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}} || {{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}} || {{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}} || {{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}} || {{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}} || {{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}} || {{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}} || {{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}} || {{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}} |} * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About Galactic Years and The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ==== The Metonic Cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp cycle approximately three times per Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moon Metonic Cycles * July 23, 1998 on 8209 280'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 on 8209 280'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 on 8209 280'''6 00EA''' * July 23, 2055 on 8209 280'''8 FF9B''' * July 23, 2074 on 8209 280'''B FE45''' * July 23, 2093 on 8209 280'''E FCE6''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] === Time Estimation Divisions === [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 1: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 1'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 2'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 2: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10⁶) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 3 contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 3: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 4 (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 4: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 4) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 2800 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 5 is the same as is shown in Figure 4, but Figure 5 plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 5: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6 is similar to the table in Figure 3, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 3 was for large z values, Figure 6 shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;” | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;" | {{nowrap|8209 2800 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 2800 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] == The Bully Mnemonic == <math display="block"> {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} </math> <math display="block"> 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years </math> <math display="block">{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years </math> The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] * [[Bully Mnemonic Extension |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic Extension]] ntk9kf6w1xubgbiek0pyxnbf69whvjk 0 327555 2820217 2819978 2026-07-31T13:13:19Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Part I. The media and political economy */ wdsmth 2820217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pharoah - James VI and I - Trump.png|thumb|Religious and media leaders from the time of the Pharaohs convinced common folk to give increasing shares of what they produced to elites.]] :''This book uses dates in [[:w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]], YYYY-MM-DD, when convenient.'' == Invitation to edit this book == You, dear reader, are invited to contribute questions, ideas and citations to support or refute claims made in this book possibly adding chapters. Wikiversity like other Wikimedia Foundation Projects invites humans to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] while writing from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]]. Others are invited to change or revert what you wrote. What stays tends to be written from a neutral point of view citing credible sources. If someone reverts your edit or you have a question, take it to the ''[[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]]'' associated with the specific Wikiversity page most related to your concerns. Those who teach media literacy are encouraged to invite their students to debate and revise the contents of this book. Doing so would build on a tradition of [[:w:Wikipedia:Student assignments|instructors requiring students to edit wikipedia article(s).]] Editing [[:w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] and other [[:w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] projects like this book is itself an exercise in media literacy: :''Central tenets of media literacy might include writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources and engaging others, some of whom may disagree, in civil, supportive conversations about what can and cannot be said based on a reasonable evaluation of the available evidence. Wikimedia rules invite contributors to do just that, encouraging them to “be bold but not reckless,” contributing revisions written from a neutral point of view, citing credible sources -- and raising other questions and concerns on the ''''“Discuss”'''' page associated with the specific Wikiversity page most related to your concerns, as mentioned above.''<ref>For more on this, see Graves (2024).</ref> == Text and self-help book and point of discuss == This book is intended both as a text and self-help book and as a point of discussion considering four levels of media literacy: :1. '''Think before you share''': [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen said]], "The shortest path to a click is anger or hate." The social psychology behind this phenomenon exploited also by legacy media has contributed to [[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|the dramatic increase in political polarization and violence worldwide]], especially since the end of the [[w:Fairness doctrine|Fairness doctrine]] in 1987. To counter this, DiResta (2024, p. 335) recommends, "Think before you share." :2. '''Look for information to contradict preconceptions''' (Disconfirmation bias): [[w:Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Virtually everyone]] (a) thinks they know more than they do ([[w:Overconfidence effect|overconfidence effect]]), and (b) prefers information and sources consistent with preconceptions ([[w:Confirmation bias|confirmation bias]]). The major media everywhere exploit this to please those who control most of the money for the media. Humans can counter this by searching for sources to help us understand our designated enemies. If we cannot explain circumstances under which we could see ourselves doing what we see our designated enemies doing, we haven't looked hard enough. :3. '''Talk''': Push ourselves to have friendly supportive conversations with others with whom we may vehemently disagree with the goals of agreeing to disagree agreeably and building collaboration on areas of common concern.<ref>Graves and Bailey (2025).</ref> :4. '''Teach''': Humans who develop skills in the first three levels can leverage that knowledge in helping others acquire those skills. If each one teaches two<ref>"[[:w:Each one teach one|Each one teach one]]" is an African-American proverb from the time of legalized slavery. However, if each one teaches only one, the growth in literacy will only be linear. Having "each one teaching two", on average, unleashes the power of doubling and [[:w:exponential growth|exponential growth]], which has the potential of educating the entirety of humanity in a reasonable period of time -- namely after 33 doublings starting from one.</ref> in a certain period of time, that time period becomes a [[:w:Doubling time|doubling time]]. Ten doublings is a thousand -- actually 1,024 to be precise.<ref>2 time 2 = 4 times 2 = 8 times 2 = 16 times 2 = 32 times 2 = 64 times 2 = 128 times 2 = 256 times 2 = 512 times 2 = 1024: That's 10 doublings, as anyone with a modest understanding of modern digital [[:w:computer|computer]]s will tell you.</ref> Twenty doublings become a million. Thirty doublings become a billion. Three more doublings become 8 billion, the [[:w:World population|world population]] as of approximately 2022-11-15.<ref>This book uses dates in [[:w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]], YYYY-MM-DD, when convenient.</ref> Many organizations, including several United Nations agencies, already have active [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] programs that have already trained many.<ref>''[[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students]]'' includes a chapter on [[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/Points to Consider for Teaching Anti-racism/Media Literacy In Schools|Media Literacy In Schools]].</ref> This book is being written hoping to increase the effectiveness and accelerate the rate of growth in media literacy and thereby accelerate progress against many of the most pressing issues facing humanity today. Much of this book is a [[w:Monograph|research monograph]] summarizing research that seems to have been underreported by the major media to avoid offending people who control most of the money for the media. These research results seem to be central to major political divisions. Each chapter ends in exercises to help the reader practice media literacy skills and have fun doing it. Remember: :''I am entitled to my [[Wiktionary:cockamamie|cockamamie]] ideas, and you are entitled to yours.'' Humor is important but must be offered in a way that does not offend others. If others are offended, they may be less interested in dialogue. The term "cockamamie" is used here, hoping that this style of [[w:Self-deprecation|self-deprecation]] might be more inviting for dialogue. ''Never say, "You're wrong, and I'm right!" instead, ask, "May I offer a contrary perspective?" Or "May I share with you another view that I've heard?" '' Much of the information in this book seems to have been largely overlooked and perhaps suppressed, apparently because it would increase the cost of producing news, some of which would clearly offend people who control much of the money for the media; see the brief discussion of conflicts of interest by the major media in the next "Key claims" section. ==Key claims== * ''Primary drivers of every major conflict include differences between the media that the different parties find credible''. :-- This works, because everything we think we know is coded in systems of connections between neurons in our brains. These systems are more unique than fingerprints and evolve over time. The words we use do not mean the same to two different humans nor even to the same human at different points in time. In many cases these differences are inconsequential. ''Sometimes they are fatal.''<ref>Graves and Bailey (2026).</ref> :-- ''[[w:Social constructionism|Show me someone who knows the truth]], and I will show you someone who is dangerous'' -- especially during war or any other situation where humans may be moved to violence mandated by their belief system.<ref>[[w:Collateral damage|Collateral damage]] that "they" commit proves to "us" that "they" are subhuman or at best criminally misled and must be resisted by any means necessary. By contrast, collateral damage that "we" commit is unfortunate but necessary.</ref> * The major media everywhere have [[w:Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest ]] in honestly reporting on [[v:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|anything that might offend anyone who controls large portions of the money for the media]].<ref>Pickard and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-08; Pickard (2020).</ref> [[v:Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK|British journalist and media reform advocate Dan Hind]] said that the content produced by the [[w:BBC|BBC]] was frivolous, soap opera stuff, because leading media personalities know very little about issues of substance and believe "they might get in trouble if" they produced anything serious. Similar analyses seem to apply to the major media everywhere<ref>Hind and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> but may not apply to non-profit and local media, which seem more likely to produce [[w:Investigative journalism|investigative]] / [[v:Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|accountability journalism]]:<ref>Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022); see also Starkman and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> [[w:Watchdog journalism|Watchdogs]] tend to protect the people who feed them. Argentine journalist [[w:Horacio Verbitsky|Horacio Verbitsky]] said, "Journalism is disseminating information that someone does not want known; the rest is [[w:propaganda|propaganda]]."<ref>p. 16 in Verbitsky (1997); English translation from [[Wikiquote:Horacio Verbitsky]], accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> * The major media everywhere create the stage upon which politicians read their lines. :-- Their selection of acceptable topics for news and entertainment create and maintain the "[[w:Overton window|Overton window]]", which is the range of acceptable political discourse. For example, in early 1964, US President [[w:Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] understood that he could lose the 1964 presidential election that year if he were seen to be soft on communism. His response was to clandestinely provoke an attack on US naval vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin, which he could then denounce as "unprovoked". During a dark and stormy night 1964-08-04 the [[w:USS Maddox (DD-731)|USS ''Maddox'']] and [[w:USS Turner Joy|''Turner Joy'']] spent a couple of hours "defending themselves" against radar snow, then [[w:Gulf of Tonkin incident|reported that they had sunk two attacking North Vietnamese torpedo boats]]; subsequent investigations found no evidence of the reported attacks. That incident was used to justify the [[w:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], with only two dissenting votes in the US Congress: Those two dissenters were defeated in their next reelection campaigns, illustrating the point that the major media create the environment in which many politicians cannot get elected without betraying the nation. * The development of technology is never neutral in its impact on inequality but is driven to benefit people with power.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023)</ref>. :-- [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs|Improvements in agricultural technology from pre-history to the time of King James of the King James bible were managed to benefit elites.]] Then pamphlets and newspapers began to appear, the head of state stopped granting as many monopolies, and commoners began getting permission to become entrepreneurs. That led to increasing inequality until organized labor got enough political power to demand and get a bigger share of the fruits of their labors. :--[[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future|In the US those benefits peaked during the Great Depression]], when the standard conservative mantra that blames the poor for their poverty did not sell newspapers. US President Franklin Roosevelt taxed the ultra-wealthy like they had never been taxed before or since, and dramatically reduced inequality, which continued to decline until increasing concentration of ownership of the media ushered in a new era of increasing inequality starting with the presidency of Ronald Reagan. :-- [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future#Role of the media|Acemoglu and Johnson insist that technology, including artificial intelligence, can be developed to benefit all. However, but it will not happen without action by the poor and middle class as follows]]: :# Alter the narrative, :# Build countervailing powers [like organized labor], and :# Develop technical, regulatory, and policy solutions to tackle specific aspects of technology’s social bias.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).</ref> :-- For more on this, see, e.g., the chapter on [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future|Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]]. === The value of noncommercial news outlets === Some of the problems with the media and their contributions to increasing political polarization and violence are documented in the research summary on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]" and in the podcast series available on Wikiversity under "[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]" with leading experts discussing their recommendations. One of the most compelling of the references discussed in that podcast series is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who tallied all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court district]]s between 2003 and 2019. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by a factor of roughly 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent. They found no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption of that decline in the number of journalists. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district in one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions for political corruption the following year. This suggests that the major media outlets that had so dramatically reduced their staffs had not substantively reduced the amount of investigative journalism they did. If we assume that the people prosecuted for political corruption also control substantive advertising budgets, then the major media outlets have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on such. They may report on it if some other organization like a member of INN does the research and they are threatened with a loss of audience from not reporting on it. :'''''Major point''''': You and I benefit, the vast majority of humans on earth benefit, from news reports presumably published by members if INN that contributed to those on average 1.4 additional prosecutions for political corruption estimated by Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). We benefit even if we never heard about the news reports that contributed to those prosecutions. We benefit even if we have never heard of the news outlets that presumably did the investigative journalism behind those additional prosecutions. Why? Because on average those news reports likely deterred other incidents of political corruption, which likely contributed to broadly shared economic growth and the development of new technology that ultimately benefit the vast majority of humanity. Other aspects of this are documented in the research on the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s, which we summarize next. === Costs increase in news deserts=== There's a growing body of research describing what happens when local newspapers die. Perhaps most important, a 2018 research report by Gao et al. reported that the death of a local newspaper was followed by … increases in local tax revenue, averaging $85 per human per year.<ref name = Gao2018>Gao et al. (2018).</ref> That $85 was roughly 13 hundredths of a percent of the 2019 US GDP. That's mentioned in the 2025-07-17 interview with [[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy|Natalie Fenton about her new book, ''Democratic Delusions, How the Media Hollows out democracy and What We Can Do About It'']]. One of the most spectacular example of the cost of a news desert is the [[w:City of Bell scandal|Scandal of Bell, California]]. Their local newspaper died around 1999. Roughly a decade later the city was nearly bankrupt in spite of having property tax rates among the highest in the nation. An investigation by the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' documented that the city manager had a compensation package worth $1.5 million a year, well over double that of the President of the United States. Other senior city officials were similarly well-remunerated. Some of the city officials went to jail over that. Did the city manager decide after 1999, "Wow: The watchdog is dead. Let's have a party"? Malfeasance also increases in business as pollution and workplace accidents increase as does the cost of capital, because investors know their money is not as secure without a local newspaper. That leads to a reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth. See "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]", esp. Kim et al. (2021). And executive compensation in increases in nonprofits, so less of what people donate goes to the charitable purpose for which they donated, according to Felix et al. (2024). Also, voter participation and split-ticket voting decline, per Benton (2019) and other references discussed in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". And the ultra-right does better, as noted in [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]] and the section on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]" in the Wikiversity article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]".<ref>Flößer (2024).</ref> The 0.13 percent of GDP savings estimated by Gao et al. (2018) is roughly $120 per human per year. With over 300 million humans in the U.S, that is roughly $40 billion nationwide. {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Costs increase in news deserts |- ! Entity !! What !!Source |- | local government || costs incr. 0.13% of GDP || Gao et al. (2018) |- | local businesses || pollution & workplace accidents incr., innovation & econ growth decr. || Kim et al. (2021) |- | nonprofits || exec. compensation incr. || Felix et al. (2024) |- | rowspan=2 | elections | voter participation & split-ticket voting decl. || Benton (2019) |- | Ultra-right does better || Flößer (2024) |} === Government subsidies for news === John (1995) documented how in the first half of the nineteenth century the US had more independent newspaper publishers per million population than at any other time or place in human history.<ref>This is discussed in the 2025-06-08 [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John|interview with him]], available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped [[The Great American Paradox|the early United States stay together and grow]] while contemporary [[w:New Spain|New Spain]] / [[w:Mexico|Mexico]], fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically. As documented with Figure 1 in the chapter below on [[/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs/]], that growth catapulted the young United States into its current position of dominance in the international political economy, a position it has been losing since at least 1990 -- or since the Reagan Revolution began in 1981, according to the analysis in the chapter below on [[/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future/]]. Other countries now have stronger democracies due in part to government subsidies for media in the range of 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP with a firewall that limits political interference in the content, according to Neff and Pickard (2024). Table 1 in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]] compares media subsidies in various places with "other points of reference". McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88) suggested that the relatively high rate of economic growth of the economy in the early US was due in part to postal subsidies under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792.<ref>See also the Wikiversity article on "[[The Great American Paradox]]", accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> They estimated those subsidies at 0.21 percent of GDP. To improve the current political economy of the US, they recommended subsidies of 0.15 percent of GDP distributed to local news nonprofits on the basis of local elections.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).</ref> The Wikipedia article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]" documents how some jurisdictions can devote that much money to local news nonprofits by matching what they spend on accounting, advertising, and public relations.<ref>See the section on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Sampling units / experimental polities|Sampling units / experimental polities]]" in the Wikiversity article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]", accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> Pickard (2023) describes three basic strategies for confronting concentrated commercial media power: (1) break them up, (2) regulate them, and (3) create non-commercial, public alternatives. A fourth possibility might be [[w:externality|a graduated tax on income and wealth]] in proportion to the threat that major corporations pose to democracy. One class of noncommercial alternatives that Pickard mentions is local multimedia / Public Media Centers (PMCs) with management split between local journalists and boards, e.g., selected at random from registered voters. A key here is to have the boards selected in a way that cannot be influenced by people with power, whether business or political elites. Picard recommends considering '''six discrete layers''' when discussing PMCs, each of which, he says, must be radically democratised: # funding, # governance, # ascertainment (to determine a community’s ''critical information needs''), # infrastructure (including universal broadband service), # algorithmic (e.g., not allowing companies like Google and Facebook to suppress indexing information the might challenge their hegemony of those markets, [[w:Deep web|treating them like pedophilia and the Islamic State]]), # engagement, involving local communities in making their own news and in communicating their own stories; this is paramount to building trust and the grassroots-level support that this new local journalistic model requires. All this needs to be managed in ways that provide substantive support to news deserts and underserved communities that have long been subjected to various kinds of informational redlining. This might be done by including the proposed PMCs within local libraries staffed by professional journalists, who provide training in media literacy in local schools for children and supervise students producing school newspapers. PMCs could host regular, e.g., monthly events, where local residents could share their concerns with journalist, who would use that input to help prioritize different issues for news coverage. Journalist could also coach local residents in how to research issues and collaborate with journalists in producing news reports that may be better researched and more relevant to local concerns than could be produced without such collaboration. Management of such PMCs might be split between journalists on staff and boards of, e.g., six members selected at random from voter registration rolls serving staggered terms of one year with a new member rotated in every 2 months. Another alternative that could be done in parallel with local PMCs calls for 200 journalists in each US Congressional district funded at $10 billion annually in 2022 dollars, which is just a little under 4 hundredths of one percent of GDP; if such allocations are expressed as fractions of a percent of GDP, they would grow naturally with the economy. (The nominal GDP for the US was roughly $26.1 trillion in 2022.<ref>Johnston and Williamson (2026).</ref> For 2026 it is estimated at $32.4 trillion.<ref>[[w:United States|United States]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref>) A similar model is the [[w:BBC|BBC]]’s Local Democracy Reporting Service (LDRS), in which the BBC funds journalists to cover the work of local councils and other local public bodies, funded at £8 million per year, which is a little under 2 hundredths of a percent of the [[w:United Kingdom|UK]]'s GDP of £7.27 trillion.<ref>[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> Pickard (2023) ended by saying, "Today we face a crossroads: technocracy and oligarchy from above or radical democracy and structural reform from below. ... [T]his is not just a journalism crisis: it is a democracy crisis." ==Table of Contents== *[[/Introduction/]] including an exercise, asking all to discuss perceptions of the settlement of ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network]]'' in a friendly supportive manner with humans with whom they may vehemently disagree, because the alternative could be killing humans over misunderstandings. ===Part I. The media and political economy=== # [[/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs/]] describes how religious leaders in hierarchical societies prior to [[w:James VI and I|King James of the King James bible]] convinced commoners to live in poverty while giving increasing shares of what they produced so religious and secular elites could live in opulence. During the reign of King James, pamphlets and newspapers began to compete with the church for helping commoners understand their roles in society. This produced the Industrial Revolution and modern democracies. Media consolidation since World War II gradually slowed and then reversed this trend. # [[/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future/]] describes the unprecedented performance of the US political economy during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt (FDR), insisting that much of what FDR achieved can be replicated, giving a media system that supports honest discussion of the available evidence. # [[/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization/]] (Combine from McChesney and Nichols discussing the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act]] of 1792 with [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]], the section on "[[v:Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Threats from social media|Threats from social media]]" in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]], and the comments by [[v:Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen that, "the shortest path to a click is anger or hate."]]. ===Part II. The media and war=== # [[/Deterrence without threat/]]: The historical record is clear: Nations that have prepared for war often got war, not peace. This happens for at least two reasons: First, some leaders cannot resist the temptation to use force inappropriately, sometimes clandestinely provoking others to do things that are then denounced as "unprovoked"; sometimes the media environment pushes them to do such. Alternatively, potential adversaries may believe -- or claim -- that you are actually preparing a first strike, and they must move preemptively or lose their ability to retaliate adequately. We can avoid these possibilities with three supportive policies: [a] Legislation that ''prohibits'' projecting force beyond our own borders. [b] Civilian-based defense training in nonviolent noncooperation like what helped Denmark survive Nazi occupation with minimal damage. And [c] a media system that penalizes rather than encourages a bellicose foreign policy. # [[/Responding to a nuclear attack/]] (draft in [[Responding to a nuclear attack]]. Add a discussion of Russia's Poseidon nuclear powered unmanned underwater vehicle, armed with nuclear weapons. With that, cite the record of "[[w:System accident|system accident]]s". Also add material from [[Nuclear weapons and effective defense]]). # [[/Threats from excessive government secrecy/]] (draft in [https://sanjosepeace.org/restrict-secrecy-more-than-data-collection/ "Restrict secrecy more than data collection"], adding material from [https://kkfi.org/program-episodes/does-us-government-secrecy-threaten-national-security/ Connelly (2023) ''The Declassification Engine: What History Reveals About America's Top Secrets''], [[Wikipedia:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]] and [[1998 Embassy bombings and September 11]]. # [[/Shouting fire in a crowded theater/|Shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater]]: Legal concerns about "[[w:Shouting fire in a crowded theater|Shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater]]" date, at least in large part, from the [[w:Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] decisions in ''[[w:Schenck v. United States|Schenck v. United States]]'' (1919) and ''[[w: Brandenburg v. Ohio| Brandenburg v. Ohio]]'' (1969). In ''Schenck'' the Court ruled that the government had a right to imprison Schenck and others, because their distribution of fliers encouraging draft resistance presented a [[w:clear and present danger|clear and present danger]] to the efficacy of ongoing military activities during [[w:World War I|World War I]], then in progress. The Court in ''Brandenburg'' held that the government cannot punish inflammatory speech ''unless that speech is "directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action".'' Some could argue that many uses of military force by the US and Israel since 1948 have violated international law, encouraged by biases in the major US media "directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action", though it may not be feasible to convince a court of that. Still, it might be useful to simulate such a case in a mock trial like the 1966 [[w:Russell Tribunal|Russell Tribunal]].<ref>Andersen (2006) provides such documentation for several such uses of force. Johnson (2026) ''How to Sell a Genocide: The Media's Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza'' organizes evidence supporting such claims for the current [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]], which began with [[w:October 7 attacks|Palestinian attacks 2023-10-07]]. See also Andersen (2026). Might, e.g., Palestinians -- or at least Palestinian Americans -- be able to sue the [[w:Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), the [[w:AIPAC|American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] (AIPAC), and all the major media outlets in the US for inciting genocide in the current [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]]? That history includes routine suppression of coverage by the major media especially in the US of routine denial of equal protection of Israeli laws to non-Jews in Israel and under Israeli occupation, including suppression of Israeli violence against nonviolent protestors peaceably assembling and petitioning for a redress of grievances combined with over reporting of Palestinian violence and unquestioning coverage of fraudulent claims of Palestinian violence by Israel and supporters. The suppressions included underreporting of Palestinian nonviolence such as the [[w:2018–2019 Gaza border protests|(2018-2019) Great March of Return]], and suppression of the grievances inspiring such nonviolence such as indefinite detention without charges of thousands of Palestinians, including children, routine destruction of Palestinian property by settlers, confiscation of Palestinian property at gunpoint, closing [[w:Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to international trade, and maintaining Gaza on starvation rations. These routine biases in reporting have been encouraged by charges that more honest reporting would be "[[w:Antisemitism|antisemetic]], according to the ADL and AIPAC. This denial of coverage thereby encouraged Israel to increase the rate of such violations until the [[w:October 7 attacks|2023-10-07 attacks on Israel from Gaza]] unleashed Israeli "retaliations" way out of proportion to the alleged provocation. Sucharov (2022) reported that 69% of American Jews opposed privileging Jews over non-Jews in Israel. Their support of Israel in the current Gaza war is consistent with the media biases documented by Johnson (2026) and others including Andersen (2006, 2026). Regarding whether Israel could achieve anything positive from this war, Samuelson (2025) is skeptical. He summarized quantitative analyses of 60 previous insurgencies. The results including the observation that it is exceedingly difficult to defeat an insurgency without responding to the grievances that support it without force ratios far beyond Israel's resources.</ref> ===Part III. Climate, immigrants, education, public health, and criminal justice=== # [[/Global warming/]] [Summarize research especially on conflicts of interest of major media in honestly reporting on this issue and the research on global warming itself and activities of groups concerned about this issue. Decompose into global population times CO2 equivalents per human.] # [[/Immigrants/]] [Summarize research documenting that [[w:Sanctuary city|sanctuary cities tend to have higher median incomes and no more crime than non-sanctuary jurisdictions]], and some studies report less crime. Moreover economists have documented that immigrants tend to be more entrepreneurial, overrepresented in patent applications, and generally increasing the rate of economic growth. See, e.g., Aghion et al. (2022) ''The power of creative destruction''; Aghion shared the 2025 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with two others.] # [[/Education/]] (draft in [[Invest in children]].) # [[/Public health/]] [Draft in [[UN public health data]] to be revised to be consistent with Bezruchka (2023, 2025).] # [[/Substance abuse and addictive behavior/]] (Research cited in "[[Wikipedia:War on drugs]]" insists that the US and the world would have fewer problems with substance abuse and addiction problems with 100 percent public funding for treatment programs and complete decriminalization of possession and use of retail quantities of addictive substances. We would also likely have fewer problems with immigrants, as that would make it harder for the US to intervene in the internal affairs of foreign countries funded off the books, as exposed in the [[w:Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra affair]].) # [[/Criminal justice/]] (The section on "[[w:United States incarceration rate#Editorial policies of major media|Editorial policies of major media]]" in "[[Wikipedia:United States incarceration rate]]" cites research claiming that within the range range of experience in the US political economy since 1925, the incarceration rate is uncorrelated with crime: It's a function of the public's perception of crime, and that's a function of the media. That suggest that the US would be safer and more prosperous if incarceration policies were driving more by research than by editorial policies of the media. For example, there is also research that says that incarcerees who receive visits are less likely to recidivate, but that evidence is overlooked when convicts are incarcerated substantial distance from their family and friends and when the cost of phone services is substantially higher for incarcerees than among the general pubic. Also, it's known that better educated incarcerees are less likely to recidivate, but it's difficult and maybe impossible for many incarcerees to obtain education in prison.) # [[/Empower women and girls/]] [Cite research claiming that a primary restraint on population growth is empowering women and girls. Empowering women and girls is not just a matter of equity: It is also a means to reduce the threats of global warming, of increasing exposure to animal diseases and other problems that come with unrestrained population growth.] === Continuation === * [[/The evolving media literacy movement/]] to invite others to keep this book current with the evolving understanding of media literacy, how to encourage and promote it and the benefits of doing so. ==See also== * [[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/Points to Consider for Teaching Anti-racism/Media Literacy In Schools]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * <!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress-->{{cite Q|Q125292212}} * <!--Robin Andersen (2006) A century of media, a century of war-->{{cite Q|Q138795568}} * <!--Robin Andersen (2026-06-02) The Complicit Lens: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q138796307}} * <!--Perry Bacon Jr. (2022-10-17) "America Should Spend Billions to Revive Local News"-->{{cite Q|Q139594786}} * <!-- Joshua Benton (9 April 2019). "When local newspapers shrink, fewer people bother to run for mayor". Nieman Foundation for Journalism -->{{cite Q|Q63127216}} * <!--Stephen Bezruchka (2023) Inequality Kills Us All-->{{cite Q|Q136047815}} * <!--Stephen Bezruchka (2025) ''Born Sick in the USA''-->{{cite Q|Q138749292}} * <!--Renée DiResta (2024) Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality-->{{cite Q|Q135107164}} * <!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) "The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation"-->{{cite Q|Q132730972}} * <!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) "Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD", Kontext-->{{cite Q|Q125287792}} * <!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2018) "Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance"-->{{cite Q|Q55670016}} * <!--Spencer Graves (2024) "Wikipedia: The most democratic force on earth-->{{cite Q|Q137796922}} * <!--Spencer Graves and Bryan Bailey (2025) "We have to talk", blog at PeaceWorksKC.org-->{{cite Q|Q136126262}} * [[d:Q138038060|Dan Hind and Spencer Graves (2025) "Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse-->{{cite Q|Q54641943}} * <!--Adam H. Johnson (2026-04-21) How to Sell a Genocide: The Media's Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q140073447}} * <!--Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" MeasuringWorth, 2026-->{{cite Q|Q56881105}} * <!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021) "Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs"-->{{cite Q|Q132459373}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). "The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy". Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 -->{{cite Q|Q109978060}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) -->{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}} * <!--Neff and Pickard (2024) "Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries"-->{{cite Q|Q131468289}} * [[d:Q131398359|Victor Pickard (2020) ''Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society'' (Oxford U. Pr.)]]. * <!-- Victor Pickard (2023-05-12) "Another Media System is Possible: Ripping Open the Overton Window, from Platforms to Public Broadcasting"-->{{cite Q|Q131398460}} * <!--Doug Samuelson (2025) Assessing Israel’s Approach in Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q138843324}} * [[d:Q138037937|Dean Starkman and Spencer Graves (2025) "Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark anglais" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Mira Sucharov (2022) Do American Jews Really Know What 'Zionist' Means?-->{{cite Q|Q125903777}} * [[d:Q134715465|Nikki Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption", ''SSRN Electronic Journal'']]. * [[d:Q61013892|Horacio Verbitsky (1997) ''Un mundo sin periodistas'' (in Spanish: A world without journalists; Editorial Sudamericana)]]. [[Category:Communication]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Law]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Media Literacy and You]] [[Category:Freedom and abundance]] <!-- https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category_Review --> mcknhewo8ob77qqw3f4z5n4tepuemk0 2820218 2820217 2026-07-31T13:14:31Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Part I. The media and political economy */ wdsmth 2820218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pharoah - James VI and I - Trump.png|thumb|Religious and media leaders from the time of the Pharaohs convinced common folk to give increasing shares of what they produced to elites.]] :''This book uses dates in [[:w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]], YYYY-MM-DD, when convenient.'' == Invitation to edit this book == You, dear reader, are invited to contribute questions, ideas and citations to support or refute claims made in this book possibly adding chapters. Wikiversity like other Wikimedia Foundation Projects invites humans to [[w:Wikipedia:Be bold|“be bold but not reckless,”]] while writing from a [[Wikiversity:Disclosures|neutral point of view]], [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|citing credible sources]]. Others are invited to change or revert what you wrote. What stays tends to be written from a neutral point of view citing credible sources. If someone reverts your edit or you have a question, take it to the ''[[Wikiversity:FAQ|''''“Discuss”'''' page]]'' associated with the specific Wikiversity page most related to your concerns. Those who teach media literacy are encouraged to invite their students to debate and revise the contents of this book. Doing so would build on a tradition of [[:w:Wikipedia:Student assignments|instructors requiring students to edit wikipedia article(s).]] Editing [[:w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] and other [[:w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] projects like this book is itself an exercise in media literacy: :''Central tenets of media literacy might include writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources and engaging others, some of whom may disagree, in civil, supportive conversations about what can and cannot be said based on a reasonable evaluation of the available evidence. Wikimedia rules invite contributors to do just that, encouraging them to “be bold but not reckless,” contributing revisions written from a neutral point of view, citing credible sources -- and raising other questions and concerns on the ''''“Discuss”'''' page associated with the specific Wikiversity page most related to your concerns, as mentioned above.''<ref>For more on this, see Graves (2024).</ref> == Text and self-help book and point of discuss == This book is intended both as a text and self-help book and as a point of discussion considering four levels of media literacy: :1. '''Think before you share''': [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen said]], "The shortest path to a click is anger or hate." The social psychology behind this phenomenon exploited also by legacy media has contributed to [[Media Literacy and You/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization|the dramatic increase in political polarization and violence worldwide]], especially since the end of the [[w:Fairness doctrine|Fairness doctrine]] in 1987. To counter this, DiResta (2024, p. 335) recommends, "Think before you share." :2. '''Look for information to contradict preconceptions''' (Disconfirmation bias): [[w:Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Virtually everyone]] (a) thinks they know more than they do ([[w:Overconfidence effect|overconfidence effect]]), and (b) prefers information and sources consistent with preconceptions ([[w:Confirmation bias|confirmation bias]]). The major media everywhere exploit this to please those who control most of the money for the media. Humans can counter this by searching for sources to help us understand our designated enemies. If we cannot explain circumstances under which we could see ourselves doing what we see our designated enemies doing, we haven't looked hard enough. :3. '''Talk''': Push ourselves to have friendly supportive conversations with others with whom we may vehemently disagree with the goals of agreeing to disagree agreeably and building collaboration on areas of common concern.<ref>Graves and Bailey (2025).</ref> :4. '''Teach''': Humans who develop skills in the first three levels can leverage that knowledge in helping others acquire those skills. If each one teaches two<ref>"[[:w:Each one teach one|Each one teach one]]" is an African-American proverb from the time of legalized slavery. However, if each one teaches only one, the growth in literacy will only be linear. Having "each one teaching two", on average, unleashes the power of doubling and [[:w:exponential growth|exponential growth]], which has the potential of educating the entirety of humanity in a reasonable period of time -- namely after 33 doublings starting from one.</ref> in a certain period of time, that time period becomes a [[:w:Doubling time|doubling time]]. Ten doublings is a thousand -- actually 1,024 to be precise.<ref>2 time 2 = 4 times 2 = 8 times 2 = 16 times 2 = 32 times 2 = 64 times 2 = 128 times 2 = 256 times 2 = 512 times 2 = 1024: That's 10 doublings, as anyone with a modest understanding of modern digital [[:w:computer|computer]]s will tell you.</ref> Twenty doublings become a million. Thirty doublings become a billion. Three more doublings become 8 billion, the [[:w:World population|world population]] as of approximately 2022-11-15.<ref>This book uses dates in [[:w:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]], YYYY-MM-DD, when convenient.</ref> Many organizations, including several United Nations agencies, already have active [[w:media literacy|media literacy]] programs that have already trained many.<ref>''[[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students]]'' includes a chapter on [[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/Points to Consider for Teaching Anti-racism/Media Literacy In Schools|Media Literacy In Schools]].</ref> This book is being written hoping to increase the effectiveness and accelerate the rate of growth in media literacy and thereby accelerate progress against many of the most pressing issues facing humanity today. Much of this book is a [[w:Monograph|research monograph]] summarizing research that seems to have been underreported by the major media to avoid offending people who control most of the money for the media. These research results seem to be central to major political divisions. Each chapter ends in exercises to help the reader practice media literacy skills and have fun doing it. Remember: :''I am entitled to my [[Wiktionary:cockamamie|cockamamie]] ideas, and you are entitled to yours.'' Humor is important but must be offered in a way that does not offend others. If others are offended, they may be less interested in dialogue. The term "cockamamie" is used here, hoping that this style of [[w:Self-deprecation|self-deprecation]] might be more inviting for dialogue. ''Never say, "You're wrong, and I'm right!" instead, ask, "May I offer a contrary perspective?" Or "May I share with you another view that I've heard?" '' Much of the information in this book seems to have been largely overlooked and perhaps suppressed, apparently because it would increase the cost of producing news, some of which would clearly offend people who control much of the money for the media; see the brief discussion of conflicts of interest by the major media in the next "Key claims" section. ==Key claims== * ''Primary drivers of every major conflict include differences between the media that the different parties find credible''. :-- This works, because everything we think we know is coded in systems of connections between neurons in our brains. These systems are more unique than fingerprints and evolve over time. The words we use do not mean the same to two different humans nor even to the same human at different points in time. In many cases these differences are inconsequential. ''Sometimes they are fatal.''<ref>Graves and Bailey (2026).</ref> :-- ''[[w:Social constructionism|Show me someone who knows the truth]], and I will show you someone who is dangerous'' -- especially during war or any other situation where humans may be moved to violence mandated by their belief system.<ref>[[w:Collateral damage|Collateral damage]] that "they" commit proves to "us" that "they" are subhuman or at best criminally misled and must be resisted by any means necessary. By contrast, collateral damage that "we" commit is unfortunate but necessary.</ref> * The major media everywhere have [[w:Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest ]] in honestly reporting on [[v:Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard|anything that might offend anyone who controls large portions of the money for the media]].<ref>Pickard and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-08; Pickard (2020).</ref> [[v:Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK|British journalist and media reform advocate Dan Hind]] said that the content produced by the [[w:BBC|BBC]] was frivolous, soap opera stuff, because leading media personalities know very little about issues of substance and believe "they might get in trouble if" they produced anything serious. Similar analyses seem to apply to the major media everywhere<ref>Hind and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> but may not apply to non-profit and local media, which seem more likely to produce [[w:Investigative journalism|investigative]] / [[v:Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark|accountability journalism]]:<ref>Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022); see also Starkman and Graves (2025), accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> [[w:Watchdog journalism|Watchdogs]] tend to protect the people who feed them. Argentine journalist [[w:Horacio Verbitsky|Horacio Verbitsky]] said, "Journalism is disseminating information that someone does not want known; the rest is [[w:propaganda|propaganda]]."<ref>p. 16 in Verbitsky (1997); English translation from [[Wikiquote:Horacio Verbitsky]], accessed 2026-02-09.</ref> * The major media everywhere create the stage upon which politicians read their lines. :-- Their selection of acceptable topics for news and entertainment create and maintain the "[[w:Overton window|Overton window]]", which is the range of acceptable political discourse. For example, in early 1964, US President [[w:Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] understood that he could lose the 1964 presidential election that year if he were seen to be soft on communism. His response was to clandestinely provoke an attack on US naval vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin, which he could then denounce as "unprovoked". During a dark and stormy night 1964-08-04 the [[w:USS Maddox (DD-731)|USS ''Maddox'']] and [[w:USS Turner Joy|''Turner Joy'']] spent a couple of hours "defending themselves" against radar snow, then [[w:Gulf of Tonkin incident|reported that they had sunk two attacking North Vietnamese torpedo boats]]; subsequent investigations found no evidence of the reported attacks. That incident was used to justify the [[w:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], with only two dissenting votes in the US Congress: Those two dissenters were defeated in their next reelection campaigns, illustrating the point that the major media create the environment in which many politicians cannot get elected without betraying the nation. * The development of technology is never neutral in its impact on inequality but is driven to benefit people with power.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023)</ref>. :-- [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs|Improvements in agricultural technology from pre-history to the time of King James of the King James bible were managed to benefit elites.]] Then pamphlets and newspapers began to appear, the head of state stopped granting as many monopolies, and commoners began getting permission to become entrepreneurs. That led to increasing inequality until organized labor got enough political power to demand and get a bigger share of the fruits of their labors. :--[[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future|In the US those benefits peaked during the Great Depression]], when the standard conservative mantra that blames the poor for their poverty did not sell newspapers. US President Franklin Roosevelt taxed the ultra-wealthy like they had never been taxed before or since, and dramatically reduced inequality, which continued to decline until increasing concentration of ownership of the media ushered in a new era of increasing inequality starting with the presidency of Ronald Reagan. :-- [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future#Role of the media|Acemoglu and Johnson insist that technology, including artificial intelligence, can be developed to benefit all. However, but it will not happen without action by the poor and middle class as follows]]: :# Alter the narrative, :# Build countervailing powers [like organized labor], and :# Develop technical, regulatory, and policy solutions to tackle specific aspects of technology’s social bias.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).</ref> :-- For more on this, see, e.g., the chapter on [[Media Literacy and You/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future|Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future]]. === The value of noncommercial news outlets === Some of the problems with the media and their contributions to increasing political polarization and violence are documented in the research summary on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]" and in the podcast series available on Wikiversity under "[[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]]" with leading experts discussing their recommendations. One of the most compelling of the references discussed in that podcast series is Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022), who tallied all the federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 [[w:United States federal judicial district|US federal court district]]s between 2003 and 2019. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by a factor of roughly 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent. They found no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption of that decline in the number of journalists. However, each member of the [[w:Institute for Nonprofit News|Institute for Nonprofit News]] (INN) in a federal court district in one year was associated with on average 1.4 additional prosecutions for political corruption the following year. This suggests that the major media outlets that had so dramatically reduced their staffs had not substantively reduced the amount of investigative journalism they did. If we assume that the people prosecuted for political corruption also control substantive advertising budgets, then the major media outlets have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on such. They may report on it if some other organization like a member of INN does the research and they are threatened with a loss of audience from not reporting on it. :'''''Major point''''': You and I benefit, the vast majority of humans on earth benefit, from news reports presumably published by members if INN that contributed to those on average 1.4 additional prosecutions for political corruption estimated by Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022). We benefit even if we never heard about the news reports that contributed to those prosecutions. We benefit even if we have never heard of the news outlets that presumably did the investigative journalism behind those additional prosecutions. Why? Because on average those news reports likely deterred other incidents of political corruption, which likely contributed to broadly shared economic growth and the development of new technology that ultimately benefit the vast majority of humanity. Other aspects of this are documented in the research on the impact of [[w:news desert|news desert]]s, which we summarize next. === Costs increase in news deserts=== There's a growing body of research describing what happens when local newspapers die. Perhaps most important, a 2018 research report by Gao et al. reported that the death of a local newspaper was followed by … increases in local tax revenue, averaging $85 per human per year.<ref name = Gao2018>Gao et al. (2018).</ref> That $85 was roughly 13 hundredths of a percent of the 2019 US GDP. That's mentioned in the 2025-07-17 interview with [[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy|Natalie Fenton about her new book, ''Democratic Delusions, How the Media Hollows out democracy and What We Can Do About It'']]. One of the most spectacular example of the cost of a news desert is the [[w:City of Bell scandal|Scandal of Bell, California]]. Their local newspaper died around 1999. Roughly a decade later the city was nearly bankrupt in spite of having property tax rates among the highest in the nation. An investigation by the ''[[w:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' documented that the city manager had a compensation package worth $1.5 million a year, well over double that of the President of the United States. Other senior city officials were similarly well-remunerated. Some of the city officials went to jail over that. Did the city manager decide after 1999, "Wow: The watchdog is dead. Let's have a party"? Malfeasance also increases in business as pollution and workplace accidents increase as does the cost of capital, because investors know their money is not as secure without a local newspaper. That leads to a reduction in investments in new products, services and processes -- slowing economic growth. See "[[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]]", esp. Kim et al. (2021). And executive compensation in increases in nonprofits, so less of what people donate goes to the charitable purpose for which they donated, according to Felix et al. (2024). Also, voter participation and split-ticket voting decline, per Benton (2019) and other references discussed in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]". And the ultra-right does better, as noted in [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]] and the section on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Previous research|Previous research]]" in the Wikiversity article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]".<ref>Flößer (2024).</ref> The 0.13 percent of GDP savings estimated by Gao et al. (2018) is roughly $120 per human per year. With over 300 million humans in the U.S, that is roughly $40 billion nationwide. {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Costs increase in news deserts |- ! Entity !! What !!Source |- | local government || costs incr. 0.13% of GDP || Gao et al. (2018) |- | local businesses || pollution & workplace accidents incr., innovation & econ growth decr. || Kim et al. (2021) |- | nonprofits || exec. compensation incr. || Felix et al. (2024) |- | rowspan=2 | elections | voter participation & split-ticket voting decl. || Benton (2019) |- | Ultra-right does better || Flößer (2024) |} === Government subsidies for news === John (1995) documented how in the first half of the nineteenth century the US had more independent newspaper publishers per million population than at any other time or place in human history.<ref>This is discussed in the 2025-06-08 [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John|interview with him]], available on Wikiversity under [[:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> This encouraged literacy and limited political corruption, both of which helped [[The Great American Paradox|the early United States stay together and grow]] while contemporary [[w:New Spain|New Spain]] / [[w:Mexico|Mexico]], fractured, shrank, and stagnated economically. As documented with Figure 1 in the chapter below on [[/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs/]], that growth catapulted the young United States into its current position of dominance in the international political economy, a position it has been losing since at least 1990 -- or since the Reagan Revolution began in 1981, according to the analysis in the chapter below on [[/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future/]]. Other countries now have stronger democracies due in part to government subsidies for media in the range of 0.05 and 0.25 percent of GDP with a firewall that limits political interference in the content, according to Neff and Pickard (2024). Table 1 in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]] compares media subsidies in various places with "other points of reference". McChesney and Nichols (2010, pp. 310-311, note 88) suggested that the relatively high rate of economic growth of the economy in the early US was due in part to postal subsidies under the US [[w:Postal Service Act|Postal Service Act]] of 1792.<ref>See also the Wikiversity article on "[[The Great American Paradox]]", accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> They estimated those subsidies at 0.21 percent of GDP. To improve the current political economy of the US, they recommended subsidies of 0.15 percent of GDP distributed to local news nonprofits on the basis of local elections.<ref>McChesney and Nichols (2021, 2022).</ref> The Wikipedia article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]" documents how some jurisdictions can devote that much money to local news nonprofits by matching what they spend on accounting, advertising, and public relations.<ref>See the section on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Sampling units / experimental polities|Sampling units / experimental polities]]" in the Wikiversity article on "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]]", accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> Pickard (2023) describes three basic strategies for confronting concentrated commercial media power: (1) break them up, (2) regulate them, and (3) create non-commercial, public alternatives. A fourth possibility might be [[w:externality|a graduated tax on income and wealth]] in proportion to the threat that major corporations pose to democracy. One class of noncommercial alternatives that Pickard mentions is local multimedia / Public Media Centers (PMCs) with management split between local journalists and boards, e.g., selected at random from registered voters. A key here is to have the boards selected in a way that cannot be influenced by people with power, whether business or political elites. Picard recommends considering '''six discrete layers''' when discussing PMCs, each of which, he says, must be radically democratised: # funding, # governance, # ascertainment (to determine a community’s ''critical information needs''), # infrastructure (including universal broadband service), # algorithmic (e.g., not allowing companies like Google and Facebook to suppress indexing information the might challenge their hegemony of those markets, [[w:Deep web|treating them like pedophilia and the Islamic State]]), # engagement, involving local communities in making their own news and in communicating their own stories; this is paramount to building trust and the grassroots-level support that this new local journalistic model requires. All this needs to be managed in ways that provide substantive support to news deserts and underserved communities that have long been subjected to various kinds of informational redlining. This might be done by including the proposed PMCs within local libraries staffed by professional journalists, who provide training in media literacy in local schools for children and supervise students producing school newspapers. PMCs could host regular, e.g., monthly events, where local residents could share their concerns with journalist, who would use that input to help prioritize different issues for news coverage. Journalist could also coach local residents in how to research issues and collaborate with journalists in producing news reports that may be better researched and more relevant to local concerns than could be produced without such collaboration. Management of such PMCs might be split between journalists on staff and boards of, e.g., six members selected at random from voter registration rolls serving staggered terms of one year with a new member rotated in every 2 months. Another alternative that could be done in parallel with local PMCs calls for 200 journalists in each US Congressional district funded at $10 billion annually in 2022 dollars, which is just a little under 4 hundredths of one percent of GDP; if such allocations are expressed as fractions of a percent of GDP, they would grow naturally with the economy. (The nominal GDP for the US was roughly $26.1 trillion in 2022.<ref>Johnston and Williamson (2026).</ref> For 2026 it is estimated at $32.4 trillion.<ref>[[w:United States|United States]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref>) A similar model is the [[w:BBC|BBC]]’s Local Democracy Reporting Service (LDRS), in which the BBC funds journalists to cover the work of local councils and other local public bodies, funded at £8 million per year, which is a little under 2 hundredths of a percent of the [[w:United Kingdom|UK]]'s GDP of £7.27 trillion.<ref>[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], accessed 2026-04-30.</ref> Pickard (2023) ended by saying, "Today we face a crossroads: technocracy and oligarchy from above or radical democracy and structural reform from below. ... [T]his is not just a journalism crisis: it is a democracy crisis." ==Table of Contents== *[[/Introduction/]] including an exercise, asking all to discuss perceptions of the settlement of ''[[w:Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network|Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News Network]]'' in a friendly supportive manner with humans with whom they may vehemently disagree, because the alternative could be killing humans over misunderstandings. ===Part I. The media and political economy=== # [[/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs/]] describes how religious leaders in hierarchical societies prior to [[w:James VI and I|King James of the King James bible]] convinced commoners to live in poverty while giving increasing shares of what they produced so religious and secular elites could live in opulence. During the reign of King James, pamphlets and newspapers began to compete with the church for helping commoners understand their roles in society. This produced the Industrial Revolution and modern democracies. Media consolidation since World War II slowed, then reversed this trend. # [[/Fox, the Great Depression, the Great Recession, and our future/]] describes the unprecedented performance of the US political economy during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt (FDR), insisting that much of what FDR achieved can be replicated, giving a media system that supports honest discussion of the available evidence. # [[/Media consolidation, social media, and political polarization/]] (Combine from McChesney and Nichols discussing the [[w:Postal Service Act|US Postal Service Act]] of 1792 with [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]], the section on "[[v:Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government#Threats from social media|Threats from social media]]" in "[[Information is a public good: Designing experiments to improve government]], and the comments by [[v:Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says|Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen that, "the shortest path to a click is anger or hate."]]. ===Part II. The media and war=== # [[/Deterrence without threat/]]: The historical record is clear: Nations that have prepared for war often got war, not peace. This happens for at least two reasons: First, some leaders cannot resist the temptation to use force inappropriately, sometimes clandestinely provoking others to do things that are then denounced as "unprovoked"; sometimes the media environment pushes them to do such. Alternatively, potential adversaries may believe -- or claim -- that you are actually preparing a first strike, and they must move preemptively or lose their ability to retaliate adequately. We can avoid these possibilities with three supportive policies: [a] Legislation that ''prohibits'' projecting force beyond our own borders. [b] Civilian-based defense training in nonviolent noncooperation like what helped Denmark survive Nazi occupation with minimal damage. And [c] a media system that penalizes rather than encourages a bellicose foreign policy. # [[/Responding to a nuclear attack/]] (draft in [[Responding to a nuclear attack]]. Add a discussion of Russia's Poseidon nuclear powered unmanned underwater vehicle, armed with nuclear weapons. With that, cite the record of "[[w:System accident|system accident]]s". Also add material from [[Nuclear weapons and effective defense]]). # [[/Threats from excessive government secrecy/]] (draft in [https://sanjosepeace.org/restrict-secrecy-more-than-data-collection/ "Restrict secrecy more than data collection"], adding material from [https://kkfi.org/program-episodes/does-us-government-secrecy-threaten-national-security/ Connelly (2023) ''The Declassification Engine: What History Reveals About America's Top Secrets''], [[Wikipedia:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]] and [[1998 Embassy bombings and September 11]]. # [[/Shouting fire in a crowded theater/|Shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater]]: Legal concerns about "[[w:Shouting fire in a crowded theater|Shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater]]" date, at least in large part, from the [[w:Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] decisions in ''[[w:Schenck v. United States|Schenck v. United States]]'' (1919) and ''[[w: Brandenburg v. Ohio| Brandenburg v. Ohio]]'' (1969). In ''Schenck'' the Court ruled that the government had a right to imprison Schenck and others, because their distribution of fliers encouraging draft resistance presented a [[w:clear and present danger|clear and present danger]] to the efficacy of ongoing military activities during [[w:World War I|World War I]], then in progress. The Court in ''Brandenburg'' held that the government cannot punish inflammatory speech ''unless that speech is "directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action".'' Some could argue that many uses of military force by the US and Israel since 1948 have violated international law, encouraged by biases in the major US media "directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action", though it may not be feasible to convince a court of that. Still, it might be useful to simulate such a case in a mock trial like the 1966 [[w:Russell Tribunal|Russell Tribunal]].<ref>Andersen (2006) provides such documentation for several such uses of force. Johnson (2026) ''How to Sell a Genocide: The Media's Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza'' organizes evidence supporting such claims for the current [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]], which began with [[w:October 7 attacks|Palestinian attacks 2023-10-07]]. See also Andersen (2026). Might, e.g., Palestinians -- or at least Palestinian Americans -- be able to sue the [[w:Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), the [[w:AIPAC|American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] (AIPAC), and all the major media outlets in the US for inciting genocide in the current [[w:Gaza war|Gaza war]]? That history includes routine suppression of coverage by the major media especially in the US of routine denial of equal protection of Israeli laws to non-Jews in Israel and under Israeli occupation, including suppression of Israeli violence against nonviolent protestors peaceably assembling and petitioning for a redress of grievances combined with over reporting of Palestinian violence and unquestioning coverage of fraudulent claims of Palestinian violence by Israel and supporters. The suppressions included underreporting of Palestinian nonviolence such as the [[w:2018–2019 Gaza border protests|(2018-2019) Great March of Return]], and suppression of the grievances inspiring such nonviolence such as indefinite detention without charges of thousands of Palestinians, including children, routine destruction of Palestinian property by settlers, confiscation of Palestinian property at gunpoint, closing [[w:Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to international trade, and maintaining Gaza on starvation rations. These routine biases in reporting have been encouraged by charges that more honest reporting would be "[[w:Antisemitism|antisemetic]], according to the ADL and AIPAC. This denial of coverage thereby encouraged Israel to increase the rate of such violations until the [[w:October 7 attacks|2023-10-07 attacks on Israel from Gaza]] unleashed Israeli "retaliations" way out of proportion to the alleged provocation. Sucharov (2022) reported that 69% of American Jews opposed privileging Jews over non-Jews in Israel. Their support of Israel in the current Gaza war is consistent with the media biases documented by Johnson (2026) and others including Andersen (2006, 2026). Regarding whether Israel could achieve anything positive from this war, Samuelson (2025) is skeptical. He summarized quantitative analyses of 60 previous insurgencies. The results including the observation that it is exceedingly difficult to defeat an insurgency without responding to the grievances that support it without force ratios far beyond Israel's resources.</ref> ===Part III. Climate, immigrants, education, public health, and criminal justice=== # [[/Global warming/]] [Summarize research especially on conflicts of interest of major media in honestly reporting on this issue and the research on global warming itself and activities of groups concerned about this issue. Decompose into global population times CO2 equivalents per human.] # [[/Immigrants/]] [Summarize research documenting that [[w:Sanctuary city|sanctuary cities tend to have higher median incomes and no more crime than non-sanctuary jurisdictions]], and some studies report less crime. Moreover economists have documented that immigrants tend to be more entrepreneurial, overrepresented in patent applications, and generally increasing the rate of economic growth. See, e.g., Aghion et al. (2022) ''The power of creative destruction''; Aghion shared the 2025 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with two others.] # [[/Education/]] (draft in [[Invest in children]].) # [[/Public health/]] [Draft in [[UN public health data]] to be revised to be consistent with Bezruchka (2023, 2025).] # [[/Substance abuse and addictive behavior/]] (Research cited in "[[Wikipedia:War on drugs]]" insists that the US and the world would have fewer problems with substance abuse and addiction problems with 100 percent public funding for treatment programs and complete decriminalization of possession and use of retail quantities of addictive substances. We would also likely have fewer problems with immigrants, as that would make it harder for the US to intervene in the internal affairs of foreign countries funded off the books, as exposed in the [[w:Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra affair]].) # [[/Criminal justice/]] (The section on "[[w:United States incarceration rate#Editorial policies of major media|Editorial policies of major media]]" in "[[Wikipedia:United States incarceration rate]]" cites research claiming that within the range range of experience in the US political economy since 1925, the incarceration rate is uncorrelated with crime: It's a function of the public's perception of crime, and that's a function of the media. That suggest that the US would be safer and more prosperous if incarceration policies were driving more by research than by editorial policies of the media. For example, there is also research that says that incarcerees who receive visits are less likely to recidivate, but that evidence is overlooked when convicts are incarcerated substantial distance from their family and friends and when the cost of phone services is substantially higher for incarcerees than among the general pubic. Also, it's known that better educated incarcerees are less likely to recidivate, but it's difficult and maybe impossible for many incarcerees to obtain education in prison.) # [[/Empower women and girls/]] [Cite research claiming that a primary restraint on population growth is empowering women and girls. Empowering women and girls is not just a matter of equity: It is also a means to reduce the threats of global warming, of increasing exposure to animal diseases and other problems that come with unrestrained population growth.] === Continuation === * [[/The evolving media literacy movement/]] to invite others to keep this book current with the evolving understanding of media literacy, how to encourage and promote it and the benefits of doing so. ==See also== * [[Wikibooks:Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/Points to Consider for Teaching Anti-racism/Media Literacy In Schools]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * <!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress-->{{cite Q|Q125292212}} * <!--Robin Andersen (2006) A century of media, a century of war-->{{cite Q|Q138795568}} * <!--Robin Andersen (2026-06-02) The Complicit Lens: US Media Coverage of Israel’s Genocide in Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q138796307}} * <!--Perry Bacon Jr. (2022-10-17) "America Should Spend Billions to Revive Local News"-->{{cite Q|Q139594786}} * <!-- Joshua Benton (9 April 2019). "When local newspapers shrink, fewer people bother to run for mayor". Nieman Foundation for Journalism -->{{cite Q|Q63127216}} * <!--Stephen Bezruchka (2023) Inequality Kills Us All-->{{cite Q|Q136047815}} * <!--Stephen Bezruchka (2025) ''Born Sick in the USA''-->{{cite Q|Q138749292}} * <!--Renée DiResta (2024) Invisible Rulers: The People Who Turn Lies into Reality-->{{cite Q|Q135107164}} * <!--Robert Felix, Joshua A. Khavis, and Mikhail Pevzner (2024) "The effects of local newspaper closures on nonprofits’ executive compensation"-->{{cite Q|Q132730972}} * <!--Maxim Flößer (2024-03-06) "Keine Lokalzeitung -- mehr AfD", Kontext-->{{cite Q|Q125287792}} * <!--Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, and Dermot Murphy (2018) "Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance"-->{{cite Q|Q55670016}} * <!--Spencer Graves (2024) "Wikipedia: The most democratic force on earth-->{{cite Q|Q137796922}} * <!--Spencer Graves and Bryan Bailey (2025) "We have to talk", blog at PeaceWorksKC.org-->{{cite Q|Q136126262}} * [[d:Q138038060|Dan Hind and Spencer Graves (2025) "Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Richard R. John (1995) Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse-->{{cite Q|Q54641943}} * <!--Adam H. Johnson (2026-04-21) How to Sell a Genocide: The Media's Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q140073447}} * <!--Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" MeasuringWorth, 2026-->{{cite Q|Q56881105}} * <!-- Min Kim, Derrald Stice, Han Stice, and Roger M. White (2021) "Stop the presses! Or wait, we might need them: Firm responses to local newspaper closures and layoffs"-->{{cite Q|Q132459373}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2010). The Death and Life of American Journalism (Bold Type Books) -->{{cite Q|Q104888067}}. * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2021). "The Local Journalism Initiative: a proposal to protect and extend democracy". Columbia Journalism Review, 30 November 2021 -->{{cite Q|Q109978060}} * <!-- Robert W. McChesney; John Nichols (2022), To Protect and Extend Democracy, Recreate Local News Media (PDF), FreePress.net (updated 25 January 2022) -->{{cite Q|Q109978337|access-date=2024-06-23}} * <!--Neff and Pickard (2024) "Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries"-->{{cite Q|Q131468289}} * [[d:Q131398359|Victor Pickard (2020) ''Democracy without journalism? : confronting the misinformation society'' (Oxford U. Pr.)]]. * <!-- Victor Pickard (2023-05-12) "Another Media System is Possible: Ripping Open the Overton Window, from Platforms to Public Broadcasting"-->{{cite Q|Q131398460}} * <!--Doug Samuelson (2025) Assessing Israel’s Approach in Gaza-->{{cite Q|Q138843324}} * [[d:Q138037937|Dean Starkman and Spencer Graves (2025) "Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark anglais" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Mira Sucharov (2022) Do American Jews Really Know What 'Zionist' Means?-->{{cite Q|Q125903777}} * [[d:Q134715465|Nikki Usher and Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell (2022) "How Loud Does the Watchdog Bark? A Reconsideration of Local Journalism, News Non-profits, and Political Corruption", ''SSRN Electronic Journal'']]. * [[d:Q61013892|Horacio Verbitsky (1997) ''Un mundo sin periodistas'' (in Spanish: A world without journalists; Editorial Sudamericana)]]. [[Category:Communication]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Law]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Media Literacy and You]] [[Category:Freedom and abundance]] <!-- https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category_Review --> ij2oqmhvrqqmhaxgzbfqjuf51804rnw 0 327588 2820239 2817751 2026-07-31T13:34:41Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Bibliography */ add cite to Poelchau 2820239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US unemployment.svg|thumb|Figure 1. US unemployment 1800-2024.<ref>"unemployment" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025). Various sources identified in the "help" file for USGPDpresidents including LNS14000000 from the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for numbers since 1940.</ref>]] [[File:US GDP per capita 1800-2024.svg|thumb|Figure 2. US average annual income (GDP per capita in 2017 K$) 1800-2024. The Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years present a very different image with GDP per capital falling at 8.1% per year during the Hoover presidency and growing at 8.1% per year during FDR. Between 1800 and 1929, the GDP per capita grew at 1.4% per year. Between 1945 and 2024, GDP per capita grew on average 1.7% per year.<ref>If we start at 1790 rather than 1800, then Measuring Worth has US GDP per capita growing at 1.5% per year. We could also add a breakpoint in 1947, which would have GDP per capita falling at 7.9% per year for 2 years and growing at 2% per year since. Data from Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025). Available as "realGDPperCapita" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025).</ref>]] :''I am entitled to my [[Wiktionary:cockamamie|cockamamie]] ideas, and you are entitled to yours.'' [Humor is important but must be offered in a way that does not offend others. If others are offended, they may be less interested in dialogue.] :This book is a combination instruction manual on [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] and an invitation to you to support collaborative / crowd-sourced research on how to improve the world's understanding of media literacy and how to accelerate its understanding and use globally for the betterment of humanity. == Did Fox and the other major media make the Great Recession worse, or did Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) make the Great Depression worse? == During the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]] [[w:Fox News|Fox]] featured interviews with supposed experts, who claimed that the [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] policies of the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) administration]] made the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] worse, not better. That coverage -- and the lack of a substantive rebuttal in the other major media in the US -- reportedly played a major role in preventing the [[w:Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] from bailing out poor and middle-class humans who lost their homes at that time. This article plots data that visible challenge "evil New Deal" theory by showing that FDR's administration dramatically ''decreased'' unemployment and produced ''unprecedented'' growth in average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]]) with only nominal inflation. Everyone benefitted except the ultra-wealthy. But the ultra-wealthy in recent decades have controlled increasing portions of the money for the media, which may explain why the humans who accepted "[[w:Stated income loan|liar loans]]" were demonized while many banks that were too big to fail before the crisis were bigger after, and over five thousand finance industry leaders, many of whom pushed those fraudulent loans, got million dollar bonuses at taxpayer expense.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 3).</ref> Leading economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] school insist that we ''can'' repeat the success of FDR's administration. == Introduction == Peck (2016)<ref>See also Peck (2019).</ref> describes how [[w:Fox News|Fox]] helped shape the debate in the US Congress about the proper response to the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]]. Fox's coverage included interviews with [[w:Amity Shlaes|Amity Shlaes]]<ref>See esp. Schlaes (2007).</ref> and other conservative authors and politicians pushing two images: # President Franklin Roosevelt's (FDR's) New Deal allegedly prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. # The victims of "Liar loans" were portrayed primarily as people of color begging for an unearned handout from government. Economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]], leaders with [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] in studying inequality, say, "Contrary to what many ideologues would like you to believe, economics has not 'proven' that workers 'bear the burden' of the corporate income tax. If this were true, then unions all over the world would be begging governments to slash it. In the real world, the most vocal proponents of the view that ordinary workers—not wealthy shareholders—suffer from high corporate taxes are . . . wealthy shareholders. During the 2018 US midterm elections, lobbies supported by the Koch brothers (worth about $50 billion each) spent $20 million to convince voters that President Trump’s corporate tax cut was good for wages."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 106).</ref> This chapter responds to the claim that the New Deal prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. First, a plot of unemployment between 1800 and 2024 in Figure 1 shows a dramatic ''increase'' during the [[w:Presidency of Herbert Hoover|administration of Herbert Hoover]] (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years]] (1933-1945) except during the [[w:Recession of 1937–1938|Recession of 1937–1938]]. [[w:Keynesian economics|Keynesian economists]] stated that the recession of 1937 was a result of a premature effort by FDR's administration to curb government spending and balance the budget.<ref>Leuchtenburg (1963, p. 244ff).</ref> We also plot average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]], Figure 2), which shows an unprecedented fall during the Hoover years followed by even more unprecedented growth during FDR, except for the 1937-1938 recession. That recession seems to have been caused by FDR's reduction in government spending, as just mentioned in summarizing Figure 1. And we plot the income tax structure in Figure 3. That shows that the ultra-wealthy paid higher taxes under FDR than at any other time in US history with plots showing reductions in inequality (Figures 6 and 7) that declined from FDR until the inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981, when inequality started increasing again. Plots of inflation are noisier and harder to read, so we table growth and inflation comparing especially different wars in US history: This shows that previous wars had high inflation and only nominal growth while WW II had unprecedented growth with only nominal inflation. Regarding the impact of Fox's claims on the US government's reactions to the 2007-2009 international financial crisis, Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) describe how "The insurance company AIG was saved by a government support of $182 billion in the fall of 2008, yet it was allowed to pay nearly half a billion dollars in bonuses, including to people who had wrecked the company. ,,, [And] nine financial firms that were among the largest recipients of bailout money paid five thousand employee bonuses of more than $1 million per person—supposedly because this was needed to retain 'talent.'" Meanwhile, other options like "firing or prosecuting bankers who had broken the law—for example, by deceiving customers and contributing to the financial meltdown in the first place [and providing] greater assistance to home owners in distress" were not considered.<ref>For more on how the US political economy responds to violations of US law by major corporations, see the discussion of [[w:Deferred prosecution|deferred prosecution agreements]] in Starkman and Graves (2025) and Eisinger (2017).</ref> == Unemployment == Figure 1 plots US unemployment 1800 to 2024. This shows a dramatic increase during the administration of Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the FDR's presidency (1933-1945). Schlaes (2007) quotes a few unemployment figures sprinkled throughout her book but does not plot them. [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel prize economist]] [[w:Paul Krugman|Paul Krugman]] accused Shlaes of disseminating "misleading statistics."<ref>Krugman (2008).</ref> Shlaes responded by saying that she used the Lebergott (1964) / Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) series.<ref>Shlaes (2008).</ref> However, her book does not include a table or plot of unemployment, though she does decorate the first page of each of her 15 chapters with a percent of the workforce unemployed on a specific month or day between 1927 and 1940. Her numbers are generally consistent with Figure 1.<ref>Figure 1 follows the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01, in using Lebergott (1964) for 1800 - 1889, Romer (1986) for 1890 - 1929, Coen (1973) for 1930-1939, and the BLS since 1940.</ref> == Average annual income == Figure 2 plots average annual income in the US (GDP per capita) 1800 to 2024. This shows an unprecedented fall at 8 percent per year for the 4 years of the Hoover administration followed by an even more unprecedented increase at 8 percent per year for the ''12'' years of FDR. This raises questions about the claims of Shlaes (2007) and Fox's other guests on this topic.<ref>as described by Peck (2016).</ref> The data plotted in Figure 2 has US GDP per capita in 2017 dollars at 6,980.67 in 1933, more than doubling in 9 years to 14,819.07 by 1943, roughly doubling again in 33 years to 29,288.45 by 1976, doubling again in 39 years to 58,363.37 by 2015, according to [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]].<ref>Johnston and Williamson (2025).</ref> Banerjee and Duflo, who shared the 2019 [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Michael Kremer]], said "that despite the best efforts of generations of economists, the deep mechanisms of persistent economic growth remain elusive. No one knows" how to make economies grow.<ref>Banerjee and Duflo (2019, pp. 206-207).</ref> Acemoğlu and Johnson (2023) suggest that economies grow from encouraging commoners to become entrepreneurs and allowing broad segments of society to share in the benefits of productivity growth. [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]], the world's leading expert on inequality, attributes the slowing of the rate of growth in the economy since 1990 to the increase in inequality.<ref>Piketty (2021, p. 139).</ref> However, the increase in consolidation of ownership of the major media including the rise of social media in recent decades could explain both the increase in inequality and the slowing of the rate of growth. == Income taxes == [[File:Historical US personal income tax-annotated.svg|thumb|Figure 3. Historical US personal income tax rates and brackets as a percent of taxable income (to 2021).<ref>Obtained by adding annotations to [[:File:Historical Income Tax Rates and brackets.png]].</ref>]] Figure 3 shows the history of personal income taxes in the US. This shows that income was taxed during the Civil War and for a few years after, but the US did not have substantive taxes on income until shortly before World War I. These tax rates were reduced after World War I and increased again during the Great Depression. For 1944 and 1945, late in World War II, the top rate was raised to an all-time high of 94% applied to income above $200,000 (equivalent to $3.57 million in 2024 dollars). It has generally trended down since the end of the war.<ref>The history of income taxes in the US appears in the section on "[[w:Income tax in the United States#History of top rates|History of top rates]]" in the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Income tax in the United States|Income tax in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> But personal income taxes and the top bracket are only part of the story for at least two reasons: [[File:UStaxWords.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Millions of words in the US federal tax code and regulations, 1955-2015, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]]. [1=income tax code; 2=other tax code; 3=income tax regulations; 4=other tax regulations; solid line= total]<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation.</ref>]] [[File:1960- Tax rates of richest versus low income people - US.svg|thumb|Figure 5. Total effective tax rates (includes ''all'' taxes: federal+state income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc) for the 400 richest Americans (just over one millionth of one percent) declined by 2018 to a level beneath that of the bottom 50% of earners,<ref name=CBSnews_20191017>Picci (2019).</ref> Analysis by economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]]<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019).</ref>.]] # It applies to [[w:Adjusted gross income|adjusted gross income]], ''not'' gross income. This difference has increased dramatically in the 70 years since 1955, when the number of words in US federal tax code and regulations were reported as 1.4 million words. In 2015, there were 10.1 million words in US federal tax code and regulations, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]], plotted in Figure 4. This suggests a massive increase in [[w:Tax break|tax loopholes]].<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation, which cite the Tax Foundation (2006) and Greenberg (2015). For alternative perspectives on this issue, see Bishop-Henchman (2014).</ref> Eisinger et al. (2021) with [[w:ProPublica|ProPublica]] reported that many billionaires like [[w:Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos]], [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], [[w:Michael Bloomberg|Michael Bloomberg]], [[w:Carl Icahn|Carl Icahn]], and [[w:George Soros|George Soros]], each paid ''zero'' federal income taxes several years when their fortunes grew dramatically. "IRS records show that the wealthiest can — perfectly legally — pay income taxes that are only a tiny fraction of the hundreds of millions, if not billions, their fortunes grow each year." Figure 5 shows how changes in governmental policies, including but not limited to those summarized in Figure 4, have impacted the effective tax rate paid by the 400 wealthiest individuals vs. the bottom 90 percent. # Taxes on corporations have declined from roughly 30 percent of all federal receipts in the early 1950s to roughly 10 percent in 2012.<ref>[[:File:Federal Receipts by Source.svg]], accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> What was the impact of FDR's policies on inequality? == Inequality == [[File:Share of post-tax US national income 50p97.svg|thumb|Figure 6. Shares of post-tax US national income for bottom half and top 3 percent, 1913-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p50' and 'p97p100' for variable == 'sdiincj999' in the US data in the [[w:World Inequality Database|World Inequality Database]] (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] [[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 7. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] Figures 6 and 7 show inequality of income and wealth in the US. Figure 6 plots the evolution of the shares of the bottom half and top 3 percent of post-tax US national income from 1913 to 2023. Figure 7 shows the evolution of the bottom 90 and top 1 percent of US national wealth from 1820 to 2023. Both show roughly the same image: High inequality dramatically reduced during World War II and continuing after the war with the US on average tending to become slightly more egalitarian until Ronald Reagan became President of the US in 1981. Lindert and Williamson report that, "Incomes were more equally distributed in colonial America than in any other place that can be measured."<ref>{{harvnb|Lindert|Williamson|2016|p=37}}</ref> Inequality increased after the Revolution to produce the effects documented in Figures 6 and 7, which include the "great leveling" that began after the Great Depression. Figures 6 and 7 show that the presidency of Ronald Reagan initiated a reversal of that "great leveling". Lindert and Williamson continue, "Our new inequality evidence for 1774 also speaks to a new institutional literature that argues that :''economic inequality breeds political power that favors rent-seeking (or extractive) institutions and policies rather than growth-enhancing institutions and policies, while a large middle class does just the opposite.'' (emphasis added)<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, p. 41).</ref> Conclusion: :''When politicians are allowed to reward people they call 'job creators', the humans who actually create most of the jobs and the bottom 99 percent suffer.'' We can reverse the trend toward increasing inequality in a couple of ways. * First more equitably fund fair application of the laws. Eisinger (2017) describes "why the [US] Justice Department fails to prosecute executives", and with progressive taxes on income and [[w:Wealth tax|wealth]], both for individuals and corporations. == Wartime Growth and inflation == Economists and leading politicians have long understood that inflation was often a problem during wars. During the [[w:Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]], the Prime Minister of the UK, [[w:William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]], reportedly said he was more afraid of high prices than he was of the enemy.<ref>Sabaté and Torregrosa-Hetland (2024).</ref> This author has so far failed to find a reference discussing productivity growth, like that visible during World War II in Figure 2 above. Rockoff (2015) provides estimates of inflation during the [[w:American Revolution|American Revolution]], the [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]], the [[w:American Civil War|American Civil War]], and World Wars I and II. The [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]] data plotted in Figure 2 above starts in 1790, after the end of the American Revolution. Table 1 summarizes economic growth and inflation during the War of 1812, the Civil War and World Wars I and II: The first three of those wars had economic growth comparable to non-war years and exceptionally high inflation. During World War II, the US had the opposite: unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation. In addition to unprecedented income taxes, summarized in Figure 3 above, FDR's administration also had waged and price controls managed by the [[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) that recruited many volunteers to help manage the program. We will not attempt here to assess the relative contribution of higher taxes and the OPA to controlling inflation during World War II, apart from noting that prices jumped on average 6 percent only a few days after the OPA ceased operations, a monthly increase that would have produced 100 percent inflation if continued for a year. However, less than a month later, the US Congress passed legislation to reopen the OPA, and inflation slowed.<ref>Jacobs (1997) and Cohen (2008), cited from the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]]".</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Economic growth and inflation in major wars in US history |- ! war !! colspan=2 | start !! colspan=2 | end !! colspan=2 | annual rate of |- ! !! date !! year !! date !! year !! growth in real GDP per capita !! inflation |- | [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]] || 1812-06-18 || 1812 || 1815-02-17 || 1814 || 1.8% || 10.6%<ref>The War of 1812 was followed by dramatic deflation and a major recession. Thus, if we change the end year from 2014 to 2015, the economic growth and inflation reported here disappear.</ref> |- | [[w:American Civil War|Civil War]] || 1861-04-12 || 1861 || 1865-06-26 || 1865 || 4.3% || 14.3% |- | [[w:World War I|WW I]] || 1917-04-02 || 1917 || 1918-11-11 || 1918 || 4.2% || 13.7%<ref>WW I began in Europe 1914-07-28. Between 1914 and 1917, the US economy averaged 7.8% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 16.5% annual inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |- | [[w:World War II|WW II]] || 1941-12-07 || 1941 || 1945-09-02 || 1945 || 9.1% || 4.5%<ref>WW II began in Europe 1939-09-01. Between 1939 and 1945, the US economy averaged 10.1% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 4.2% inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |} Economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] (MMT) school support [[w:job guarantee|job guarantees]] like the New Deal programs, while more traditional economists prefer a [[w:guaranteed minimum income|guaranteed minimum income]]. When humans are unemployed, their general health and well being tends to decline, they often lose self esteem<ref>Green (2010).</ref> and good work habits.<ref>Hult et al. (2018).</ref> And employers are less likely to request interviews with applicants who have been unemployed a year or more.<ref>Farber et al. (2018).</ref> These arguments favor a job guarantee over a guaranteed minimum income. But many elites seem to prefer to maintain a large reserve army of unemployed to limit the ability of employees to bargain for better wages and working conditions.<ref>Mitchell et al. (2016, esp. sections 12.3. Unemployment buffer stocks and price stability and 12.4. Employment buffer stocks and price stability, pp. 247-259).</ref> European countries led by Denmark are using "[[w:Flexicurity|flexicurity]]<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> systems that provide generous unemployment and support for adult education for workers while providing employers greater flexibility in expanding and contracting their workforce in response to changes in demand. == Role of the media == How did FDR get the political support needed to tax the ultra-wealthy and create the Office of Price Administration that generated unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation, as described above? One possible answer is given in the research by [[w:Daron Acemoglu|Acemoglu]], [[w:Simon Johnson (economist)|Johnson]], and [[w:James A. Robinson|Robinson]], who shared the 2024 [[w:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]],<ref>Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024).</ref> combined with research on the role of the media in political economy. Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 4) said that {{quote| Medieval society is often described as a “society of orders,” consisting of * those who fought, * those who prayed, and * those who did all the work. Those who prayed were crucial in persuading those who labored to accept this hierarchy.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson note that this description applies to many other societies in history and prehistory, e.g., when the [[w:Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]] were built in [[w:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] but did not apply elsewhere. See also Graeber and David Wengrow (2021).</ref>}} Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) suggest that the [[w:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] began in England, because the English were the first to extend equal protection of the laws to innovative commoners. At other times and places -- including in many countries today -- innovators who threaten powerful individuals and groups can have their innovations blocked,<ref>In 1707 [[w:Denis Papin|Denis Papin]] reportedly built a ship powered by hand-cranked paddles that was destroyed by boatmen of [[w:Hann. Münden|Munden]] who feared it would threaten their livelihood. He left his family in Germany and went to England, where the Royal Society published several of his papers before he died a pauper and was buried in an unmarked grave.</ref> or the fruits of their labors confiscated by members of the first two orders or even imprisoned.<ref>[[w:Jimmy Lai|Jimmy Lai]] is Hong Kong businessman and media figure, imprisoned over his criticism of the Chinese Communist Party.</ref> [[w:Oxfam|Oxfam]] describes how, "Billionaire-owned media systematically neglect the interests of people living in poverty, women and racialized groups" and how the public believe things contrary to fact, "driven in part by misleading news reports, social media and right-wing politicians." Among other things, they recommend we "effectively tax the super-rich to reduce their economic power, and through this their political power; ... legislate to ensure media independence; regulate media companies to increase algorithmic transparency; [and] protect freedom of speech while preventing harmful content."<ref>Maitland et al. (2026). See also Kampmark (2026).</ref> Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) further insist that the ''inequality'' is to a large extent a function not of technology but of political power, and we can have a high rate of economic growth with lower inequality, as suggested by Figures 2, 4 and 6 above. They provide a template for doing this based on # altering the narrative, # building countervailing powers [like organized labor], and # developing technical, regulatory, and policy solutions to tackle specific aspects of technology’s social bias.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).</ref> "Altering the narrative" implies a major role for the media. But media outlets have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on anything that might offend (a) anyone with substantive control of the money for the media or (b) major news sources like public officials, including law enforcement. Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 US federal court districts between 2003 and 2019 per member of the Institute for Nonprofit News (INN) in that district the previous year. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- with no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption. They did not describe the specific mechanisms connecting INN members to prosecutions for political corruption, but major media outlets often disseminate news produced by members of INN, because they could lose audience if they don't, and their advertising rates are a function of their audience. More support for local news nonprofits like members of INN may also make it easier to build countervailing powers and disseminate research on policy alternatives that rarely appear in major media outlets. A more diverse media landscape would reduce the impact of decisions like those of [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] to delete videos posted by Palestinian human rights organizations documenting questionable actions by Israelis.<ref>The Cradle (2025).</ref> For a summary of research on media reform, see the Wikiversity article on "[[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]".<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> == Rebuilding the 99 percent == Saez and Zucman, responsible for Figure 5 above, said, "what makes taxation work is more than a simple tax code and diligent auditors. It’s a belief system: shared convictions in the benefits of collective action ..., in government’s central role in organizing this collective action, and in the merits of democracy. When this belief system prevails, even the most progressive tax system can work. When this belief system founders, the forces of tax dodging, unleashed and legitimized, can overwhelm even the most sophisticated tax authority and overpower the best tax code."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, pp. 47-48).</ref> To support this, they quoted from President Franklin D. Roosevelt's message to Congress 1937-06-01: {{quote| Mr. Justice Holmes said, ‘Taxes are what we pay for civilized society’. Too many individuals, however, want the civilization at a discount.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 48).</ref>}} From that day to the 1970s, business executives agreed that they were "responsible to a broad class of stakeholders beyond their owners: employees, customers, communities, and governments."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 69).</ref> In the 1970s the tax-avoidance industry began to grow, but it didn't really take off until Ronald Reagan became president, insisting that, {{quote| Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman said that "the revived libertarian creed", popularized with Reagan, included the claim that "taxation was theft". That change in mindset meant that tax avoidance, previously immoral, became moral, even mandatory where feasible.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref> Saez and Zucman explain how the tax-avoidance industry facilitates a race to the bottom, pushing different countries to compete in cutting taxes on corporations, which also cut taxes on anyone who ones stocks in corporations. Saez and Zucman insist that we can replace this "race to the bottom" with a "race to the top" by applying corporate taxes to the portion of global sales in country. For example, roughy 20 percent of the international business of the Swiss company [[w:Nestlé|Nestlé]] is in the US. Their 2025 revenue and net income were 89 and 9 billion CHF ([[w:Swiss franc|Swiss franc]]s), respectively. The exchange rate of CHF to USD is roughly 1. Thus, the US government could declare that Nestlé's 2025 profit in the US was 20 percent of $9 billion = $1.8 billion and apply a 25 or 50 percent corporate tax rate to that amount. Saez and Zucman further insist that, {{quote| Future trade deals should not be signed unless they contain an agreement on tax coordination. ... [Treaties] protect the property rights of foreign investors ... Ownership cannot come with only rights and no tax duty.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 126).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman have other recommendation changes to government policies toward corporations, but key to making it all work is revising the belief system, restoring the idea that corporations are created by government laws, and the public should revise those laws, so corporations benefit the 99 percent. You, dear reader, can help with the main thesis of this book: Educate yourself on what others think, share your concerns in a friendly supportive manner with the goal of finding common ground while agreeing to disagree agreeably in areas where you differ. If enough humans do that, it should restore the mindset that drove the decrease in inequality visible in Figures 6 and 7 through media literacy activism. This ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'' book is being written in the hope that it can inspire and support such activism. == Caveats == === Empirical evidence is never complete === Statistician and management consultant [[w:W. Edwards Deming|W. E. Deming]] said, "Empirical evidence is never complete." He also said that there is no true value to any number obtained as a result of a measurement: If you change the method of measurement, you get a different answer.{{cn}} Also, humans often do not see things that they do not expect. For example, many experimental subjects asked to count passes in a video of a basketball game failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit who appears in the middle of the video.<ref>This was discussed in research reports and a companion book, ''[[w:The Invisible Gorilla|The Invisible Gorilla]]''.</ref> Estimating GDP including adjusting for inflation is difficult. Different researchers use different methods and get different answers. In particular, Lindert and Williamson insist that Maddison's data are deficient, at least regarding the 13 colonies that became the US:{{quote| American world leadership in income per person has waxed and waned for centuries. Before the twentieth century, the period in which Americans most clearly led Britain and all of western Europe in purchasing power per capita was during colonial times—that is, when North Americans were still British. They were already ahead by the late seventeenth century. America lost that lead in the Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation years, gained it back by 1860, lost most of it again in the Civil War decade, gained it back once more by 1900, and briefly lost it again in the Great Depression of the 1930s.<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, pp. 8-9).</ref>}} The GDP per capita numbers used in this chapter are from [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]], which are similar but different the GDP per capita numbers from the [[w:Maddison Project|Maddison Project]], used in the chapter on [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs|The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. The differences are critical for evaluating the macroeconomic impact of wars but do not otherwise seem relevant to the main thrust of this book. === We need efficient capital markets but not hyper-liquidity === [[w:James Tobin|James Tobin]] won the [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|1981 Nobel memorial prize in economics]] for his analysis of financial markets, including recommending taxing financial market transactions. That idea is now known as a "[[w:Tobin tax|Tobin tax]]". He recommended a tax of, e.g., 0.5 percent of the volume of a transaction to dissuades speculators from investing money on very short-term bases, because of their contribution to [[w:Stock market bubble|market bubbles]]. We need liquidity in financial markets but not hyper-liquidity. == Exercise == Share your understanding of the information in this chapter with others, inviting their comments. Stress that no human knows the "truth" about anything as complex as the issues discussed herein and invite feedback. # As before, the primary goal is ''not'' to convince anyone else of anything. Rather it is to build relationships of mutual respect in which humans can agree to disagree disagreeably. If enough humans do this, it will (a) reduce political polarization and violence and (b) facilitate progress on the issues of greatest concern to the most humans. # Summarize what you hear in the ''Discuss'' page associated with this chapter. If you see opportunities to improve this chapter and change this chapter while writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources, do so. Or at least document those thoughts on the companion ''Discuss'' page. == Appendix. Companion R Markdown vignette == Statistical details that make [[w:Reproducibility|the research in article reproducible]] are provided in an R Markdown vignette on "[[The Media, the Great Depression, and our future/Companion R Markdown vignette]]". <!--== See also ==--> == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress-->{{cite Q|Q125292212}} * <!--Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo (2019) Économie utile pour des temps difficiles-->{{cite Q|Q85764011}} * <!--Joseph Bishop-Henchman (2014-04-15) How Many Words are in the Tax Code?-->{{cite Q|Q137462713}} * <!--Robert Coen (1973) Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience-->{{cite Q|Q137180971}} * <!--Lizabeth Cohen (2003, 2008) Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America-->{{cite Q|Q137473626}} * <!--The Cradle (2025-11-05) "YouTube deletes hundreds of videos documenting Israeli war crimes"-->{{cite Q|Q137301573|author=The Cradle}} * <!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2025) "Ecdat: Data Sets for Econometrics", available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) -->{{cite Q|Q56452356}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger (2017) The chickenshit club : why the Justice Department fails to prosecute executives-->{{cite Q|Q134599351}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger, Jeff Ernsthausen, and Paul Kiel (2021-06-08) "The Secret IRS Files: Trove of Never-Before-Seen Records Reveal How the Wealthiest Avoid Income Tax"-->{{cite Q|Q139919526}} * <!--Henry S. Farber, Chris M. Herbst, Dan Silverman, and Till von Wachter (2018-05) " Whom Do Employers Want? The Role of Recent Employment and Unemployment Status and Age-->{{cite Q|Q105837471}} * <!--Pam Fessler (2017-05-25) "Housing Secretary Ben Carson Says Poverty Is A 'State Of Mind'"-->{{cite Q|Q137475571|author=Pam Fessler}} * <!--David Graeber and David Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Q109769508). * <!--Spencer Graves (2025) WID: Tools for use with the World Inequality Database-->{{cite Q|Q137462795}} * <!--Francis Green (2010-12-22) "Unpacking the misery multiplier: how employability modifies the impacts of unemployment and job insecurity on life satisfaction and mental health"-->{{cite Q|Q50528452}} * <!-- Scott Greenberg (2015-10-08) Federal Tax Laws and Regulations are Now Over 10 Million Words Long-->{{cite Q|Q137462350}} * <!--Marja Hult, Anna-Maija Pietilä, Päivikki Koponen, and Terhi Saaranen (2018-07-26) " Association between good work ability and health behaviours among unemployed: A cross-sectional survey"-->{{cite Q|Q91470779}} * <!--Meg Jacobs (1997-12) ""How About Some Meat?": The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941–1946-->{{cite Q|Q137473579}} * <!-- Louis Dorrance Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025) "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"-->{{cite Q|Q56881105}} * <!--Binoy Kampmark (2026-01-25) "The Global Billionaire Steal: Wealth, Authoritarianism and Media"-->{{cite Q|Q139987296}} * <!--Paul Krugman (2008-11-19) "Amity Shlaes strikes again"-->{{cite Q|Q137179834}} * <!--Stanley Lebergott (1964) Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800-->{{cite Q|Q137180737}} * <!--William Leuchtenburg (1963) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940-->{{cite Q|Q140441200}} * <!--Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson (2016) Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700 (Princeton U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q138296699}} * <!--Alex Maitland, Anjela Taneja, Anthony Kamande, Carlos Brown Solá, Harry Bignell, Max Lawson, and Rune Møller Stahl (2026-01-19) Resisting the Rule of the Rich: Protecting freedom from billionaire power-->{{cite Q|Q139987693}} * <!--Bill Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, and Martin Watts (2016) Modern Monetary Theory and Practice: An introductory text-->{{cite Q|Q137485438}} * <!--Reece Peck (2016) "Usurping the usable past: How Fox News remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession", Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q135527962}} * <!--Reece Peck (2019) Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class (Cambridge U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q135513426}} * <!--Aimee Picci (2019-10-17) America's richest 400 families now pay a lower tax rate than the middle class-->{{cite Q|Q139935046}} * <!-- Thomas Piketty (2022) A brief history of equality (Harvard U. Pr.) -->{{cite Q|Q115434513}} * <!--Simon Poelchau (2026-07-31) "Antworten auf Wirtschaftskrise Bin-nen-nach-fra-ge!", taz.de-->{{cite Q|Q140782773}} * <!--Christina Romer (1986) "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data"-->{{cite Q|Q55899853}} * <!--Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024-10-20) "Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024"-->{{cite Q|Q130312646|author=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}} * <!--Oriol Sabaté and Sara Torregrosa-Hetland (2024-02) War inflation and taxation-->{{cite Q|Q137465618}} * <!--Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman (2019) The Triumph of Injustice: How the rich dodge taxes and how to make them pay-->{{cite Q|Q133176715}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2008) The Krugman Recipe for Depression: Massive government spending is no solution to unemployment-->{{cite Q|Q137179924}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2007) The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression-->{{cite Q|Q7734832}} * [[d:Q138037937|Dean Starkman and Spencer Graves (2025) "Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark anglais" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Tax Foundation(2006-10-26) Number of Words in Internal Revenue Code and Federal Tax Regulations, 1955-2005-->{{cite Q|Q137462681|author = Tax Foundation}} [[Category:Original research]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Great Depression]] [[Category:Macroeconomics]] [[Category:Gross domestic product]] [[Category:Economic growth]] [[Category:Media literacy]] [[Category:Communication]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Law]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media Literacy and You]] <!-- https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category_Review --> so47nulm928tw7ybb8bymjcqger6fmk 2820241 2820239 2026-07-31T13:37:31Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Did Fox and the other major media make the Great Recession worse, or did Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) make the Great Depression worse? */ 2820241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US unemployment.svg|thumb|Figure 1. US unemployment 1800-2024.<ref>"unemployment" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025). Various sources identified in the "help" file for USGPDpresidents including LNS14000000 from the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for numbers since 1940.</ref>]] [[File:US GDP per capita 1800-2024.svg|thumb|Figure 2. US average annual income (GDP per capita in 2017 K$) 1800-2024. The Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years present a very different image with GDP per capital falling at 8.1% per year during the Hoover presidency and growing at 8.1% per year during FDR. Between 1800 and 1929, the GDP per capita grew at 1.4% per year. Between 1945 and 2024, GDP per capita grew on average 1.7% per year.<ref>If we start at 1790 rather than 1800, then Measuring Worth has US GDP per capita growing at 1.5% per year. We could also add a breakpoint in 1947, which would have GDP per capita falling at 7.9% per year for 2 years and growing at 2% per year since. Data from Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025). Available as "realGDPperCapita" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025).</ref>]] :''I am entitled to my [[Wiktionary:cockamamie|cockamamie]] ideas, and you are entitled to yours.'' [Humor is important but must be offered in a way that does not offend others. If others are offended, they may be less interested in dialogue.] :This book is a combination instruction manual on [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] and an invitation to you to support collaborative / crowd-sourced research on how to improve the world's understanding of media literacy and how to accelerate its understanding and use globally for the betterment of humanity. == Did Fox and the other major media make the Great Recession worse, or did Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) make the Great Depression worse? == During the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]] [[w:Fox News|Fox]] featured interviews with supposed experts, who claimed that the [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] policies of the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) administration]] made the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] worse, not better. That coverage -- and the lack of a substantive rebuttal in the other major media in the US -- reportedly played a major role in preventing the [[w:Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] from bailing out poor and middle-class humans who lost their homes at that time. This article plots data that visible challenge "evil New Deal" theory by showing that FDR's administration dramatically ''decreased'' unemployment and produced ''unprecedented'' growth in average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]]) with only nominal inflation. Everyone benefitted except the ultra-wealthy. But the ultra-wealthy in recent decades have controlled increasing portions of the money for the media, which may explain why the humans who accepted "[[w:Stated income loan|liar loans]]" were demonized while many banks that were too big to fail before the crisis were bigger after, and over five thousand finance industry leaders, many of whom pushed those fraudulent loans, got million dollar bonuses at taxpayer expense.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 3).</ref> Leading economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] school insist that we ''can'' repeat the success of FDR's administration.<ref>Poelchau (2026) recommends German leaders follow FDR's example, saying, "No other 20th-century politician is more synonymous with successful economic policy. With his New Deal, he not only overcame the Great Depression—the most severe and prolonged economic crisis of the 20th century—but also laid the foundation for long-lasting prosperity. ... Roosevelt did not abolish capitalism. He saved the capitalist mode of production from itself by ensuring that people in the country were better off."</ref> == Introduction == Peck (2016)<ref>See also Peck (2019).</ref> describes how [[w:Fox News|Fox]] helped shape the debate in the US Congress about the proper response to the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]]. Fox's coverage included interviews with [[w:Amity Shlaes|Amity Shlaes]]<ref>See esp. Schlaes (2007).</ref> and other conservative authors and politicians pushing two images: # President Franklin Roosevelt's (FDR's) New Deal allegedly prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. # The victims of "Liar loans" were portrayed primarily as people of color begging for an unearned handout from government. Economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]], leaders with [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] in studying inequality, say, "Contrary to what many ideologues would like you to believe, economics has not 'proven' that workers 'bear the burden' of the corporate income tax. If this were true, then unions all over the world would be begging governments to slash it. In the real world, the most vocal proponents of the view that ordinary workers—not wealthy shareholders—suffer from high corporate taxes are . . . wealthy shareholders. During the 2018 US midterm elections, lobbies supported by the Koch brothers (worth about $50 billion each) spent $20 million to convince voters that President Trump’s corporate tax cut was good for wages."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 106).</ref> This chapter responds to the claim that the New Deal prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. First, a plot of unemployment between 1800 and 2024 in Figure 1 shows a dramatic ''increase'' during the [[w:Presidency of Herbert Hoover|administration of Herbert Hoover]] (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years]] (1933-1945) except during the [[w:Recession of 1937–1938|Recession of 1937–1938]]. [[w:Keynesian economics|Keynesian economists]] stated that the recession of 1937 was a result of a premature effort by FDR's administration to curb government spending and balance the budget.<ref>Leuchtenburg (1963, p. 244ff).</ref> We also plot average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]], Figure 2), which shows an unprecedented fall during the Hoover years followed by even more unprecedented growth during FDR, except for the 1937-1938 recession. That recession seems to have been caused by FDR's reduction in government spending, as just mentioned in summarizing Figure 1. And we plot the income tax structure in Figure 3. That shows that the ultra-wealthy paid higher taxes under FDR than at any other time in US history with plots showing reductions in inequality (Figures 6 and 7) that declined from FDR until the inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981, when inequality started increasing again. Plots of inflation are noisier and harder to read, so we table growth and inflation comparing especially different wars in US history: This shows that previous wars had high inflation and only nominal growth while WW II had unprecedented growth with only nominal inflation. Regarding the impact of Fox's claims on the US government's reactions to the 2007-2009 international financial crisis, Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) describe how "The insurance company AIG was saved by a government support of $182 billion in the fall of 2008, yet it was allowed to pay nearly half a billion dollars in bonuses, including to people who had wrecked the company. ,,, [And] nine financial firms that were among the largest recipients of bailout money paid five thousand employee bonuses of more than $1 million per person—supposedly because this was needed to retain 'talent.'" Meanwhile, other options like "firing or prosecuting bankers who had broken the law—for example, by deceiving customers and contributing to the financial meltdown in the first place [and providing] greater assistance to home owners in distress" were not considered.<ref>For more on how the US political economy responds to violations of US law by major corporations, see the discussion of [[w:Deferred prosecution|deferred prosecution agreements]] in Starkman and Graves (2025) and Eisinger (2017).</ref> == Unemployment == Figure 1 plots US unemployment 1800 to 2024. This shows a dramatic increase during the administration of Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the FDR's presidency (1933-1945). Schlaes (2007) quotes a few unemployment figures sprinkled throughout her book but does not plot them. [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel prize economist]] [[w:Paul Krugman|Paul Krugman]] accused Shlaes of disseminating "misleading statistics."<ref>Krugman (2008).</ref> Shlaes responded by saying that she used the Lebergott (1964) / Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) series.<ref>Shlaes (2008).</ref> However, her book does not include a table or plot of unemployment, though she does decorate the first page of each of her 15 chapters with a percent of the workforce unemployed on a specific month or day between 1927 and 1940. Her numbers are generally consistent with Figure 1.<ref>Figure 1 follows the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01, in using Lebergott (1964) for 1800 - 1889, Romer (1986) for 1890 - 1929, Coen (1973) for 1930-1939, and the BLS since 1940.</ref> == Average annual income == Figure 2 plots average annual income in the US (GDP per capita) 1800 to 2024. This shows an unprecedented fall at 8 percent per year for the 4 years of the Hoover administration followed by an even more unprecedented increase at 8 percent per year for the ''12'' years of FDR. This raises questions about the claims of Shlaes (2007) and Fox's other guests on this topic.<ref>as described by Peck (2016).</ref> The data plotted in Figure 2 has US GDP per capita in 2017 dollars at 6,980.67 in 1933, more than doubling in 9 years to 14,819.07 by 1943, roughly doubling again in 33 years to 29,288.45 by 1976, doubling again in 39 years to 58,363.37 by 2015, according to [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]].<ref>Johnston and Williamson (2025).</ref> Banerjee and Duflo, who shared the 2019 [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Michael Kremer]], said "that despite the best efforts of generations of economists, the deep mechanisms of persistent economic growth remain elusive. No one knows" how to make economies grow.<ref>Banerjee and Duflo (2019, pp. 206-207).</ref> Acemoğlu and Johnson (2023) suggest that economies grow from encouraging commoners to become entrepreneurs and allowing broad segments of society to share in the benefits of productivity growth. [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]], the world's leading expert on inequality, attributes the slowing of the rate of growth in the economy since 1990 to the increase in inequality.<ref>Piketty (2021, p. 139).</ref> However, the increase in consolidation of ownership of the major media including the rise of social media in recent decades could explain both the increase in inequality and the slowing of the rate of growth. == Income taxes == [[File:Historical US personal income tax-annotated.svg|thumb|Figure 3. Historical US personal income tax rates and brackets as a percent of taxable income (to 2021).<ref>Obtained by adding annotations to [[:File:Historical Income Tax Rates and brackets.png]].</ref>]] Figure 3 shows the history of personal income taxes in the US. This shows that income was taxed during the Civil War and for a few years after, but the US did not have substantive taxes on income until shortly before World War I. These tax rates were reduced after World War I and increased again during the Great Depression. For 1944 and 1945, late in World War II, the top rate was raised to an all-time high of 94% applied to income above $200,000 (equivalent to $3.57 million in 2024 dollars). It has generally trended down since the end of the war.<ref>The history of income taxes in the US appears in the section on "[[w:Income tax in the United States#History of top rates|History of top rates]]" in the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Income tax in the United States|Income tax in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> But personal income taxes and the top bracket are only part of the story for at least two reasons: [[File:UStaxWords.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Millions of words in the US federal tax code and regulations, 1955-2015, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]]. [1=income tax code; 2=other tax code; 3=income tax regulations; 4=other tax regulations; solid line= total]<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation.</ref>]] [[File:1960- Tax rates of richest versus low income people - US.svg|thumb|Figure 5. Total effective tax rates (includes ''all'' taxes: federal+state income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc) for the 400 richest Americans (just over one millionth of one percent) declined by 2018 to a level beneath that of the bottom 50% of earners,<ref name=CBSnews_20191017>Picci (2019).</ref> Analysis by economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]]<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019).</ref>.]] # It applies to [[w:Adjusted gross income|adjusted gross income]], ''not'' gross income. This difference has increased dramatically in the 70 years since 1955, when the number of words in US federal tax code and regulations were reported as 1.4 million words. In 2015, there were 10.1 million words in US federal tax code and regulations, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]], plotted in Figure 4. This suggests a massive increase in [[w:Tax break|tax loopholes]].<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation, which cite the Tax Foundation (2006) and Greenberg (2015). For alternative perspectives on this issue, see Bishop-Henchman (2014).</ref> Eisinger et al. (2021) with [[w:ProPublica|ProPublica]] reported that many billionaires like [[w:Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos]], [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], [[w:Michael Bloomberg|Michael Bloomberg]], [[w:Carl Icahn|Carl Icahn]], and [[w:George Soros|George Soros]], each paid ''zero'' federal income taxes several years when their fortunes grew dramatically. "IRS records show that the wealthiest can — perfectly legally — pay income taxes that are only a tiny fraction of the hundreds of millions, if not billions, their fortunes grow each year." Figure 5 shows how changes in governmental policies, including but not limited to those summarized in Figure 4, have impacted the effective tax rate paid by the 400 wealthiest individuals vs. the bottom 90 percent. # Taxes on corporations have declined from roughly 30 percent of all federal receipts in the early 1950s to roughly 10 percent in 2012.<ref>[[:File:Federal Receipts by Source.svg]], accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> What was the impact of FDR's policies on inequality? == Inequality == [[File:Share of post-tax US national income 50p97.svg|thumb|Figure 6. Shares of post-tax US national income for bottom half and top 3 percent, 1913-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p50' and 'p97p100' for variable == 'sdiincj999' in the US data in the [[w:World Inequality Database|World Inequality Database]] (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] [[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 7. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] Figures 6 and 7 show inequality of income and wealth in the US. Figure 6 plots the evolution of the shares of the bottom half and top 3 percent of post-tax US national income from 1913 to 2023. Figure 7 shows the evolution of the bottom 90 and top 1 percent of US national wealth from 1820 to 2023. Both show roughly the same image: High inequality dramatically reduced during World War II and continuing after the war with the US on average tending to become slightly more egalitarian until Ronald Reagan became President of the US in 1981. Lindert and Williamson report that, "Incomes were more equally distributed in colonial America than in any other place that can be measured."<ref>{{harvnb|Lindert|Williamson|2016|p=37}}</ref> Inequality increased after the Revolution to produce the effects documented in Figures 6 and 7, which include the "great leveling" that began after the Great Depression. Figures 6 and 7 show that the presidency of Ronald Reagan initiated a reversal of that "great leveling". Lindert and Williamson continue, "Our new inequality evidence for 1774 also speaks to a new institutional literature that argues that :''economic inequality breeds political power that favors rent-seeking (or extractive) institutions and policies rather than growth-enhancing institutions and policies, while a large middle class does just the opposite.'' (emphasis added)<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, p. 41).</ref> Conclusion: :''When politicians are allowed to reward people they call 'job creators', the humans who actually create most of the jobs and the bottom 99 percent suffer.'' We can reverse the trend toward increasing inequality in a couple of ways. * First more equitably fund fair application of the laws. Eisinger (2017) describes "why the [US] Justice Department fails to prosecute executives", and with progressive taxes on income and [[w:Wealth tax|wealth]], both for individuals and corporations. == Wartime Growth and inflation == Economists and leading politicians have long understood that inflation was often a problem during wars. During the [[w:Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]], the Prime Minister of the UK, [[w:William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]], reportedly said he was more afraid of high prices than he was of the enemy.<ref>Sabaté and Torregrosa-Hetland (2024).</ref> This author has so far failed to find a reference discussing productivity growth, like that visible during World War II in Figure 2 above. Rockoff (2015) provides estimates of inflation during the [[w:American Revolution|American Revolution]], the [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]], the [[w:American Civil War|American Civil War]], and World Wars I and II. The [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]] data plotted in Figure 2 above starts in 1790, after the end of the American Revolution. Table 1 summarizes economic growth and inflation during the War of 1812, the Civil War and World Wars I and II: The first three of those wars had economic growth comparable to non-war years and exceptionally high inflation. During World War II, the US had the opposite: unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation. In addition to unprecedented income taxes, summarized in Figure 3 above, FDR's administration also had waged and price controls managed by the [[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) that recruited many volunteers to help manage the program. We will not attempt here to assess the relative contribution of higher taxes and the OPA to controlling inflation during World War II, apart from noting that prices jumped on average 6 percent only a few days after the OPA ceased operations, a monthly increase that would have produced 100 percent inflation if continued for a year. However, less than a month later, the US Congress passed legislation to reopen the OPA, and inflation slowed.<ref>Jacobs (1997) and Cohen (2008), cited from the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]]".</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Economic growth and inflation in major wars in US history |- ! war !! colspan=2 | start !! colspan=2 | end !! colspan=2 | annual rate of |- ! !! date !! year !! date !! year !! growth in real GDP per capita !! inflation |- | [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]] || 1812-06-18 || 1812 || 1815-02-17 || 1814 || 1.8% || 10.6%<ref>The War of 1812 was followed by dramatic deflation and a major recession. Thus, if we change the end year from 2014 to 2015, the economic growth and inflation reported here disappear.</ref> |- | [[w:American Civil War|Civil War]] || 1861-04-12 || 1861 || 1865-06-26 || 1865 || 4.3% || 14.3% |- | [[w:World War I|WW I]] || 1917-04-02 || 1917 || 1918-11-11 || 1918 || 4.2% || 13.7%<ref>WW I began in Europe 1914-07-28. Between 1914 and 1917, the US economy averaged 7.8% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 16.5% annual inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |- | [[w:World War II|WW II]] || 1941-12-07 || 1941 || 1945-09-02 || 1945 || 9.1% || 4.5%<ref>WW II began in Europe 1939-09-01. Between 1939 and 1945, the US economy averaged 10.1% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 4.2% inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |} Economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] (MMT) school support [[w:job guarantee|job guarantees]] like the New Deal programs, while more traditional economists prefer a [[w:guaranteed minimum income|guaranteed minimum income]]. When humans are unemployed, their general health and well being tends to decline, they often lose self esteem<ref>Green (2010).</ref> and good work habits.<ref>Hult et al. (2018).</ref> And employers are less likely to request interviews with applicants who have been unemployed a year or more.<ref>Farber et al. (2018).</ref> These arguments favor a job guarantee over a guaranteed minimum income. But many elites seem to prefer to maintain a large reserve army of unemployed to limit the ability of employees to bargain for better wages and working conditions.<ref>Mitchell et al. (2016, esp. sections 12.3. Unemployment buffer stocks and price stability and 12.4. Employment buffer stocks and price stability, pp. 247-259).</ref> European countries led by Denmark are using "[[w:Flexicurity|flexicurity]]<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> systems that provide generous unemployment and support for adult education for workers while providing employers greater flexibility in expanding and contracting their workforce in response to changes in demand. == Role of the media == How did FDR get the political support needed to tax the ultra-wealthy and create the Office of Price Administration that generated unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation, as described above? One possible answer is given in the research by [[w:Daron Acemoglu|Acemoglu]], [[w:Simon Johnson (economist)|Johnson]], and [[w:James A. Robinson|Robinson]], who shared the 2024 [[w:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]],<ref>Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024).</ref> combined with research on the role of the media in political economy. Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 4) said that {{quote| Medieval society is often described as a “society of orders,” consisting of * those who fought, * those who prayed, and * those who did all the work. Those who prayed were crucial in persuading those who labored to accept this hierarchy.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson note that this description applies to many other societies in history and prehistory, e.g., when the [[w:Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]] were built in [[w:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] but did not apply elsewhere. See also Graeber and David Wengrow (2021).</ref>}} Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) suggest that the [[w:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] began in England, because the English were the first to extend equal protection of the laws to innovative commoners. At other times and places -- including in many countries today -- innovators who threaten powerful individuals and groups can have their innovations blocked,<ref>In 1707 [[w:Denis Papin|Denis Papin]] reportedly built a ship powered by hand-cranked paddles that was destroyed by boatmen of [[w:Hann. Münden|Munden]] who feared it would threaten their livelihood. He left his family in Germany and went to England, where the Royal Society published several of his papers before he died a pauper and was buried in an unmarked grave.</ref> or the fruits of their labors confiscated by members of the first two orders or even imprisoned.<ref>[[w:Jimmy Lai|Jimmy Lai]] is Hong Kong businessman and media figure, imprisoned over his criticism of the Chinese Communist Party.</ref> [[w:Oxfam|Oxfam]] describes how, "Billionaire-owned media systematically neglect the interests of people living in poverty, women and racialized groups" and how the public believe things contrary to fact, "driven in part by misleading news reports, social media and right-wing politicians." Among other things, they recommend we "effectively tax the super-rich to reduce their economic power, and through this their political power; ... legislate to ensure media independence; regulate media companies to increase algorithmic transparency; [and] protect freedom of speech while preventing harmful content."<ref>Maitland et al. (2026). See also Kampmark (2026).</ref> Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) further insist that the ''inequality'' is to a large extent a function not of technology but of political power, and we can have a high rate of economic growth with lower inequality, as suggested by Figures 2, 4 and 6 above. They provide a template for doing this based on # altering the narrative, # building countervailing powers [like organized labor], and # developing technical, regulatory, and policy solutions to tackle specific aspects of technology’s social bias.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).</ref> "Altering the narrative" implies a major role for the media. But media outlets have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on anything that might offend (a) anyone with substantive control of the money for the media or (b) major news sources like public officials, including law enforcement. Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 US federal court districts between 2003 and 2019 per member of the Institute for Nonprofit News (INN) in that district the previous year. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- with no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption. They did not describe the specific mechanisms connecting INN members to prosecutions for political corruption, but major media outlets often disseminate news produced by members of INN, because they could lose audience if they don't, and their advertising rates are a function of their audience. More support for local news nonprofits like members of INN may also make it easier to build countervailing powers and disseminate research on policy alternatives that rarely appear in major media outlets. A more diverse media landscape would reduce the impact of decisions like those of [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] to delete videos posted by Palestinian human rights organizations documenting questionable actions by Israelis.<ref>The Cradle (2025).</ref> For a summary of research on media reform, see the Wikiversity article on "[[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]".<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> == Rebuilding the 99 percent == Saez and Zucman, responsible for Figure 5 above, said, "what makes taxation work is more than a simple tax code and diligent auditors. It’s a belief system: shared convictions in the benefits of collective action ..., in government’s central role in organizing this collective action, and in the merits of democracy. When this belief system prevails, even the most progressive tax system can work. When this belief system founders, the forces of tax dodging, unleashed and legitimized, can overwhelm even the most sophisticated tax authority and overpower the best tax code."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, pp. 47-48).</ref> To support this, they quoted from President Franklin D. Roosevelt's message to Congress 1937-06-01: {{quote| Mr. Justice Holmes said, ‘Taxes are what we pay for civilized society’. Too many individuals, however, want the civilization at a discount.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 48).</ref>}} From that day to the 1970s, business executives agreed that they were "responsible to a broad class of stakeholders beyond their owners: employees, customers, communities, and governments."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 69).</ref> In the 1970s the tax-avoidance industry began to grow, but it didn't really take off until Ronald Reagan became president, insisting that, {{quote| Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman said that "the revived libertarian creed", popularized with Reagan, included the claim that "taxation was theft". That change in mindset meant that tax avoidance, previously immoral, became moral, even mandatory where feasible.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref> Saez and Zucman explain how the tax-avoidance industry facilitates a race to the bottom, pushing different countries to compete in cutting taxes on corporations, which also cut taxes on anyone who ones stocks in corporations. Saez and Zucman insist that we can replace this "race to the bottom" with a "race to the top" by applying corporate taxes to the portion of global sales in country. For example, roughy 20 percent of the international business of the Swiss company [[w:Nestlé|Nestlé]] is in the US. Their 2025 revenue and net income were 89 and 9 billion CHF ([[w:Swiss franc|Swiss franc]]s), respectively. The exchange rate of CHF to USD is roughly 1. Thus, the US government could declare that Nestlé's 2025 profit in the US was 20 percent of $9 billion = $1.8 billion and apply a 25 or 50 percent corporate tax rate to that amount. Saez and Zucman further insist that, {{quote| Future trade deals should not be signed unless they contain an agreement on tax coordination. ... [Treaties] protect the property rights of foreign investors ... Ownership cannot come with only rights and no tax duty.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 126).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman have other recommendation changes to government policies toward corporations, but key to making it all work is revising the belief system, restoring the idea that corporations are created by government laws, and the public should revise those laws, so corporations benefit the 99 percent. You, dear reader, can help with the main thesis of this book: Educate yourself on what others think, share your concerns in a friendly supportive manner with the goal of finding common ground while agreeing to disagree agreeably in areas where you differ. If enough humans do that, it should restore the mindset that drove the decrease in inequality visible in Figures 6 and 7 through media literacy activism. This ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'' book is being written in the hope that it can inspire and support such activism. == Caveats == === Empirical evidence is never complete === Statistician and management consultant [[w:W. Edwards Deming|W. E. Deming]] said, "Empirical evidence is never complete." He also said that there is no true value to any number obtained as a result of a measurement: If you change the method of measurement, you get a different answer.{{cn}} Also, humans often do not see things that they do not expect. For example, many experimental subjects asked to count passes in a video of a basketball game failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit who appears in the middle of the video.<ref>This was discussed in research reports and a companion book, ''[[w:The Invisible Gorilla|The Invisible Gorilla]]''.</ref> Estimating GDP including adjusting for inflation is difficult. Different researchers use different methods and get different answers. In particular, Lindert and Williamson insist that Maddison's data are deficient, at least regarding the 13 colonies that became the US:{{quote| American world leadership in income per person has waxed and waned for centuries. Before the twentieth century, the period in which Americans most clearly led Britain and all of western Europe in purchasing power per capita was during colonial times—that is, when North Americans were still British. They were already ahead by the late seventeenth century. America lost that lead in the Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation years, gained it back by 1860, lost most of it again in the Civil War decade, gained it back once more by 1900, and briefly lost it again in the Great Depression of the 1930s.<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, pp. 8-9).</ref>}} The GDP per capita numbers used in this chapter are from [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]], which are similar but different the GDP per capita numbers from the [[w:Maddison Project|Maddison Project]], used in the chapter on [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs|The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. The differences are critical for evaluating the macroeconomic impact of wars but do not otherwise seem relevant to the main thrust of this book. === We need efficient capital markets but not hyper-liquidity === [[w:James Tobin|James Tobin]] won the [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|1981 Nobel memorial prize in economics]] for his analysis of financial markets, including recommending taxing financial market transactions. That idea is now known as a "[[w:Tobin tax|Tobin tax]]". He recommended a tax of, e.g., 0.5 percent of the volume of a transaction to dissuades speculators from investing money on very short-term bases, because of their contribution to [[w:Stock market bubble|market bubbles]]. We need liquidity in financial markets but not hyper-liquidity. == Exercise == Share your understanding of the information in this chapter with others, inviting their comments. Stress that no human knows the "truth" about anything as complex as the issues discussed herein and invite feedback. # As before, the primary goal is ''not'' to convince anyone else of anything. Rather it is to build relationships of mutual respect in which humans can agree to disagree disagreeably. If enough humans do this, it will (a) reduce political polarization and violence and (b) facilitate progress on the issues of greatest concern to the most humans. # Summarize what you hear in the ''Discuss'' page associated with this chapter. If you see opportunities to improve this chapter and change this chapter while writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources, do so. Or at least document those thoughts on the companion ''Discuss'' page. == Appendix. Companion R Markdown vignette == Statistical details that make [[w:Reproducibility|the research in article reproducible]] are provided in an R Markdown vignette on "[[The Media, the Great Depression, and our future/Companion R Markdown vignette]]". <!--== See also ==--> == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress-->{{cite Q|Q125292212}} * <!--Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo (2019) Économie utile pour des temps difficiles-->{{cite Q|Q85764011}} * <!--Joseph Bishop-Henchman (2014-04-15) How Many Words are in the Tax Code?-->{{cite Q|Q137462713}} * <!--Robert Coen (1973) Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience-->{{cite Q|Q137180971}} * <!--Lizabeth Cohen (2003, 2008) Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America-->{{cite Q|Q137473626}} * <!--The Cradle (2025-11-05) "YouTube deletes hundreds of videos documenting Israeli war crimes"-->{{cite Q|Q137301573|author=The Cradle}} * <!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2025) "Ecdat: Data Sets for Econometrics", available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) -->{{cite Q|Q56452356}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger (2017) The chickenshit club : why the Justice Department fails to prosecute executives-->{{cite Q|Q134599351}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger, Jeff Ernsthausen, and Paul Kiel (2021-06-08) "The Secret IRS Files: Trove of Never-Before-Seen Records Reveal How the Wealthiest Avoid Income Tax"-->{{cite Q|Q139919526}} * <!--Henry S. Farber, Chris M. Herbst, Dan Silverman, and Till von Wachter (2018-05) " Whom Do Employers Want? The Role of Recent Employment and Unemployment Status and Age-->{{cite Q|Q105837471}} * <!--Pam Fessler (2017-05-25) "Housing Secretary Ben Carson Says Poverty Is A 'State Of Mind'"-->{{cite Q|Q137475571|author=Pam Fessler}} * <!--David Graeber and David Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Q109769508). * <!--Spencer Graves (2025) WID: Tools for use with the World Inequality Database-->{{cite Q|Q137462795}} * <!--Francis Green (2010-12-22) "Unpacking the misery multiplier: how employability modifies the impacts of unemployment and job insecurity on life satisfaction and mental health"-->{{cite Q|Q50528452}} * <!-- Scott Greenberg (2015-10-08) Federal Tax Laws and Regulations are Now Over 10 Million Words Long-->{{cite Q|Q137462350}} * <!--Marja Hult, Anna-Maija Pietilä, Päivikki Koponen, and Terhi Saaranen (2018-07-26) " Association between good work ability and health behaviours among unemployed: A cross-sectional survey"-->{{cite Q|Q91470779}} * <!--Meg Jacobs (1997-12) ""How About Some Meat?": The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941–1946-->{{cite Q|Q137473579}} * <!-- Louis Dorrance Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025) "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"-->{{cite Q|Q56881105}} * <!--Binoy Kampmark (2026-01-25) "The Global Billionaire Steal: Wealth, Authoritarianism and Media"-->{{cite Q|Q139987296}} * <!--Paul Krugman (2008-11-19) "Amity Shlaes strikes again"-->{{cite Q|Q137179834}} * <!--Stanley Lebergott (1964) Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800-->{{cite Q|Q137180737}} * <!--William Leuchtenburg (1963) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940-->{{cite Q|Q140441200}} * <!--Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson (2016) Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700 (Princeton U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q138296699}} * <!--Alex Maitland, Anjela Taneja, Anthony Kamande, Carlos Brown Solá, Harry Bignell, Max Lawson, and Rune Møller Stahl (2026-01-19) Resisting the Rule of the Rich: Protecting freedom from billionaire power-->{{cite Q|Q139987693}} * <!--Bill Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, and Martin Watts (2016) Modern Monetary Theory and Practice: An introductory text-->{{cite Q|Q137485438}} * <!--Reece Peck (2016) "Usurping the usable past: How Fox News remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession", Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q135527962}} * <!--Reece Peck (2019) Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class (Cambridge U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q135513426}} * <!--Aimee Picci (2019-10-17) America's richest 400 families now pay a lower tax rate than the middle class-->{{cite Q|Q139935046}} * <!-- Thomas Piketty (2022) A brief history of equality (Harvard U. Pr.) -->{{cite Q|Q115434513}} * <!--Simon Poelchau (2026-07-31) "Antworten auf Wirtschaftskrise Bin-nen-nach-fra-ge!", taz.de-->{{cite Q|Q140782773}} * <!--Christina Romer (1986) "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data"-->{{cite Q|Q55899853}} * <!--Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024-10-20) "Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024"-->{{cite Q|Q130312646|author=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}} * <!--Oriol Sabaté and Sara Torregrosa-Hetland (2024-02) War inflation and taxation-->{{cite Q|Q137465618}} * <!--Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman (2019) The Triumph of Injustice: How the rich dodge taxes and how to make them pay-->{{cite Q|Q133176715}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2008) The Krugman Recipe for Depression: Massive government spending is no solution to unemployment-->{{cite Q|Q137179924}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2007) The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression-->{{cite Q|Q7734832}} * [[d:Q138037937|Dean Starkman and Spencer Graves (2025) "Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark anglais" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Tax Foundation(2006-10-26) Number of Words in Internal Revenue Code and Federal Tax Regulations, 1955-2005-->{{cite Q|Q137462681|author = Tax Foundation}} [[Category:Original research]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Great Depression]] [[Category:Macroeconomics]] [[Category:Gross domestic product]] [[Category:Economic growth]] [[Category:Media literacy]] [[Category:Communication]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Law]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media Literacy and You]] <!-- https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category_Review --> fya8pidy78md670p5zq82ism2cztelg 2820244 2820241 2026-07-31T13:39:00Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Did Fox and the other major media make the Great Recession worse, or did Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) make the Great Depression worse? */ wdsmth 2820244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US unemployment.svg|thumb|Figure 1. US unemployment 1800-2024.<ref>"unemployment" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025). Various sources identified in the "help" file for USGPDpresidents including LNS14000000 from the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for numbers since 1940.</ref>]] [[File:US GDP per capita 1800-2024.svg|thumb|Figure 2. US average annual income (GDP per capita in 2017 K$) 1800-2024. The Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years present a very different image with GDP per capital falling at 8.1% per year during the Hoover presidency and growing at 8.1% per year during FDR. Between 1800 and 1929, the GDP per capita grew at 1.4% per year. Between 1945 and 2024, GDP per capita grew on average 1.7% per year.<ref>If we start at 1790 rather than 1800, then Measuring Worth has US GDP per capita growing at 1.5% per year. We could also add a breakpoint in 1947, which would have GDP per capita falling at 7.9% per year for 2 years and growing at 2% per year since. Data from Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025). Available as "realGDPperCapita" in the USGPDpresidents dataset in Croissant and Graves (2025).</ref>]] :''I am entitled to my [[Wiktionary:cockamamie|cockamamie]] ideas, and you are entitled to yours.'' [Humor is important but must be offered in a way that does not offend others. If others are offended, they may be less interested in dialogue.] :This book is a combination instruction manual on [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] and an invitation to you to support collaborative / crowd-sourced research on how to improve the world's understanding of media literacy and how to accelerate its understanding and use globally for the betterment of humanity. == Did Fox and the other major media make the Great Recession worse, or did Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) make the Great Depression worse? == During the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]] [[w:Fox News|Fox]] featured interviews with supposed experts, who claimed that the [[w:New Deal|New Deal]] policies of the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) administration]] made the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] worse, not better. That coverage -- and the lack of a substantive rebuttal in the other major media in the US -- reportedly played a major role in preventing the [[w:Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] from bailing out poor and middle-class humans who lost their homes at that time. This article plots data that visible challenge "evil New Deal" theory by showing that FDR's administration dramatically ''decreased'' unemployment and produced ''unprecedented'' growth in average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]]) with only nominal inflation. Everyone benefitted except the ultra-wealthy. But the ultra-wealthy in recent decades have controlled increasing portions of the money for the media, which may explain why the humans who accepted "[[w:Stated income loan|liar loans]]" were demonized while many banks that were too big to fail before the crisis were bigger after, and over five thousand finance industry leaders, many of whom pushed those fraudulent loans, got million dollar bonuses at taxpayer expense.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 3).</ref> Leading economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] school insist that we ''can'' repeat the success of FDR's administration.<ref>Poelchau (2026) recommends German leaders follow FDR's example, saying, "No other 20th-century politician is more synonymous with successful economic policy. With his New Deal, he not only overcame the Great Depression—the most severe and prolonged economic crisis of the 20th century—but also laid the foundation for long-lasting prosperity. ... Roosevelt ... saved the capitalist mode of production from itself by ensuring that people in the country were better off."</ref> == Introduction == Peck (2016)<ref>See also Peck (2019).</ref> describes how [[w:Fox News|Fox]] helped shape the debate in the US Congress about the proper response to the [[w:2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]]. Fox's coverage included interviews with [[w:Amity Shlaes|Amity Shlaes]]<ref>See esp. Schlaes (2007).</ref> and other conservative authors and politicians pushing two images: # President Franklin Roosevelt's (FDR's) New Deal allegedly prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. # The victims of "Liar loans" were portrayed primarily as people of color begging for an unearned handout from government. Economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]], leaders with [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]] in studying inequality, say, "Contrary to what many ideologues would like you to believe, economics has not 'proven' that workers 'bear the burden' of the corporate income tax. If this were true, then unions all over the world would be begging governments to slash it. In the real world, the most vocal proponents of the view that ordinary workers—not wealthy shareholders—suffer from high corporate taxes are . . . wealthy shareholders. During the 2018 US midterm elections, lobbies supported by the Koch brothers (worth about $50 billion each) spent $20 million to convince voters that President Trump’s corporate tax cut was good for wages."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 106).</ref> This chapter responds to the claim that the New Deal prolonged rather than shortened the Great Depression. First, a plot of unemployment between 1800 and 2024 in Figure 1 shows a dramatic ''increase'' during the [[w:Presidency of Herbert Hoover|administration of Herbert Hoover]] (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the [[w:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) years]] (1933-1945) except during the [[w:Recession of 1937–1938|Recession of 1937–1938]]. [[w:Keynesian economics|Keynesian economists]] stated that the recession of 1937 was a result of a premature effort by FDR's administration to curb government spending and balance the budget.<ref>Leuchtenburg (1963, p. 244ff).</ref> We also plot average annual income ([[w:Real gross domestic product|GDP per capita adjusted for inflation]], Figure 2), which shows an unprecedented fall during the Hoover years followed by even more unprecedented growth during FDR, except for the 1937-1938 recession. That recession seems to have been caused by FDR's reduction in government spending, as just mentioned in summarizing Figure 1. And we plot the income tax structure in Figure 3. That shows that the ultra-wealthy paid higher taxes under FDR than at any other time in US history with plots showing reductions in inequality (Figures 6 and 7) that declined from FDR until the inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981, when inequality started increasing again. Plots of inflation are noisier and harder to read, so we table growth and inflation comparing especially different wars in US history: This shows that previous wars had high inflation and only nominal growth while WW II had unprecedented growth with only nominal inflation. Regarding the impact of Fox's claims on the US government's reactions to the 2007-2009 international financial crisis, Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) describe how "The insurance company AIG was saved by a government support of $182 billion in the fall of 2008, yet it was allowed to pay nearly half a billion dollars in bonuses, including to people who had wrecked the company. ,,, [And] nine financial firms that were among the largest recipients of bailout money paid five thousand employee bonuses of more than $1 million per person—supposedly because this was needed to retain 'talent.'" Meanwhile, other options like "firing or prosecuting bankers who had broken the law—for example, by deceiving customers and contributing to the financial meltdown in the first place [and providing] greater assistance to home owners in distress" were not considered.<ref>For more on how the US political economy responds to violations of US law by major corporations, see the discussion of [[w:Deferred prosecution|deferred prosecution agreements]] in Starkman and Graves (2025) and Eisinger (2017).</ref> == Unemployment == Figure 1 plots US unemployment 1800 to 2024. This shows a dramatic increase during the administration of Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) followed by effective correction during the FDR's presidency (1933-1945). Schlaes (2007) quotes a few unemployment figures sprinkled throughout her book but does not plot them. [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel prize economist]] [[w:Paul Krugman|Paul Krugman]] accused Shlaes of disseminating "misleading statistics."<ref>Krugman (2008).</ref> Shlaes responded by saying that she used the Lebergott (1964) / Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) series.<ref>Shlaes (2008).</ref> However, her book does not include a table or plot of unemployment, though she does decorate the first page of each of her 15 chapters with a percent of the workforce unemployed on a specific month or day between 1927 and 1940. Her numbers are generally consistent with Figure 1.<ref>Figure 1 follows the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01, in using Lebergott (1964) for 1800 - 1889, Romer (1986) for 1890 - 1929, Coen (1973) for 1930-1939, and the BLS since 1940.</ref> == Average annual income == Figure 2 plots average annual income in the US (GDP per capita) 1800 to 2024. This shows an unprecedented fall at 8 percent per year for the 4 years of the Hoover administration followed by an even more unprecedented increase at 8 percent per year for the ''12'' years of FDR. This raises questions about the claims of Shlaes (2007) and Fox's other guests on this topic.<ref>as described by Peck (2016).</ref> The data plotted in Figure 2 has US GDP per capita in 2017 dollars at 6,980.67 in 1933, more than doubling in 9 years to 14,819.07 by 1943, roughly doubling again in 33 years to 29,288.45 by 1976, doubling again in 39 years to 58,363.37 by 2015, according to [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]].<ref>Johnston and Williamson (2025).</ref> Banerjee and Duflo, who shared the 2019 [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Michael Kremer]], said "that despite the best efforts of generations of economists, the deep mechanisms of persistent economic growth remain elusive. No one knows" how to make economies grow.<ref>Banerjee and Duflo (2019, pp. 206-207).</ref> Acemoğlu and Johnson (2023) suggest that economies grow from encouraging commoners to become entrepreneurs and allowing broad segments of society to share in the benefits of productivity growth. [[w:Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty]], the world's leading expert on inequality, attributes the slowing of the rate of growth in the economy since 1990 to the increase in inequality.<ref>Piketty (2021, p. 139).</ref> However, the increase in consolidation of ownership of the major media including the rise of social media in recent decades could explain both the increase in inequality and the slowing of the rate of growth. == Income taxes == [[File:Historical US personal income tax-annotated.svg|thumb|Figure 3. Historical US personal income tax rates and brackets as a percent of taxable income (to 2021).<ref>Obtained by adding annotations to [[:File:Historical Income Tax Rates and brackets.png]].</ref>]] Figure 3 shows the history of personal income taxes in the US. This shows that income was taxed during the Civil War and for a few years after, but the US did not have substantive taxes on income until shortly before World War I. These tax rates were reduced after World War I and increased again during the Great Depression. For 1944 and 1945, late in World War II, the top rate was raised to an all-time high of 94% applied to income above $200,000 (equivalent to $3.57 million in 2024 dollars). It has generally trended down since the end of the war.<ref>The history of income taxes in the US appears in the section on "[[w:Income tax in the United States#History of top rates|History of top rates]]" in the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Income tax in the United States|Income tax in the United States]]", accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> But personal income taxes and the top bracket are only part of the story for at least two reasons: [[File:UStaxWords.svg|thumb|Figure 4. Millions of words in the US federal tax code and regulations, 1955-2015, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]]. [1=income tax code; 2=other tax code; 3=income tax regulations; 4=other tax regulations; solid line= total]<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation.</ref>]] [[File:1960- Tax rates of richest versus low income people - US.svg|thumb|Figure 5. Total effective tax rates (includes ''all'' taxes: federal+state income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc) for the 400 richest Americans (just over one millionth of one percent) declined by 2018 to a level beneath that of the bottom 50% of earners,<ref name=CBSnews_20191017>Picci (2019).</ref> Analysis by economists [[w:Emmanuel Saez|Emmanuel Saez]] and [[w:Gabriel Zucman|Gabriel Zucman]]<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019).</ref>.]] # It applies to [[w:Adjusted gross income|adjusted gross income]], ''not'' gross income. This difference has increased dramatically in the 70 years since 1955, when the number of words in US federal tax code and regulations were reported as 1.4 million words. In 2015, there were 10.1 million words in US federal tax code and regulations, according to the [[w:Tax Foundation|Tax Foundation]], plotted in Figure 4. This suggests a massive increase in [[w:Tax break|tax loopholes]].<ref>"UStaxWords" dataset in Croissant and Graves (2022) from the Tax Foundation, which cite the Tax Foundation (2006) and Greenberg (2015). For alternative perspectives on this issue, see Bishop-Henchman (2014).</ref> Eisinger et al. (2021) with [[w:ProPublica|ProPublica]] reported that many billionaires like [[w:Jeff Bezos|Jeff Bezos]], [[w:Elon Musk|Elon Musk]], [[w:Michael Bloomberg|Michael Bloomberg]], [[w:Carl Icahn|Carl Icahn]], and [[w:George Soros|George Soros]], each paid ''zero'' federal income taxes several years when their fortunes grew dramatically. "IRS records show that the wealthiest can — perfectly legally — pay income taxes that are only a tiny fraction of the hundreds of millions, if not billions, their fortunes grow each year." Figure 5 shows how changes in governmental policies, including but not limited to those summarized in Figure 4, have impacted the effective tax rate paid by the 400 wealthiest individuals vs. the bottom 90 percent. # Taxes on corporations have declined from roughly 30 percent of all federal receipts in the early 1950s to roughly 10 percent in 2012.<ref>[[:File:Federal Receipts by Source.svg]], accessed 2025-12-01.</ref> What was the impact of FDR's policies on inequality? == Inequality == [[File:Share of post-tax US national income 50p97.svg|thumb|Figure 6. Shares of post-tax US national income for bottom half and top 3 percent, 1913-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p50' and 'p97p100' for variable == 'sdiincj999' in the US data in the [[w:World Inequality Database|World Inequality Database]] (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] [[File:Share of US wealth 90p99.svg|thumb|Figure 7. Shares of US wealth - bottom 90 and top 1 percent, 1820-2023.<ref>Plots of percentile=='p0p90' and 'p99p100' for variable == 'shwealj999' in the US data in the World Inequality Database (WID) using the WID package for R described by Graves (2025).</ref>]] Figures 6 and 7 show inequality of income and wealth in the US. Figure 6 plots the evolution of the shares of the bottom half and top 3 percent of post-tax US national income from 1913 to 2023. Figure 7 shows the evolution of the bottom 90 and top 1 percent of US national wealth from 1820 to 2023. Both show roughly the same image: High inequality dramatically reduced during World War II and continuing after the war with the US on average tending to become slightly more egalitarian until Ronald Reagan became President of the US in 1981. Lindert and Williamson report that, "Incomes were more equally distributed in colonial America than in any other place that can be measured."<ref>{{harvnb|Lindert|Williamson|2016|p=37}}</ref> Inequality increased after the Revolution to produce the effects documented in Figures 6 and 7, which include the "great leveling" that began after the Great Depression. Figures 6 and 7 show that the presidency of Ronald Reagan initiated a reversal of that "great leveling". Lindert and Williamson continue, "Our new inequality evidence for 1774 also speaks to a new institutional literature that argues that :''economic inequality breeds political power that favors rent-seeking (or extractive) institutions and policies rather than growth-enhancing institutions and policies, while a large middle class does just the opposite.'' (emphasis added)<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, p. 41).</ref> Conclusion: :''When politicians are allowed to reward people they call 'job creators', the humans who actually create most of the jobs and the bottom 99 percent suffer.'' We can reverse the trend toward increasing inequality in a couple of ways. * First more equitably fund fair application of the laws. Eisinger (2017) describes "why the [US] Justice Department fails to prosecute executives", and with progressive taxes on income and [[w:Wealth tax|wealth]], both for individuals and corporations. == Wartime Growth and inflation == Economists and leading politicians have long understood that inflation was often a problem during wars. During the [[w:Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]], the Prime Minister of the UK, [[w:William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]], reportedly said he was more afraid of high prices than he was of the enemy.<ref>Sabaté and Torregrosa-Hetland (2024).</ref> This author has so far failed to find a reference discussing productivity growth, like that visible during World War II in Figure 2 above. Rockoff (2015) provides estimates of inflation during the [[w:American Revolution|American Revolution]], the [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]], the [[w:American Civil War|American Civil War]], and World Wars I and II. The [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]] data plotted in Figure 2 above starts in 1790, after the end of the American Revolution. Table 1 summarizes economic growth and inflation during the War of 1812, the Civil War and World Wars I and II: The first three of those wars had economic growth comparable to non-war years and exceptionally high inflation. During World War II, the US had the opposite: unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation. In addition to unprecedented income taxes, summarized in Figure 3 above, FDR's administration also had waged and price controls managed by the [[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) that recruited many volunteers to help manage the program. We will not attempt here to assess the relative contribution of higher taxes and the OPA to controlling inflation during World War II, apart from noting that prices jumped on average 6 percent only a few days after the OPA ceased operations, a monthly increase that would have produced 100 percent inflation if continued for a year. However, less than a month later, the US Congress passed legislation to reopen the OPA, and inflation slowed.<ref>Jacobs (1997) and Cohen (2008), cited from the Wikipedia article on "[[w:Office of Price Administration|Office of Price Administration]]".</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Economic growth and inflation in major wars in US history |- ! war !! colspan=2 | start !! colspan=2 | end !! colspan=2 | annual rate of |- ! !! date !! year !! date !! year !! growth in real GDP per capita !! inflation |- | [[w:War of 1812|War of 1812]] || 1812-06-18 || 1812 || 1815-02-17 || 1814 || 1.8% || 10.6%<ref>The War of 1812 was followed by dramatic deflation and a major recession. Thus, if we change the end year from 2014 to 2015, the economic growth and inflation reported here disappear.</ref> |- | [[w:American Civil War|Civil War]] || 1861-04-12 || 1861 || 1865-06-26 || 1865 || 4.3% || 14.3% |- | [[w:World War I|WW I]] || 1917-04-02 || 1917 || 1918-11-11 || 1918 || 4.2% || 13.7%<ref>WW I began in Europe 1914-07-28. Between 1914 and 1917, the US economy averaged 7.8% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 16.5% annual inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |- | [[w:World War II|WW II]] || 1941-12-07 || 1941 || 1945-09-02 || 1945 || 9.1% || 4.5%<ref>WW II began in Europe 1939-09-01. Between 1939 and 1945, the US economy averaged 10.1% growth per year in real GDP per capita with 4.2% inflation. Different numbers. Same general conclusion.</ref> |} Economists in the [[w:Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theory]] (MMT) school support [[w:job guarantee|job guarantees]] like the New Deal programs, while more traditional economists prefer a [[w:guaranteed minimum income|guaranteed minimum income]]. When humans are unemployed, their general health and well being tends to decline, they often lose self esteem<ref>Green (2010).</ref> and good work habits.<ref>Hult et al. (2018).</ref> And employers are less likely to request interviews with applicants who have been unemployed a year or more.<ref>Farber et al. (2018).</ref> These arguments favor a job guarantee over a guaranteed minimum income. But many elites seem to prefer to maintain a large reserve army of unemployed to limit the ability of employees to bargain for better wages and working conditions.<ref>Mitchell et al. (2016, esp. sections 12.3. Unemployment buffer stocks and price stability and 12.4. Employment buffer stocks and price stability, pp. 247-259).</ref> European countries led by Denmark are using "[[w:Flexicurity|flexicurity]]<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> systems that provide generous unemployment and support for adult education for workers while providing employers greater flexibility in expanding and contracting their workforce in response to changes in demand. == Role of the media == How did FDR get the political support needed to tax the ultra-wealthy and create the Office of Price Administration that generated unprecedented economic growth with only nominal inflation, as described above? One possible answer is given in the research by [[w:Daron Acemoglu|Acemoglu]], [[w:Simon Johnson (economist)|Johnson]], and [[w:James A. Robinson|Robinson]], who shared the 2024 [[w:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]],<ref>Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024).</ref> combined with research on the role of the media in political economy. Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 4) said that {{quote| Medieval society is often described as a “society of orders,” consisting of * those who fought, * those who prayed, and * those who did all the work. Those who prayed were crucial in persuading those who labored to accept this hierarchy.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson note that this description applies to many other societies in history and prehistory, e.g., when the [[w:Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]] were built in [[w:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] but did not apply elsewhere. See also Graeber and David Wengrow (2021).</ref>}} Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) suggest that the [[w:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] began in England, because the English were the first to extend equal protection of the laws to innovative commoners. At other times and places -- including in many countries today -- innovators who threaten powerful individuals and groups can have their innovations blocked,<ref>In 1707 [[w:Denis Papin|Denis Papin]] reportedly built a ship powered by hand-cranked paddles that was destroyed by boatmen of [[w:Hann. Münden|Munden]] who feared it would threaten their livelihood. He left his family in Germany and went to England, where the Royal Society published several of his papers before he died a pauper and was buried in an unmarked grave.</ref> or the fruits of their labors confiscated by members of the first two orders or even imprisoned.<ref>[[w:Jimmy Lai|Jimmy Lai]] is Hong Kong businessman and media figure, imprisoned over his criticism of the Chinese Communist Party.</ref> [[w:Oxfam|Oxfam]] describes how, "Billionaire-owned media systematically neglect the interests of people living in poverty, women and racialized groups" and how the public believe things contrary to fact, "driven in part by misleading news reports, social media and right-wing politicians." Among other things, they recommend we "effectively tax the super-rich to reduce their economic power, and through this their political power; ... legislate to ensure media independence; regulate media companies to increase algorithmic transparency; [and] protect freedom of speech while preventing harmful content."<ref>Maitland et al. (2026). See also Kampmark (2026).</ref> Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) further insist that the ''inequality'' is to a large extent a function not of technology but of political power, and we can have a high rate of economic growth with lower inequality, as suggested by Figures 2, 4 and 6 above. They provide a template for doing this based on # altering the narrative, # building countervailing powers [like organized labor], and # developing technical, regulatory, and policy solutions to tackle specific aspects of technology’s social bias.<ref>Acemoglu and Johnson (2023, ch. 11).</ref> "Altering the narrative" implies a major role for the media. But media outlets have conflicts of interest in honestly reporting on anything that might offend (a) anyone with substantive control of the money for the media or (b) major news sources like public officials, including law enforcement. Usher and Kim-Leffingwell (2022) found on average 1.4 more federal prosecutions for political corruption in each of the 94 US federal court districts between 2003 and 2019 per member of the Institute for Nonprofit News (INN) in that district the previous year. During that period, the number of journalists in the US fell by roughly a factor of 3 -- between 60 and 70 percent -- with no statistically significant impact on federal prosecutions for political corruption. They did not describe the specific mechanisms connecting INN members to prosecutions for political corruption, but major media outlets often disseminate news produced by members of INN, because they could lose audience if they don't, and their advertising rates are a function of their audience. More support for local news nonprofits like members of INN may also make it easier to build countervailing powers and disseminate research on policy alternatives that rarely appear in major media outlets. A more diverse media landscape would reduce the impact of decisions like those of [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] to delete videos posted by Palestinian human rights organizations documenting questionable actions by Israelis.<ref>The Cradle (2025).</ref> For a summary of research on media reform, see the Wikiversity article on "[[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]".<ref>accessed 2025-12-20.</ref> == Rebuilding the 99 percent == Saez and Zucman, responsible for Figure 5 above, said, "what makes taxation work is more than a simple tax code and diligent auditors. It’s a belief system: shared convictions in the benefits of collective action ..., in government’s central role in organizing this collective action, and in the merits of democracy. When this belief system prevails, even the most progressive tax system can work. When this belief system founders, the forces of tax dodging, unleashed and legitimized, can overwhelm even the most sophisticated tax authority and overpower the best tax code."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, pp. 47-48).</ref> To support this, they quoted from President Franklin D. Roosevelt's message to Congress 1937-06-01: {{quote| Mr. Justice Holmes said, ‘Taxes are what we pay for civilized society’. Too many individuals, however, want the civilization at a discount.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 48).</ref>}} From that day to the 1970s, business executives agreed that they were "responsible to a broad class of stakeholders beyond their owners: employees, customers, communities, and governments."<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 69).</ref> In the 1970s the tax-avoidance industry began to grow, but it didn't really take off until Ronald Reagan became president, insisting that, {{quote| Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman said that "the revived libertarian creed", popularized with Reagan, included the claim that "taxation was theft". That change in mindset meant that tax avoidance, previously immoral, became moral, even mandatory where feasible.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 51).</ref> Saez and Zucman explain how the tax-avoidance industry facilitates a race to the bottom, pushing different countries to compete in cutting taxes on corporations, which also cut taxes on anyone who ones stocks in corporations. Saez and Zucman insist that we can replace this "race to the bottom" with a "race to the top" by applying corporate taxes to the portion of global sales in country. For example, roughy 20 percent of the international business of the Swiss company [[w:Nestlé|Nestlé]] is in the US. Their 2025 revenue and net income were 89 and 9 billion CHF ([[w:Swiss franc|Swiss franc]]s), respectively. The exchange rate of CHF to USD is roughly 1. Thus, the US government could declare that Nestlé's 2025 profit in the US was 20 percent of $9 billion = $1.8 billion and apply a 25 or 50 percent corporate tax rate to that amount. Saez and Zucman further insist that, {{quote| Future trade deals should not be signed unless they contain an agreement on tax coordination. ... [Treaties] protect the property rights of foreign investors ... Ownership cannot come with only rights and no tax duty.<ref>Saez and Zucman (2019, p. 126).</ref>}} Saez and Zucman have other recommendation changes to government policies toward corporations, but key to making it all work is revising the belief system, restoring the idea that corporations are created by government laws, and the public should revise those laws, so corporations benefit the 99 percent. You, dear reader, can help with the main thesis of this book: Educate yourself on what others think, share your concerns in a friendly supportive manner with the goal of finding common ground while agreeing to disagree agreeably in areas where you differ. If enough humans do that, it should restore the mindset that drove the decrease in inequality visible in Figures 6 and 7 through media literacy activism. This ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'' book is being written in the hope that it can inspire and support such activism. == Caveats == === Empirical evidence is never complete === Statistician and management consultant [[w:W. Edwards Deming|W. E. Deming]] said, "Empirical evidence is never complete." He also said that there is no true value to any number obtained as a result of a measurement: If you change the method of measurement, you get a different answer.{{cn}} Also, humans often do not see things that they do not expect. For example, many experimental subjects asked to count passes in a video of a basketball game failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit who appears in the middle of the video.<ref>This was discussed in research reports and a companion book, ''[[w:The Invisible Gorilla|The Invisible Gorilla]]''.</ref> Estimating GDP including adjusting for inflation is difficult. Different researchers use different methods and get different answers. In particular, Lindert and Williamson insist that Maddison's data are deficient, at least regarding the 13 colonies that became the US:{{quote| American world leadership in income per person has waxed and waned for centuries. Before the twentieth century, the period in which Americans most clearly led Britain and all of western Europe in purchasing power per capita was during colonial times—that is, when North Americans were still British. They were already ahead by the late seventeenth century. America lost that lead in the Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation years, gained it back by 1860, lost most of it again in the Civil War decade, gained it back once more by 1900, and briefly lost it again in the Great Depression of the 1930s.<ref>Lindert and Williamson (2016, pp. 8-9).</ref>}} The GDP per capita numbers used in this chapter are from [[w:MeasuringWorth|MeasuringWorth]], which are similar but different the GDP per capita numbers from the [[w:Maddison Project|Maddison Project]], used in the chapter on [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs|The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. The differences are critical for evaluating the macroeconomic impact of wars but do not otherwise seem relevant to the main thrust of this book. === We need efficient capital markets but not hyper-liquidity === [[w:James Tobin|James Tobin]] won the [[w:List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences|1981 Nobel memorial prize in economics]] for his analysis of financial markets, including recommending taxing financial market transactions. That idea is now known as a "[[w:Tobin tax|Tobin tax]]". He recommended a tax of, e.g., 0.5 percent of the volume of a transaction to dissuades speculators from investing money on very short-term bases, because of their contribution to [[w:Stock market bubble|market bubbles]]. We need liquidity in financial markets but not hyper-liquidity. == Exercise == Share your understanding of the information in this chapter with others, inviting their comments. Stress that no human knows the "truth" about anything as complex as the issues discussed herein and invite feedback. # As before, the primary goal is ''not'' to convince anyone else of anything. Rather it is to build relationships of mutual respect in which humans can agree to disagree disagreeably. If enough humans do this, it will (a) reduce political polarization and violence and (b) facilitate progress on the issues of greatest concern to the most humans. # Summarize what you hear in the ''Discuss'' page associated with this chapter. If you see opportunities to improve this chapter and change this chapter while writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources, do so. Or at least document those thoughts on the companion ''Discuss'' page. == Appendix. Companion R Markdown vignette == Statistical details that make [[w:Reproducibility|the research in article reproducible]] are provided in an R Markdown vignette on "[[The Media, the Great Depression, and our future/Companion R Markdown vignette]]". <!--== See also ==--> == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Daron Acemoğlu and Simon Johnson (2023) Power and Progress-->{{cite Q|Q125292212}} * <!--Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo (2019) Économie utile pour des temps difficiles-->{{cite Q|Q85764011}} * <!--Joseph Bishop-Henchman (2014-04-15) How Many Words are in the Tax Code?-->{{cite Q|Q137462713}} * <!--Robert Coen (1973) Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience-->{{cite Q|Q137180971}} * <!--Lizabeth Cohen (2003, 2008) Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America-->{{cite Q|Q137473626}} * <!--The Cradle (2025-11-05) "YouTube deletes hundreds of videos documenting Israeli war crimes"-->{{cite Q|Q137301573|author=The Cradle}} * <!-- Yves Croissant and Spencer Graves (2025) "Ecdat: Data Sets for Econometrics", available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) -->{{cite Q|Q56452356}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger (2017) The chickenshit club : why the Justice Department fails to prosecute executives-->{{cite Q|Q134599351}} * <!--Jesse Eisinger, Jeff Ernsthausen, and Paul Kiel (2021-06-08) "The Secret IRS Files: Trove of Never-Before-Seen Records Reveal How the Wealthiest Avoid Income Tax"-->{{cite Q|Q139919526}} * <!--Henry S. Farber, Chris M. Herbst, Dan Silverman, and Till von Wachter (2018-05) " Whom Do Employers Want? The Role of Recent Employment and Unemployment Status and Age-->{{cite Q|Q105837471}} * <!--Pam Fessler (2017-05-25) "Housing Secretary Ben Carson Says Poverty Is A 'State Of Mind'"-->{{cite Q|Q137475571|author=Pam Fessler}} * <!--David Graeber and David Wengrow (2021) The Dawn of Everything (Q109769508). * <!--Spencer Graves (2025) WID: Tools for use with the World Inequality Database-->{{cite Q|Q137462795}} * <!--Francis Green (2010-12-22) "Unpacking the misery multiplier: how employability modifies the impacts of unemployment and job insecurity on life satisfaction and mental health"-->{{cite Q|Q50528452}} * <!-- Scott Greenberg (2015-10-08) Federal Tax Laws and Regulations are Now Over 10 Million Words Long-->{{cite Q|Q137462350}} * <!--Marja Hult, Anna-Maija Pietilä, Päivikki Koponen, and Terhi Saaranen (2018-07-26) " Association between good work ability and health behaviours among unemployed: A cross-sectional survey"-->{{cite Q|Q91470779}} * <!--Meg Jacobs (1997-12) ""How About Some Meat?": The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941–1946-->{{cite Q|Q137473579}} * <!-- Louis Dorrance Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson (2025) "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"-->{{cite Q|Q56881105}} * <!--Binoy Kampmark (2026-01-25) "The Global Billionaire Steal: Wealth, Authoritarianism and Media"-->{{cite Q|Q139987296}} * <!--Paul Krugman (2008-11-19) "Amity Shlaes strikes again"-->{{cite Q|Q137179834}} * <!--Stanley Lebergott (1964) Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800-->{{cite Q|Q137180737}} * <!--William Leuchtenburg (1963) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940-->{{cite Q|Q140441200}} * <!--Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson (2016) Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700 (Princeton U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q138296699}} * <!--Alex Maitland, Anjela Taneja, Anthony Kamande, Carlos Brown Solá, Harry Bignell, Max Lawson, and Rune Møller Stahl (2026-01-19) Resisting the Rule of the Rich: Protecting freedom from billionaire power-->{{cite Q|Q139987693}} * <!--Bill Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, and Martin Watts (2016) Modern Monetary Theory and Practice: An introductory text-->{{cite Q|Q137485438}} * <!--Reece Peck (2016) "Usurping the usable past: How Fox News remembered the Great Depression during the Great Recession", Journalism-->{{cite Q|Q135527962}} * <!--Reece Peck (2019) Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class (Cambridge U. Pr.)-->{{cite Q|Q135513426}} * <!--Aimee Picci (2019-10-17) America's richest 400 families now pay a lower tax rate than the middle class-->{{cite Q|Q139935046}} * <!-- Thomas Piketty (2022) A brief history of equality (Harvard U. Pr.) -->{{cite Q|Q115434513}} * <!--Simon Poelchau (2026-07-31) "Antworten auf Wirtschaftskrise Bin-nen-nach-fra-ge!", taz.de-->{{cite Q|Q140782773}} * <!--Christina Romer (1986) "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data"-->{{cite Q|Q55899853}} * <!--Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2024-10-20) "Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024"-->{{cite Q|Q130312646|author=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}} * <!--Oriol Sabaté and Sara Torregrosa-Hetland (2024-02) War inflation and taxation-->{{cite Q|Q137465618}} * <!--Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman (2019) The Triumph of Injustice: How the rich dodge taxes and how to make them pay-->{{cite Q|Q133176715}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2008) The Krugman Recipe for Depression: Massive government spending is no solution to unemployment-->{{cite Q|Q137179924}} * <!-- Amity Shlaes (2007) The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression-->{{cite Q|Q7734832}} * [[d:Q138037937|Dean Starkman and Spencer Graves (2025) "Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark anglais" on Wikiversity]]. * <!--Tax Foundation(2006-10-26) Number of Words in Internal Revenue Code and Federal Tax Regulations, 1955-2005-->{{cite Q|Q137462681|author = Tax Foundation}} [[Category:Original research]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Great Depression]] [[Category:Macroeconomics]] [[Category:Gross domestic product]] [[Category:Economic growth]] [[Category:Media literacy]] [[Category:Communication]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Law]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media Literacy and You]] <!-- https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category_Review --> bab9265miygwcz8ufqgm5ey8bzr8u0g 0 329511 2820337 2816969 2026-07-31T17:18:58Z ~2026-42289-20 3104482 /* The Migration to Bengal */ 2820337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{history}} [[File:ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار.png|thumb|Portrait (c. 1782)]] == Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar - Founder of the Dar Raj == [[W:Maharaja|Maharaja]] Virendra Vasudev Mohan Dar, otherwise known as the effective founder of the Dar Raj's political and ceremonial standing, was born on Thursday, the 14th of September 1758, in the ancestral quarters of the Akhnoor region of Kashmir. He was the eldest son of Ram Hari Mohan Dar and Smt. Annapurna Devi, the third daughter of the esteemed merchant Pandit Narayan Kaul of Srinagar. His lineage traces back to his grandfather, Hari Krishna Mohan Dar (1687–1768), a saffron merchant and learned Kashmiri Pandit who established the family’s zamindari foundations in the late 17th century. [[file:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|thumb|Posthumous Kalighat patachitra, commissioned by his great-grandson Mohini Mohan Dhar, 1929, Kalighat, Calcutta.]] From his earliest years, Virendra exhibited a discerning mind and a keen disposition for learning. He was educated under several specialized tutors: Pandit Madhusudan Kaul (classical literature, Sanskrit, Persian, and land management), Pandit Gopesh Raina (arithmetic, accounts, and revenue management), and Pandit Jagannath Bhat (Durrani administrative customs and local jurisprudence). By the age of ten, he was already distinguished for his recitals of historical and sacred texts, and by seventeen, he was accompanying his father on tours of the family's vast estates in both Kashmir and Bengal, including Dhamrai and Char Talibari == Accession and the Title of Maharaja == Upon the death of his father in 1778, Virendra Mohan Dar assumed full responsibility for the administration of the Dar Raj estates.His accession occurred during a period of significant political flux as the [[wikipedia:Durrani Empire|Durrani Empire]] consolidated power in the Punjab and Kashmir. In 1771, following his judicious resolution of disputes among neighboring zamindars, the court of [[wikipedia:Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Durrani]] conferred upon him the prestigious hereditary title of "Maharaja". The formal investiture took place, in the autumn of 1771 in the principal hall of the Akhnoor estate.The Maharaja was presented with robes of state and a ceremonial sword, and he pledged to govern with fairness and diligence. To consolidate his authority, he convened a formal Assembly of Zamindars at Akhnur in 1771 to settle boundary disputes and restate revenue obligations. He was known for a "calculated exercise of power," notably seen in 1782 when he resolved a case of revenue defiance through public inquiry and surveyors rather than armed force [[File:Ruins of the Dhar Zamindar Bari (Later part of Alokshi High School) 2015.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of the Dhar Zamindar Bari ]] == The Migration to Bengal == By the late 18th century, the political stability of the northern territories declined. Provincial governors began prioritizing immediate revenue extraction, and the Akhnoor holdings faced increasing pressure from irregular levies and armed groups associated with local power brokers. In response, the Maharaja implemented a strategic reorientation, gradually shifting the center of his administration to the fertile and more stable plains of [[W:Bengal|Bengal]]. [[File:Dhar Jamindar Bari Image (1869).jpg|thumb|Dhar Jamindar Bari Image (1869)]] This transition was finalized by a natural calamity in the late 1790s. An exceptionally severe flooding of the [[W:Padma River|Padma River]] resulted in the rapid submergence of the Char Talibari estate, erasing established boundaries and rendering the former seat uninhabitable. Consequently, in 1801, the Maharaja established the Nannar Rajbari (later known as the Dhar Zamindar Bari) in the Dhamrai region. The new residence featured thick brick walls bound with lime-surki mortar and included the Maharaja Virendra Sagar, a large reservoir providing water for both the household and local irrigation. == Courtly Life and Administration == [[File:Territories of Dar Raj in Dhamrai Upazila, Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Territories of Dar Raj in Dhamrai Upazila, [[Bangladesh]] {{Legend|#aa162a|Territories under the Dar Raj}}{{Legend|#fde4e7|Disputed territories under the Dar Raj}}|left]]Courtly life at Nannar was governed by a disciplined structure, distinguishing between public functions in the outer courts and private life in the inner quarters. Daily routines included administrative sessions where estate officers presented accounts of cultivation and revenue. The Maharaja was known to dress in fine muslin and silk robes, and the meals served at court reflected a blending of both Kashmiri and Bengali culinary influences Dhamrai was once under the Thana (now Upazila) of Savar. Dhamrai became a Thana itself in 1914 during the British rule; the same year Dhamrai Hardinge High School was established. In 1947 it was put under the district of Dhaka. On December 15, 1984, Dhamrai was upgraded into a full-fledged Upazila. The administration of the Bengal estates—including villages such as ''Rajrajeshwar'', ''Rowail'', ''Sharifbagh'', and ''Ashulia''—was conducted with diligence. The Maharaja personally inspected irrigation works and canals, ensuring that the welfare of the cultivators was protected. == Later Years and Succession == In his later years, the Maharaja withdrew from daily arduous labor but remained steadfast in his supervision of revenue and justice. In 1820, his health began to decline due to a malady of the stomach. Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar passed away on the 3rd of February, 1821, at the age of sixty-two. [[File:Emblem (or seal) of Dar Raj دار راج.png|thumb|Seal of Dar Raj]] The legacy of the Dar Raj was carried forward by his sons, Raja Mukund Mohan Dar and Bhupendra Mohan Dhar. His lineage continued to produce distinguished figures, including Rai Bahadur Hara Mohan Dhar (a barrister of the Middle Temple), Justice Mohini Mohan Dhar, Judge and former Dewan of Mayurbhanj, Satyendra Mohan Dhar, C.I.E. I.C.S. == See also == Other resources at the [[School:History|School of History]]: *[[W:Kashmiri Pandits|History of Kashmiri Pandits]] *[[W:Zamindar|The Zamindari System of Bengal]] *[[W:Durrani Empire|The Durrani Empire in India]] [[Category:History of India]] b21k5pme56zrmvfwnl857hv7kb3lg1l 10 330849 2820302 2820148 2026-07-31T16:02:16Z Watchduck 137431 2820302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{{1}}} | 2 = 210 | 3 = 232 | 4 = 268 | 5 = 308 | 6 = 350 | 7 = 393 | 8 = 436 | 9 = 479 | 10 = 523 | ■ }}<noinclude> {{separator}} image sizes in [[c:Category:Hemi-hypercube vertices as partitions (image set)]]<br> used in {{tl|Split and epithet}} <code><nowiki>{{Split and epithet size|6}}</nowiki></code> gives {{Split and epithet size|6}} [[Category:Splits and epithets]] [[Category:Some templates created by Watchduck]] </noinclude> qpu5h1rh8wshf2aoyhchlar5uq0a2dw 10 330850 2820301 2820158 2026-07-31T16:02:05Z Watchduck 137431 2820301 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet/style.css"/> <div class="split-epithet"> [[File:Hemi-{{{1}}}-cube vertex ({{{2}}}, {{{3}}}) {{{4}}}, {{{5}}}.svg|{{#expr: floor({{Split and epithet size|{{{1}}}}}/{{{7}}})}}px]] <span class="epithet">{{{6}}}</span> </div><noinclude> {{separator}} Arguments 1...5 are the numbers in filenames like <code>File:Hemi-'''5'''-cube vertex ('''2''', '''3''') '''10''', '''21'''.svg</code>.<br> Argument 6 is the epithet, a binary string that corresponds to the split. 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(length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} [[Category:Splits and epithets]] sxnyabjh8c79jmubryf8rjlom3xspce 2820292 2820290 2026-07-31T15:29:06Z Watchduck 137431 2820292 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==length 2== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01}} |- |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00}} |} ==length 3== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001}} |} ==length 4== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 0) 0000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001}} |} ==length 5== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 2) 01010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 3) 01110}} |} ==length 6== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} <small>styles: {{tl|Split and epithet tree/style.css}}</small> [[Category:Splits and epithets]] inu2xguyzlq3px14qz28b979fq7sj62 2820293 2820292 2026-07-31T15:29:23Z Watchduck 137431 2820293 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==length 2== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01}} |- |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00}} |} ==length 3== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001}} |} ==length 4== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 0) 0000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001}} |} ==length 5== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 2) 01010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 3) 01110}} |} ==length 6== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} <small>styles: {{tl|Split and epithet tree/style.css}}</small> [[Category:Splits and epithets]] cdtbrmec34htkfelms4q297w14433pr 2820299 2820293 2026-07-31T15:56:40Z Watchduck 137431 2820299 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==length 2== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01}} |- |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00}} |} ==length 3== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001}} |} ==length 4== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 0) 0000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001}} |} ==length 5== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 2) 01010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 3) 01110}} |} ==length 6== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} ==lengths 31 and 32== If the length is a power of two minus one, all parts have a middle digit:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 31, weight 17) 0011010010100111011101111001100}} If it is a power of two, there are no middle digits:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 32, weight 17) 00110100101001110111011110011000}} <small>styles: {{tl|Split and epithet tree/style.css}}</small> [[Category:Splits and epithets]] 6x1h9ntsulgjgjlqwt9fsfwp84aq8a7 2820367 2820299 2026-07-31T20:14:52Z Watchduck 137431 2820367 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==length 2== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01}} |- |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00}} |} ==length 3== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001}} |} ==length 4== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 0) 0000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001}} |} ==length 5== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 2) 01010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 3) 01110}} |} ==length 6== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} ==lengths 31 and 32== The number of middle digits marked beige in the tables is {{oeis|A053645}}(''n''). If the length is a power of two minus one, all parts have a middle digit:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 31, weight 17) 0011010010100111011101111001100}} If it is a power of two, there are no middle digits:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 32, weight 17) 00110100101001110111011110011000}} <small>styles: {{tl|Split and epithet tree/style.css}}</small> [[Category:Splits and epithets]] delu7sefleqdudsc5kuhba0emfudcf3 2820368 2820367 2026-07-31T20:18:19Z Watchduck 137431 /* lengths 31 and 32 */ 2820368 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==length 2== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01}} |- |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00}} |} ==length 3== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001}} |} ==length 4== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 0) 0000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001}} |} ==length 5== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 2) 01010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 5, weight 3) 01110}} |} ==length 6== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |colspan="2"| {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111}} |} ==length 7== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000}} |- | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111}} |} ==length 8== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 01011010}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 8, weight 4) 10100101}} |} ==length 9== {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ middle digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} |} {| class="around-split-epithet-tree" |+ second digit flipped | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 6) 101111100}} | {{Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100}} |} ==lengths 31 and 32== The numbers of middle digits marked beige in the tables form sequence {{oeis|A053645}}. If the length is a power of two minus one, all parts have a middle digit:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 31, weight 17) 0011010010100111011101111001100}} If it is a power of two, there are no middle digits:<br> {{Split and epithet tree (length 32, weight 17) 00110100101001110111011110011000}} <small>styles: {{tl|Split and epithet tree/style.css}}</small> [[Category:Splits and epithets]] q87xiro8ahkygwg6wgmmxuwdbbekqf0 10 330859 2820189 2820185 2026-07-31T12:05:46Z Watchduck 137431 2820189 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|86|937|101111100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|9|22|1011|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|2|29|1100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> dalywk3u9k15xk7d9kfchgks9r49r5m 2820259 2820189 2026-07-31T14:03:43Z Watchduck 137431 2820259 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|86|937|101111100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|9|22|1011|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|2|29|1100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 7) 111111100|111111100]] (second digit flipped) [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> sukc9ybdni3nole8mnm7dir15u58jt4 10 330860 2820276 2820172 2026-07-31T15:05:45Z Watchduck 137431 2820276 sanitized-css text/css table.split-epithet-tree { margin: 3px; } table.split-epithet-tree tr { text-align: center; vertical-align: top; } table.split-epithet-tree td.middle { background-color: #e7d7c5; } 981krvtd1psbgscgct6a0vmbj719efk 2820278 2820276 2026-07-31T15:11:40Z Watchduck 137431 2820278 sanitized-css text/css table.split-epithet-tree { margin: 0 auto; } table.split-epithet-tree tr { text-align: center; vertical-align: top; } table.split-epithet-tree td.middle { background-color: #e7d7c5; } table.around-split-epithet-tree { border-collapse: collapse; } table.around-split-epithet-tree > tbody > tr > td { text-align: center; border: 3px solid #eee; background-color: white; padding: 10px; } nik1rpsvs3lrt3c5y3mccjmumtrccd3 2820289 2820278 2026-07-31T15:27:46Z Watchduck 137431 2820289 sanitized-css text/css table.split-epithet-tree { margin: 0 auto; } table.split-epithet-tree tr { text-align: center; vertical-align: top; } table.split-epithet-tree td.middle { background-color: #e7d7c5; } table.around-split-epithet-tree { border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 10px; } table.around-split-epithet-tree > caption { font-weight: bold; color: #888; } table.around-split-epithet-tree > tbody > tr > td { text-align: center; border: 3px solid #eee; background-color: white; padding: 10px; } hxcqhn0f1un0jet5w5aopg6gtfa6rrg 2820300 2820289 2026-07-31T16:01:02Z Watchduck 137431 2820300 sanitized-css text/css table.split-epithet-tree { margin: 0; border: 0; display: inline-block; } table.split-epithet-tree tr { text-align: center; vertical-align: top; } table.split-epithet-tree td.middle { background-color: #e7d7c5; } /***************************************************************/ table.around-split-epithet-tree { border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 10px; } table.around-split-epithet-tree > caption { font-weight: bold; color: #888; } table.around-split-epithet-tree > tbody > tr > td { text-align: center; border: 3px solid #eee; background-color: white; padding: 10px; } 1nuevniw4hudc4ttqytwu8fjnntcoyn 10 330862 2820188 2026-07-31T12:04:01Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|5|5|103|920|001010100|5}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|5}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|5}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|3|28|0100|5}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="..." 2820188 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|5|5|103|920|001010100|5}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|5}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|5}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|3|28|0100|5}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|5}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|5}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|5}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|5}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|5}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> fnbhh8mlw26r8sujt2emnar5jnbj234 2820191 2820188 2026-07-31T12:06:07Z Watchduck 137431 2820191 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and 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2026-07-31T12:10:14Z Watchduck 137431 2820194 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|5|5|103|920|001010100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|3|28|0100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare {{tl|Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100}} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 8lbsa63srja0h3pjcxzvn5htrhl6lnl 2820260 2820194 2026-07-31T14:05:51Z Watchduck 137431 2820260 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|5|5|103|920|001010100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|3|28|0100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 2) 001000100|001000100]] (middle digit flipped) [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 9pixu3x7k8g1ehbc4i1zix1lj44zqgs 10 330863 2820192 2026-07-31T12:08:20Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|120|903|001000100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td 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<td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare {{tl|Split and epithet tree (length 9, weight 3) 001010100}} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> icfi0kuxfni8rxykn3pc75bfbqjgnqy 2820285 2820193 2026-07-31T15:22:57Z Watchduck 137431 2820285 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|120|903|001000100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|24|7|0010|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|3|28|0100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td 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split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="8">{{Split and epithet|9|4|5|108|403|01011010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|12|19|0101|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|6|25|1010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and..." 2820195 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="8">{{Split and epithet|9|4|5|108|403|01011010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|12|19|0101|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|6|25|1010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and 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text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|0|8|0|255|0000000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare {{tl|Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111}} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> rye50sieapu8v5r4eryf7vbvo35lc9q 2820223 2820200 2026-07-31T13:18:56Z Watchduck 137431 2820223 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet 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[[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 2hf3d6nmg04t8oqga17mmmjyfobp1x0 2820226 2820223 2026-07-31T13:20:15Z Watchduck 137431 2820226 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|0|8|0|255|0000000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000|0000000]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000|0001000]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111|1111111]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111|1110111]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 1m0ps0n3bmw73wlcee3n8iwiz5abnzp 3 330866 2820198 2026-07-31T12:27:59Z MathXplore 2888076 vandalism1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 2820198 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-07-31 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I’m letting you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been reverted because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikiversity:Sandbox|sandbox]] or ask for assistance at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]]. Thank you.<!-- Glow-vandalism1 @ 1785500872754.1s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:27, 31 July 2026 (UTC) cid6ospe97iw3xs3gbzpagu2ssoyaj8 10 330867 2820199 2026-07-31T12:28:54Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|85|170|1111111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epi..." 2820199 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|85|170|1111111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and 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"<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="8">{{Split and epithet|9|4|5|198|313|10100101|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|6|25|1010|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|12|19|0101|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and..." 2820202 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="8">{{Split and epithet|9|4|5|198|313|10100101|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|6|25|1010|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|12|19|0101|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and 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77qlltzj6v0g24s26fsoqvsmnm2wic0 10 330870 2820204 2026-07-31T12:38:57Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="6">{{Split and epithet|7|3|4|21|106|111110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|2|13|110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td>..." 2820204 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="6">{{Split and epithet|7|3|4|21|106|111110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|2|13|110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and 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style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111|111111]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110|111110]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111|011111]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> lgqmfgbwfbp6u9gm0958mqoriaa4okl 10 330871 2820205 2026-07-31T12:39:48Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="6">{{Split and epithet|7|3|4|84|43|011111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td>..." 2820205 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="6">{{Split and epithet|7|3|4|84|43|011111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> lty8genicnl1mzees9do4wvmajo7lb4 2820206 2820205 2026-07-31T12:40:53Z Watchduck 137431 2820206 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="6">{{Split and epithet|7|3|4|84|43|011111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and 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class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 6) 111111|111111]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 111110|111110]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 6, weight 5) 011111|011111]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> ito9je1twcau8h3uk5mwv3imtl47jra 10 330872 2820210 2026-07-31T12:48:51Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="5">{{Split and epithet|6|2|4|12|51|01010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|..." 2820210 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="5">{{Split and epithet|6|2|4|12|51|01010|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> rggcuqpd8rfscueih35jrxr0ktaromk 2820213 2820210 2026-07-31T12:51:16Z Watchduck 137431 2820213 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet 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2820219 2026-07-31T13:15:45Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|90|165|1110111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epi..." 2820219 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|90|165|1110111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|2|2|5|10|111|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and 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colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epi..." 2820221 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|15|240|0001000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> au2mm5yadwq5h8enittra6parcl4266 2820224 2820221 2026-07-31T13:19:21Z Watchduck 137431 2820224 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="7">{{Split and epithet|8|4|4|15|240|0001000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|0|4|0|15|000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 0) 0000000|0000000]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 1) 0001000|0001000]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 7) 1111111|1111111]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 7, weight 6) 1110111|1110111]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> alm1o10oxvwdhmx6egbyec86iv80qnd 6 330876 2820229 2026-07-31T13:24:16Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control A. 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Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 5xnm6iqtcok8d432hvnd035h35ug7fz 6 330877 2820235 2026-07-31T13:25:55Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control A. Overview (20260728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820235 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control A. Overview (20260728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} szavs8t011e32saxprjhx87oxnbjg71 10 330878 2820240 2026-07-31T13:34:51Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|4|27|0110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <t..." 2820240 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|4|27|0110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and 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and epithet tree (length 4, weight 4) 1111|1111]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 0110|0110]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001|1001]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> e9ok3rxnpjxyl29ri39fwyd778n91u6 10 330879 2820242 2026-07-31T13:38:30Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare Template:Split and epithet tree (length..." 2820242 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100|100]] [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> bz9r5qrf57ionl182djg1j8n1mx57mp 2820247 2820242 2026-07-31T13:42:14Z Watchduck 137431 2820247 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|4|11|011|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110|110]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011|011]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree 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3, weight 1) 001|001]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> j7btbqow0lmh499az448pkl0ymf6zpk 10 330881 2820245 2026-07-31T13:41:48Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|8|7|001|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | Template:Split and epithe..." 2820245 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|8|7|001|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 110|110]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 2) 011|011]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 100|100]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 3, weight 1) 001|001]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> rqfkxi4ipcwjb1sts1y7pa9bbmhztbt 10 330882 2820246 2026-07-31T13:42:00Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="3">{{Split and epithet|4|1|3|2|13|110|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" | Template:Split and epith..." 2820246 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet 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7hd6r9dvz2c89nj5z62bdzeisytb7dr 10 330884 2820250 2026-07-31T13:47:04Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 1..." 2820250 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|2|5|11|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11|11]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10|10]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01|01]] |- |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00|00]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 9qhuv96w4bv761dtfsddhfo3kgbzjc7 10 330885 2820251 2026-07-31T13:47:58Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 1..." 2820251 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} {| class="wikitable" |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 2) 11|11]] |- | [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 10|10]] || [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 1) 01|01]] |- |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 2, weight 0) 00|00]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> nny3pod07nbqem9dwjoaeu0x4rot3j1 10 330886 2820252 2026-07-31T13:48:34Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and 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2820253 2026-07-31T13:50:53Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|17|14|1001|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <..." 2820253 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|17|14|1001|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|1|6|10|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|1|2|4|3|01|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and 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[[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 4, weight 2) 1001|1001]] |} [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> ispbhhucmhu9agpmudgif6kyy85a0v8 10 330888 2820254 2026-07-31T13:54:48Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|0|5|0|31|0000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <td>{{Split and epithet|2|0|2|0|3|0|6}}</td> <t..." 2820254 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|0|5|0|31|0000|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> <td colspan="2">{{Split and epithet|3|0|3|0|7|00|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{{Split and 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h4v7z43x727u9tqt24lmfze7b0a6ygw 10 330890 2820258 2026-07-31T14:03:33Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|85|938|111111100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|10|21|1111|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|2|29|1100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="..." 2820258 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="9">{{Split and epithet|10|4|6|85|938|111111100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|2|3|10|21|1111|6}}</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">{{Split and epithet|2|1|1|1|2|1|6}}</td> <td colspan="4">{{Split and epithet|5|1|4|2|29|1100|6}}</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">{{Split and 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Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="32">00110100101001110111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="16">0011010010100111</td> <td colspan="16">0111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">00110100</td> <td colspan="8">10100111</td> <td colspan="8">01110111</td> <td colspan="8">10011000</td> </tr..." 2820295 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="32">00110100101001110111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="16">0011010010100111</td> <td colspan="16">0111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">00110100</td> <td colspan="8">10100111</td> <td colspan="8">01110111</td> <td colspan="8">10011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">0011</td> <td colspan="4">0100</td> <td colspan="4">1010</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">1001</td> <td colspan="4">1000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> afjat4uczhsau7vxsqh072cqak8x0a2 2820297 2820295 2026-07-31T15:48:03Z Watchduck 137431 2820297 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="32">00110100101001110111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="16">0011010010100111</td> <td colspan="16">0111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">00110100</td> <td colspan="8">10100111</td> <td colspan="8">01110111</td> <td colspan="8">10011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">0011</td> <td colspan="4">0100</td> <td colspan="4">1010</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">1001</td> <td colspan="4">1000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td 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colspan="16">0011010010100111</td> <td colspan="16">0111011110011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">00110100</td> <td colspan="8">10100111</td> <td colspan="8">01110111</td> <td colspan="8">10011000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">0011</td> <td colspan="4">0100</td> <td colspan="4">1010</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">0111</td> <td colspan="4">1001</td> <td colspan="4">1000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 31, weight 17) 0011010010100111011101111001100|length 31]] [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> b794umvmor2512img5r2pamlg7lmt8w 10 330893 2820296 2026-07-31T15:46:32Z Watchduck 137431 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="31">0011010010100111011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">001101001010011</td> <td rowspan="4" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="15">011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">0011010</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="7">1010011</t..." 2820296 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="31">0011010010100111011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">001101001010011</td> <td rowspan="4" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="15">011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">0011010</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="7">1010011</td> <td colspan="7">0111011</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="7">1001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">001</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">010</td> <td colspan="3">101</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> o92wezw49betc83599a6jbesbzpn7s5 2820298 2820296 2026-07-31T15:48:07Z Watchduck 137431 2820298 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree"> <tr> <td colspan="31">0011010010100111011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">001101001010011</td> <td rowspan="4" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="15">011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">0011010</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="7">1010011</td> <td colspan="7">0111011</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="7">1001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">001</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">010</td> <td colspan="3">101</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 32, weight 17) 00110100101001110111011110011000|length 32]] [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> 7urnwdodggq1r01w5n05ctuhwgj8y21 2820305 2820298 2026-07-31T16:06:56Z Watchduck 137431 2820305 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Split and epithet tree/style.css"/> <table class="wikitable split-epithet-tree" style="font-family: monospace; color: #555; font-size: 80%;"> <tr> <td colspan="31">0011010010100111011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">001101001010011</td> <td rowspan="4" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="15">011101111001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">0011010</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="7">1010011</td> <td colspan="7">0111011</td> <td rowspan="3" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="7">1001100</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">001</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">010</td> <td colspan="3">101</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">0</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">011</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td rowspan="2" class="middle">1</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td class="middle">1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td class="middle">0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> </table><noinclude> {{separator}} compare [[Template:Split and epithet tree (length 32, weight 17) 00110100101001110111011110011000|length 32]] [[Category:Split and epithet trees]] </noinclude> siwrk6bbjqn7206dskmu3dpi7tixr4r 6 330894 2820316 2026-07-31T16:40:46Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260707 - 20260706) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820316 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260707 - 20260706) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 1fxp6nyt1oi28xgtixnfc7tnk98kx7m 6 330895 2820318 2026-07-31T16:41:51Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260713 - 20260707) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260713 - 20260707) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} rmbim7piqdfr1ubm0iyzjqsol6x5len 6 330896 2820320 2026-07-31T16:42:44Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260714 - 20260713) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820320 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260714 - 20260713) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 5aqnakljzdl4nr9uf2mvs4a5rzye8bl 6 330897 2820322 2026-07-31T16:44:10Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260720 - 20260714) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820322 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260720 - 20260714) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ks2isjhxzen5wx9n8v697wlyzg3kv0s 6 330898 2820324 2026-07-31T16:45:14Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260721 - 20260720) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820324 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260721 - 20260720) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 99apvxrpk059lucpmruo7g5qws5safg 6 330899 2820326 2026-07-31T16:46:12Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260727 - 20260720) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820326 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260727 - 20260720) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} al6252ckynsuprv4ey2x32iyw9o1ubm 6 330900 2820329 2026-07-31T16:47:04Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820329 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} qhjwvi5f1nlu81gq31hk4rzj3lhwzio 6 330901 2820333 2026-07-31T17:14:03Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260730 - 20260729) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820333 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260730 - 20260729) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ad90fn02t53pxvbzk0gt0xy98z8bolw 6 330902 2820336 2026-07-31T17:15:15Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260731 - 20260730) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820336 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260731 - 20260730) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-31 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} d3ussaipf62cthmhvybo4vne6o204lv 6 330903 2820370 2026-08-01T05:00:03Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820370 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600728 - 20260727) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 0z5mifu9whr0zqb0gpu4qodzggajr2t 6 330904 2820372 2026-08-01T05:00:46Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600729 - 20260728) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820372 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600729 - 20260728) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} i41kd2eus3u0e299objxts6q3bt6grb 6 330905 2820374 2026-08-01T05:01:33Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600730 - 20260729) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2820374 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600730 - 20260729) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 8rffj8udckllnh270esy8erttcg78wb 6 330906 2820376 2026-08-01T05:02:18Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600731 - 20260730) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-08-01 |Author=Young W. 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